Allele-Specific Gene Regulation, Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Estrogen Receptor Alpha-Mutant Endometrial Cancer.

Activating estrogen receptor alpha (ER; also known as ESR1) mutations are present in primary endometrial and metastatic breast cancers, promoting estrogen-independent activation of the receptor. Functional characterizations in breast cancer have established unique molecular and phenotypic consequences of the receptor, yet the impact of ER mutations in endometrial cancer has not been fully explored. In this study, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to model the clinically prevalent ER-Y537S mutation and compared results with ER-D538G to discover allele-specific differences between ER mutations in endometrial cancer. We found that constitutive activity of mutant ER resulted in changes in the expression of thousands of genes, stemming from combined alterations to ER binding and chromatin accessibility. The unique gene expression programs resulted in ER-mutant cells developing increased cancer-associated phenotypes, including migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, and growth in vivo. To uncover potential treatment strategies, we identified ER-associated proteins via Rapid Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry of Endogenous Proteins and interrogated two candidates, CDK9 and NCOA3. Inhibition of these regulatory proteins resulted in decreased growth and migration, representing potential novel treatment strategies for ER-mutant endometrial cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides insight into mutant ER activity in endometrial cancer and identifies potential therapies for women with ER-mutant endometrial cancer.

Familial risk of epithelial ovarian cancer after accounting for gynaecological surgery: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Uptake of risk-reducing surgery has increased among women at high risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. We sought to characterise familial risk of epithelial ovarian cancer histotypes in a population-based study after accounting for gynaecological surgeries, including bilateral oophorectomy. METHODS: We compared risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in relatives of 3536 epithelial ovarian cancer cases diagnosed in 1966-2016 and relatives of 35 326 matched controls. We used Cox competing risk models, incorporating bilateral oophorectomy as a competing risk, to estimate the relative risk of ovarian cancer in first-degree (FDR), second-degree (SDR) and third-degree (TDR) relatives from 1966 to 2016. We also estimated relative risks in time periods before (1966-1994, 1995-2004) and after (2005-2016) formal recommendations were made for prophylactic oophorectomy among women with pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2. RESULTS: The relative risks of epithelial ovarian cancer in FDRs, SDRs and TDRs of cases versus controls were 1.68 (95% CI 1.39 to 2.04), 1.51 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.75) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.48), respectively. Relative risks were greatest for high-grade serous, mucinous and 'other epithelial' histotypes. Relative risks were attenuated for case FDRs, but not for SDRs or TDRs, from 2005 onwards, consistent with the timing of recommendations for prophylactic surgery. CONCLUSION: Familial risk of epithelial ovarian cancer extends to TDRs, especially for high-grade serous and mucinous histotypes. Distant relatives share genes but minimal environment, highlighting the importance of germline inherited genetics in ovarian cancer aetiology. Increased ovarian cancer risk in distant relatives has implications for counselling and recommendations for prophylactic surgeries that, from our data, appear only to reach FDRs.

Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma of the Vulva Confirmed by EWSR1 FISH: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the vulva is a very rare tumor, with less than 10 cases reported in the literature. We report a case of a 45-yr-old woman with extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the vulva confirmed by EWSR1 fluorescence in situ hybridization. Given the unusual site and prominent myxoid morphology, a broad differential diagnosis and a variety of ancillary testing was required. This article aims to review extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the vulva, the differential diagnosis of a myxoid spindle cell neoplasm of the vulva, and the diagnostic importance of immunohistochemistry and EWSR1 fluorescence in situ hybridization.

FFPEcap-seq: a method for sequencing capped RNAs in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples.

The majority of clinical cancer specimens are preserved as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. For clinical molecular tests to have wide-reaching impact, they must be applicable to FFPE material. Accurate quantitative measurements of RNA derived from FFPE specimens is challenging because of low yields and high amounts of degradation. Here, we present FFPEcap-seq, a method specifically designed for sequencing capped 5' ends of RNA derived from FFPE samples. FFPEcap-seq combines enzymatic enrichment of 5' capped RNAs with template switching to create sequencing libraries. We find that FFPEcap-seq can faithfully capture mRNA expression levels in FFPE specimens while also detecting enhancer RNAs that arise from distal regulatory regions. FFPEcap-seq is a fast and straightforward method for making high-quality 5' end RNA-seq libraries from FFPE-derived RNA.

