Incidência e preditores de revascularização da lesão-alvo no seguimento clínico de longo prazo: análise crítica do registro DESIRE / Incidence and predictors of target lesion revascularization during the long-term clinical follow-up: a critical analysis of the DESIRE registry

Introdução: Reportamos a incidência e preditores de nova revascularização da lesão-alvo (RLA) numa coorte de pacientes do mundo real tratados com stents farmacológicos (SF). Método: Entre maio de 2002 e fevereiro de 2010, 3.320 pacientes de único centro foram submetidos a intervenção percutânea (ICP), eletiva ou de urgência, com implante de 5.320 SF (Cypher, 83%; Taxus, 9%; Xience V/Promus, 3%; Endeavor, 4%; BioMatrix, 1%). O seguimento clínico de até oito anos (mediana, 3,4 anos) foi completo em 98% do grupo e 129 pacientes (3,88%) foram submetidos a RLA. Resultados: Entre os pacientes com RLA, 33% tinham diabetes, 10% eram portadores de insuficiência renal e 61%, de doença em múltiplos vasos. A artéria descendente anterior foi o vaso mais frequentemente tratado (33%), e 72,3% das lesões eram de alta complexidade (tipo B2/C). Nesse grupo, foram implantados 214 SF em 191 lesões e 45% dos pacientes receberam múltiplos stents. Na análise univariada, os preditores de RLA foram: diabetes melito [razão de risco (RR) 1,88, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% 1,08-3,27; P = 0,025), uso do stent Taxus (RR 1,73, IC 95% 1,20-2,50; P = 0,003), lesão ostial (RR 1,82, IC 95% 1,1-2,98; P = 0,018), ponte de safena (RR 2,36; IC 95% 1,55-3,50; p = 0,0001), e lesões reestenóticas (RR 1,95, IC 95% 1,17-3,24; P = 0,009). Após análise multivariada, permaneceram como preditores independentes: diabetes melito, uso do stent Taxus e tratamento de lesões em pontes de safena (RR 1,64, IC 95% 1,14-2,35; P = 0,008). Conclusão: No registro DESIRE, a RLA em pacientes complexos tratados com SF foi baixa, e o diabetes melito, o tratamento de lesões em ponte de safena e o uso de SF Taxus foram os únicos preditores de RLA no acompanhamento clínico de até oito anos.

Background: We report the incidence and predictors of target lesion revascularization (TLR) in a cohort of realworld patients treated with drug eluting stents (DES). Method: From May 2002 to February 2010, 3,320 patients were treated with elective or emergency percutaneous coronaryintervention (PCI) and 5,320 DES (Cypher, 83%; Taxus, 9%; Xience V/Promus, 3%; Endeavor, 4%; BioMatrix, 1%) were implanted in a single center. The clinical follow-up of upto eight years (median time 3.4 years) was concluded in 98% patients of the group and 129 patients (3.88%) weresubmitted to TLR. Results: Of the patients with TLR, 33% had diabetes, 10% had chronic kidney disease and 61% had multivessel disease. The left anterior descending artery was the most frequent target vessel (33%) and 72.3% of the lesions were complex lesions (type B2/C). In this group,214 DES were implanted in 191 lesions and 45% of the patients received multiple stents. In the univariate analysis, TLR predictors were: diabetes mellitus [relative risk (RR) 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-3.27; P = 0.025], use of Taxus stents (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.20-2.50; P = 0.003), ostial lesion (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.1-2.98; P = 0.018), saphenous bypass graft (RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.55-3.50; P = 0.0001), and restenotic lesions (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.17-3.24; P = 0.009). After the multivariate analysis, the independent predictors were: diabetes mellitus, use of Taxus stents and treatment of lesions in saphenous bypass grafts (RR 1.64, 95% CI, 1.14-2.35; P = 0.008). Conclusion: In the DESIRE registry,TLR in complex patients treated with DES was low and diabetes mellitus, treatment of lesions in saphenous bypass grafts and the use of Taxus stents were the only TLR predictors in the clinical follow-up of up to 8 years.

Trombose de stent farmacológico no "mundo-real": análise crítica do registro DESIRE (Drug-Eluting Stent in the Real World) / Stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stenting in the \"real world\": critical analysis from DESIRE (Drug-Eluting Stent in the Real World) register

Fundamentos: Reportamos a incidência e os preditores de trombose de stent numa grande coorte de pacientes complexos tratados com stents farmacológicos (SF) no "mundo real", Métodos: Entre maio de 2002 e janeiro de 2008, 2.365 pacientes não selecionados com maior ou menor lesão coronária com estenose maior ou menor 50 por cento tratados com ST. O seguimento clínico até cinco anos (média 2,2 mais ou menos 1,5 anos) foi completado em 98,3 por cento. Resultados: Entre os pacientes avaliados 29 por cento tinham diabetes, 60 por cento eram portadores de doença multiarterial e 40 por cento apresentavam síndrome coronária aguda (15 por cento, infarto agudo do miocárdio [IAM]). A artéria descendente anterior foi o vaso-alvo mais frequentemente tratado (35,8 por cento) e 67 por cento das lesões eram de alta complexidade (tipo B2/C). No total, 3.634 SF foram implantados e 40 por cento dos pacientes receberam múltiplos stents. A trombose de stent (classificação Academic Research Consortium) incidiu em 1,6 por cento (n igual 38), 60,5 por cento com confirmação angiográfica...