Targeted Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analyses of Endometrial Clear Cell Carcinoma Show that POLE Mutations and DNA Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiencies Are Uncommon.

Endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) is an uncommon histotype without unique identified molecular alterations. Recently, The Cancer Genome Atlas molecular subtypes have been reported in ECCC. ECCC cases were collected from 11 institutions with diagnoses confirmed by morphologic review and immunohistochemistry. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, p53 expression, and ARID1A expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Targeted next-generation sequencing was completed for POLE, TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA. Pathogenicity of mutations was determined using MutationTaster and PolyPhen databases. For p53, immunohistochemistry and sequencing were complimentarily used to assess the p53 status. Of 57 cases, 46 were considered prototypical ECCC by morphology and immunohistochemical profile (Napsin A-positive and ER-negative). Three cases were excluded because of insufficient sample for complete immunohistochemical analysis, and 6 had failed sequencing, resulting in 37 cases. Of the 37 remaining cases, 6/37 (16%) had predicted pathogenic mutations in the exonuclease domain of POLE with an allelic frequency >10%; however, no hot-spot mutations were identified. No cases were MMR-deficient. The gene most commonly affected was TP53 (59%, 22/37), followed by KRAS (13%, 2/15) and PIK3CA (13%, 2/15). The current study is the largest molecular analysis of pure ECCC reported to date. When strict classification criteria are applied, MMR-deficient and POLE mutated subtypes are not represented. Further consensus on what represents a deleterious POLE mutations is needed. The findings support separately studying histologically/immunohistochemically defined ECCC to identify characteristic molecular alterations in future studies.

Clinical and Genomic Crosstalk between Glucocorticoid Receptor and Estrogen Receptor α In Endometrial Cancer.

Steroid hormone receptors are simultaneously active in many tissues and are capable of altering each other's function. Estrogen receptor α (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are expressed in the uterus, and their ligands have opposing effects on uterine growth. In endometrial tumors with high ER expression, we surprisingly found that expression of GR is associated with poor prognosis. Dexamethasone reduced normal uterine growth in vivo; however, this growth inhibition was abolished in estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia. We observed low genomic-binding site overlap when ER and GR are induced with their respective ligands; however, upon simultaneous induction they co-occupy more sites. GR binding is altered significantly by estradiol with GR recruited to ER-bound loci that become more accessible upon estradiol induction. Gene expression responses to co-treatment were more similar to estradiol but with additional regulated genes. Our results suggest phenotypic and molecular interplay between ER and GR in endometrial cancer.

Endometrial Cancers Harboring Mutated Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Protein Are Successfully Treated With a New Small Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in an Orthotopic Mouse Model.

OBJECTIVES: AL3818 (anlotinib) is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2/KDR, and VEGFR3), stem cell factor receptor (C-kit), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFß), and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3). This study evaluates the efficacy of AL3818 studying tumor regression in an orthotopic murine endometrial cancer model. METHODS: We tested the cytotoxicity of AL3818 on a panel of 7 human endometrial cancer cell lines expressing either wild-type or mutant FGFR2 and also assessed the in vivo antitumor efficacy in a murine, orthotopic AN3CA endometrial cancer model. AL3818 was administered daily per os either alone or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, which represent the current standard of adjuvant care for endometrial cancer. RESULTS: AL3818 significantly reduces AN3CA cell number in vitro, characterized by high expression of a mutated FGFR2 protein. Daily oral administration of AL3818 (5 mg/kg) resulted in a complete response in 55% of animals treated and in a reduced tumor volume, as well as decreased tumor weights of AN3CA tumors by 94% and 96%, respectively, following a 29-day treatment cycle. Whereas carboplatin and paclitaxel failed to alter tumor growth, the combination with AL3818 did not seem to exhibit a superior effect when compared with AL3818 treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: AL3818 shows superior efficacy for the treatment of endometrial cancer irresponsive to conventional carboplatin and paclitaxel combination and warrants further investigation.

Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastatic to the Gynecologic Tract: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 17 Cases.

Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC) rarely metastasizes to the gynecologic tract. In this study, we analyzed a multi-institutional data set to provide insights into the clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features of this phenomenon. Seventeen metastatic CCRCC involving the gynecologic tract [ovary/fallopian tube (n=9), vulva (n=2), uterine corpus (n=3), cervix (n=2), uterine serosa (n=1)] were analyzed. Mean patient age was 62 yr (range: 45-79 yr). Most cases (15/17) presented as a recurrence 6 to 72 mo postnephrectomy, 1 case was concurrently diagnosed, and 1 case (a cervical metastasis) was diagnosed prenephrectomy. In 10 cases, metastases to other locations were identified within 6 wk of the gynecologic tract lesion. The adnexa were the most common site of metastases and the mean tumor size of adnexal metastases was 3.7 cm; in only 2 of 9 cases were metastases bilateral and only 1 had external surface nodules. The morphologic and immunohistochemical features of metastatic CCRCC were compared with those of 102 müllerian clear cell carcinomas (müllerian CCC: 49 endometrial, 53 ovarian). Although CCRCC and müllerian CCC displayed extensive morphologic overlap, a higher mitotic index and a higher frequency of an alveolar pattern were seen in CCRCC, whereas diffuse hobnail cells, hyaline globules, tubulocystic pattern, or any papillary pattern were more frequently seen in müllerian CCC. CA-IX, CD10, and renal cell carcinoma antigen were more frequently expressed in CCRCC than müllerian CCC, whereas Napsin-A, CK7, and p504S showed the reverse. PAX8 and HNF1ß did not significantly distinguish between the 2 groups. In summary, gynecologic tract metastases most often occur as a relapse of a previously resected CCRCC, and these relapses may occur many years postnephrectomy. Gynecologic tract metastases are often accompanied by concurrent metastases to other organs. The gross pathology of metastatic CCRCC in the ovary may potentially overlap with primary neoplasia. However, the expected morphology and immunophenotype of CCRCC are maintained in most gynecologic tract metastases. As such, although metastatic CCRCC and müllerian CCC may display significant overlap in pathologic features, several morphologic and immunophenotypic features are useful in their distinction.

Enforcement of developmental lineage specificity by transcription factor Oct1.

Embryonic stem cells co-express Oct4 and Oct1, a related protein with similar DNA-binding specificity. To study the role of Oct1 in ESC pluripotency and transcriptional control, we constructed germline and inducible-conditional Oct1-deficient ESC lines. ESCs lacking Oct1 show normal appearance, self-renewal and growth but manifest defects upon differentiation. They fail to form beating cardiomyocytes, generate neurons poorly, form small, poorly differentiated teratomas, and cannot generate chimeric mice. Upon RA-mediated differentiation, Oct1-deficient cells induce lineage-appropriate developmentally poised genes poorly while lineage-inappropriate genes, including extra-embryonic genes, are aberrantly expressed. In ESCs, Oct1 co-occupies a specific set of targets with Oct4, but does not occupy differentially expressed developmental targets. Instead, Oct1 occupies these targets as cells differentiate and Oct4 declines. These results identify a dynamic interplay between Oct1 and Oct4, in particular during the critical window immediately after loss of pluripotency when cells make the earliest developmental fate decisions.

Imiquimod Induces Apoptosis in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells In vitro and Prevents Tumor Progression In vivo.

PURPOSE: The increasing incidence of endometrial cancer (EC), in younger age at diagnosis, calls for new tissue-sparing treatment options. This work aims to evaluate the potential of imiquimod (IQ) in the treatment of low-grade EC. METHODS: Effects of IQ on the viabilities of Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells were evaluated using MTT assay. The ability of IQ to induce apoptosis was evaluated by testing changes in caspase 3/7 levels and expression of cleaved caspase-3, using luminescence assay and western blot. Apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry and the expression of cleaved PARP. Western blot was used to evaluate the effect of IQ on expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and BAX. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of IQ was tested in an EC mouse model. RESULTS: There was a decrease in EC cell viability following IQ treatment as well as increased caspase 3/7 activities, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and Annexin-V/ 7AAD positive cell population. Western blot results showed the ability of IQ in cleaving PARP, decreasing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expressions, but not affecting BAX expression. In vivo study demonstrated IQ's ability to inhibit EC tumor growth and progression without significant toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: IQ induces apoptosis in low-grade EC cells in vitro, probably through its direct effect on Bcl-2 family protein expression. In, vivo, IQ attenuates EC tumor growth and progression, without an obvious toxicity. Our study provides the first building block for the potential role of IQ in the non-surgical management of low-grades EC and encouraging further investigations.

Design and Characterization of Bioengineered Cancer-Like Stem Cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells responsible for maintenance and progression of several types of cancer. Isolation, propagation, and the differentiation of CSCs in the proper stem niches expose the intrinsic difficulties for further studies. Here we show that induced cancer like stem cells (iCLSCs) can be generated by in vitro oncogenic manipulation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with well-defined oncogenic elements; SV40 LTg and HrasV12 by using a mouse stem virus long terminal repeat (MSCV-LTR)-based retroviral system. The reprogrammed mESCs using both oncogenes were characterized through their oncogenic gene expression, the enhancement of proliferation, and unhampered maintenance of stem properties in vitro and in vivo. In addition, these transformed cells resulted in the formation of malignant, immature ovarian teratomas in vivo. To successfully further expand these properties to other organs and species, more research needs to be done to fully understand the role of a tumor- favorable microenvironment. Our current study has provided a novel approach to generate induced cancer like stem cells through in vitro oncogenic reprogramming and successfully initiated organ-specific malignant tumor formation in an orthotopic small animal cancer model.

Are clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and endometrium phenotypically identical? A proteomic analysis.

Phenotypic differences between otherwise similar tumors arising from different gynecologic locations may be highly significant in understanding the underlying driver molecular events at each site and may potentially offer insights into differential responses to treatment. In this study, the authors sought to identify and quantify phenotypic differences between ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) and endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) using a proteomic approach. Tissue microarrays were constructed from tumor samples of 108 patients (54 ECCCs and 54 OCCCs). Formalin-fixed samples on microarray slides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and 730 spectral peaks were generated from the combined data set. A linear mixed-effect model with random intercept was used to generate 93 (12.7%) peaks that were significantly different between OCCCs and ECCCs at the fold cutoffs of 1.5 and 0.667 and an adjusted P value cutoff of 1.0 × 10(-10). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed on selected cores from each group, and peptides identified therefrom were compared with lists of statistically significant peaks from the aforementioned linear mixed-effects model to find matches within 0.2 Da. A total of 53 candidate proteins were thus identified as being differentially expressed in OCCCs and ECCCs, 45 (85%) of which were expressed at higher levels in ECCCs than OCCCs. These proteins were functionally diverse and did not highlight a clearly dominant cellular theme or molecular pathway. Although ECCCs and OCCCs are very similar, some phenotypic differences are demonstrable. Additional studies of these differentially expressed proteins may ultimately clarify the significance of these differences.

An estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia mouse model recapitulating human disease progression and genetic aberrations.

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a condition originating from uterine endometrial glands undergoing disordered proliferation including the risk to progress to endometrial adenocarcinoma. In recent years, a steady increase in EH cases among younger women of reproductive age accentuates the demand of therapeutic alternatives, which emphasizes that an improved disease model for therapeutic agents evaluation is concurrently desired. Here, a new hormone-induced EH mouse model was developed using a subcutaneous estradiol (E2)-sustained releasing pellet, which elevates the serum E2 level in mice, closely mimicking the effect known as estrogen dominance with underlying, pathological E2 levels in patients. The onset and progression of EH generated within this model recapitulate a clinically relevant, pathological transformation, beginning with disordered proliferation developing to simple EH, advancing to atypical EH, and then progressing to precancerous stages, all following a chronologic manner. Although a general increase in nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) expression occurred after E2 expression, a total loss in PR was noted in some endometrial glands as disease advanced to simple EH. Furthermore, estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the nucleus of endometrial cells was reduced in disordered proliferation and increased when EH progressed to atypical EH and precancerous stages. This EH model also resembles other pathological patterns found in human disease such as leukocytic infiltration, genetic aberrations in ß-catenin, and joint phosphatase and tensin homolog/paired box gene 2 (PTEN/PAX2) silencing. In summary, this new and comprehensively characterized EH model is cost-effective, easily reproducible, and may serve as a tool for preclinical testing of therapeutic agents and facilitate further investigation of EH.

Adenocarcinoma of the cervix: should we treat it differently?

Worldwide, cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women, causing 265,653 deaths annually. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 75% of cervical cancer cases in the USA, while adenocarcinoma (AC) accounts for 25%. The incidence of SCC is decreasing in the USA, yet AC is increasing. Many differences exist between cervical SCC and AC including anatomic origin, risk factors, prognosis, dissemination, sites of recurrence, and rates of metastasis. Despite differences, current treatment algorithms do not distinguish between cervical SCC and AC. To date, prospective research directed toward AC is limited. We review published differences in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with radiation, the role of adjuvant radical hysterectomy, and optimal chemotherapy for cervical AC. Cervical AC is sufficiently distinct from SCC to warrant specific treatment recommendations; however, lack of data evaluating AC limit recommendations. Additional prospective AC cervix specific research is needed.

Thermosensitive progesterone hydrogel: a safe and effective new formulation for vaginal application.

PURPOSE: The safe and functional delivery of progesterone through the vaginal route remains an unmet clinical need. The purpose of this work is to prepare a new progesterone (P4) gel for vaginal application using a thermosensitive mucoadhesive polymer, glycol chitin (GC). METHOD: Thermogelling, mucoadhesive, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of GC and the new formulation were evaluated using rheometry. In vitro release profile and the bioactivity of P4 were determined using vaginal fluid simulant (VFS) pH 4.2, and PR-reporter gene assay, respectively. In vitro safety of the formulations was tested using (VK2/E6E7) vaginal epithelial cell line and Lactobacillus Crispatus. Finally, in vivo safety and the efficacy of this formulation were evaluated using an endometrial hypoplasia mouse model. RESULTS: Results shows the aqueous solution of 5%; (w/v) GC loaded with 0.1%; (w/v) P4 prepared in pH 4.2, (GC-P4), forms a thermosensitive mucoadhesive hydrogel and can maintain stable physical properties at 37 °C. GC-P4 gel release 50% of P4 in 4 h after exposure to VFS, and no significant decrease in % viability of VK2/E6E7 or Lactobacillus was found after exposure to 5% GC or GC-P4. GC-P4 does not exhibit obvious toxicities to vaginal tissue in vivo even after repeated application. Efficacy studies indicated that GC-P4 was capable of preventing the progression of simple endometrial hyperplasia (SEH) to complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia (CAEH) in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicates that GC-P4 retains many characteristics for an effective vaginal delivery system for P4. Therefore we believe that GC-P4 formulation is a promising alternative to current vaginal P4 formulation.

An immunocompetent, orthotopic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer utilizing tissue engineered tumor cell sheets.

Despite the development of a myriad of anticancer drugs that appeared promising in preclinical ovarian cancer animal models, they failed to predict efficacy in clinical testing. To improve the accuracy of preclinical testing of efficacy and toxicity, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations, a novel animal model was developed and characterized. In this study, murine ID8 (epithelial ovarian cancer [EOC]) cells as injected cell suspensions (ICS) and as intact cultured monolayer cell sheets (CS) were injected or surgically grafted, respectively, into the left ovarian bursa of 6-8 week-old, female C57BL/6 black mice and evaluated at 8 and 12 weeks after engraftment. Tumor volumes at 8 weeks were as follows: 30.712 ± 18.800 mm(3) versus 55.837 ± 10.711 mm(3) for ICS and CS, respectively, p = 0.0990 (n = 5). At 12 weeks, tumor volumes were 128.129 ± 44.018 mm(3) versus 283.953 ± 71.676 mm(3) for ICS and CS, respectively, p = 0.0112 (n = 5). The ovarian weights at 8 and 12 weeks were 0.02138 ± 0.01038 g versus 0.04954 ± 0.00667 g for ICS and CS, respectively (8 weeks), p = 0.00602 (n = 5); and 0.10594 ± 0.03043 g versus 0.39264 ± 0.09271 g for ICS and CS, respectively (12 weeks), p = 0.0008 (n = 5). These results confirm a significant accelerated tumorigenesis in CS-derived tumors compared with ICS-derived tumors when measured by tumor volume/time and ovarian weight/time. Furthermore, the CS-derived tumors closely replicated the metastatic spread found in human EOC and histopathological identity with the primary tumor of origin.

Ovarian malignant germ cell tumors: cellular classification and clinical and imaging features.

Ovarian malignant germ cell tumors (OMGCTs) are heterogeneous tumors that are derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad. OMGCTs are rare, accounting for about 2.6% of all ovarian malignancies, and typically manifest in adolescence, usually with abdominal pain, a palpable mass, and elevated serum tumor marker levels, which may serve as an adjunct in the initial diagnosis, monitoring during therapy, and posttreatment surveillance. Dysgerminoma, the most common malignant germ cell tumor, usually manifests as a solid mass. Immature teratomas manifest as a solid mass with scattered foci of fat and calcifications. Yolk sac tumors usually manifest as a mixed solid and cystic mass. Capsular rupture or the bright dot sign, a result of increased vascularity and the formation of small vascular aneurysms, may be present. Embryonal carcinomas and polyembryomas rarely manifest in a pure form and are more commonly part of a mixed germ cell tumor. Some OMGCTs have characteristic features that allow a diagnosis to be confidently made, whereas others have nonspecific features, which make them difficult to diagnose. However, imaging features, the patient's age at presentation, and tumor markers may help establish a reasonable differential diagnosis. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors spread in the same manner as epithelial ovarian neoplasms but are more likely to involve regional lymph nodes. Preoperative imaging may depict local extension, peritoneal disease, and distant metastases. Suspicious areas may be sampled during surgery. Because OMGCTs are almost always unilateral and are chemosensitive, fertility-sparing surgery is the standard of care.

Juvenile granulosa cell tumors: immunoreactivity for CD99 and Fli-1 and EWSR1 translocation status: a study of 11 cases.

The accurate diagnosis of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) can be challenging, as these neoplasms often exhibit morphologic features that overlap other ovarian neoplasms. In addition, the immunohistochemical profile exhibited by JGCT is fairly nonspecific and typically includes reactivity for CD99. Recently, we noted that JGCTs can show immunohistochemical expression of Fli-1, a transcription factor expressed by Ewing sarcoma, a neoplasm that is occasionally in the differential diagnosis of JGCT. We evaluated a series of JGCTs to determine whether Fli-1 is commonly expressed by these tumors and whether they demonstrate chromosomal arrangements in EWSR1. Cases diagnosed as JGCT (n=11) were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of Fli-1 and CD99. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on all cases to search for chromosomal rearrangements in EWSR1. All 11 of our cases exhibited positive immunohistochemical staining for Fli-1 and CD99. None of the cases demonstrated rearrangement in EWSR1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In cases of JGCT that cannot be reliably distinguished from Ewing sarcoma based on morphology and immunohistochemistry alone, fluorescence in situ hybridization testing for EWSR1 rearrangements seems to be a useful diagnostic adjunct for their separation.