Background: We report the incidence of stent thrombosis (ST) predictors in a large cohort of complex patients treated with drug eluting stents (DES) in the real world. Methods: From May 2002 until January 2008, 2,365 non-selected patients with ≥ 1 coronary lesion with stenosis of ≥ 50% were treated with DES. The clinical follow-up up to five years (mean time 2.2 ± 1.5 years) was completed in 98.3%. Results: Twenty nine percent of patients had diabetes and 60% multi-vessel disease, 40% presented acute coronary syndrome (15%, acute myocardial infarction [AMI]). The anterior descending artery was the target vessel most frequently treated (35.8%), and 67% were complex lesions (Type B2/C). In all, 3,634 DES were implanted and 40% received multiple stents. Stent thrombosis (classification ofthe Academic Research Consortium) occurred in 1.6% (n = 38), 60.5% with angiographic confirmation, 42% occurred between 1 and 12 months and 47% of the events had a fatal outcome. The independent predictors of ST were: current smoking [relative risk (RR) 2.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-5.67; p = 0.018], AMI intervention (RR 3.50; 95% CI 1.31-9.40; p = 0.013), moderate to severe calcification (RR 2.38; 95% CI 1.34-4.23; p = 0.003), excentric lesion (RR 1.86; 95% CI 1.03-3.34; p = 0.039), > 1 DES implanted per myocardial territory (RR 1.81; 95% CI 1.09-3.02; p = 0.023), post-dilatation (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.29-0.90; p = 0.020) and intra-stent residual stenosis [RR 1.04 (per % unit increase); 95% CI 1.01-1.06; p = 0.003]. Conclusions: In this real world prospective registry, the cumulative incidence of stent thrombosis up to 5 year follow-up was...

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by spectral mapping of atrial fibrillation nests in sinus rhythm.

BACKGROUND: Two types of myocardia can be observed through the endocardial spectral mapping (SM) in sinus rhythm: the compact type with a smooth spectrum and the fibrillar type with a segmented spectrum (atrial fibrillation nests). During the atrial fibrillation (AF), the compact type has an organized activation and low frequency (passive), whereas the fibrillar type has a rather disorganized activation and high frequency (active/resonant), with both being activated by high-frequency sustained tachycardia--the background tachycardia (BT). OBJECTIVE: To describe the treatment of AF by the ablation of the AF nests and BT. METHODS: 1) Catheter ablation of the AF nests with RF [4/8 mm-60 masculine/30-40 J/30s] guided by SM in sinus rhythm, outside the pulmonary vein; 2) atrial stimulation -300 ppm; 3) Additional ablation of the AF nests if AF is induced; 4) Focal ablation if BT and/or Flutter is induced; 5) Clinical follow-up+ ECG+ Holter. RESULTS: A total of 50+/-18 AF nests/patient were treated. After 11.3+/-8 m, 81 patients (88%) did not present AF (28.3% with antiarrhythmic drugs). After the ablation of the AF nests, AF was not reinduced in 61 patients (71%) and BT was induced and treated in 24 patients (26%). There were two episodes of pericardial bleeding (1 treated clinically and 1 surgically), caused by sheaths that are no longer used CONCLUSION: The SM in sinus rhythm can be used in the ablation of AF nests. During the AF, the AF nests present a reactive-resonant pattern and the compact myocardium is passive, stimulated by the high frequency of the BT. After the ablation of the AF nests and the BT, it was not possible to reinduce the sustained AF. The Ablation of AF nests outside the pulmonary veins showed to be safe and highly effective in the cure and/or clinical control of the AF.

Ablação da fibrilação atrial por cateter com radiofreqüência guiada por mapeamento espectral endocárdico dos "ninhos de FA" em ritmo sinusal / Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by spectral mapping of atrial fibrillation nests in sinus rhythm

FUNDAMENTO: Através de mapeamento espectral-(ME) endocárdico em ritmo sinusal, observam-se dois tipos de miocárdio atrial: o compacto de espectro liso e o fibrilar de espectro segmentado ("Ninho de FA" [NFA]). Durante a FA o compacto tem ativação organizada e baixa freqüência (passivo) enquanto o fibrilar apresenta ativação bastante desorganizada e alta freqüência (ativo/ressonante) sendo ambos ativados por uma taquicardia protegida de alta freqüência, taquicardia de background (TB). OBJETIVO: Descrever o tratamento da FA pela ablação dos NFA e da TB. MÉTODOS: 1) Ablação por cateter-RF [4/8mm-60°/30-40J/30s] dos NFA guiada por ME em ritmo sinusal, fora das veias pulmonares; 2) Estimulação atrial-300ppm; 3) Ablação adicional de NFA se induzida FA; 4) Ablação focal se induzida TB e/ou Flutter; 5) Seguimento clínico+ECG+Holter. RESULTADOS: Foram tratados 50±18 NFA/paciente. Após 11,3±8m 81p (88 por cento) estavam sem FA (28,3 por cento com antiarrítmico). Após a ablação dos NFA: a FA não foi reinduzida em 61p(71 por cento); TB foi induzida e tratada em 24p(26 por cento). Ocorreram 2 sangramentos pericárdicos (1 tratado clinicamente e 1 cirurgicamente) ocasionados por bainhas não mais utilizadas. CONCLUSÃO: O ME em ritmo sinusal ablaciona os NFA. Durante a FA os NFA apresentam um padrão reativo-ressonante e o miocárdio compacto apresenta-se passivo, estimulados pela alta freqüência da TB. Após a ablação dos NFA e da TB não foi possível reinduzir FA sustentada. A ablação dos NFA fora das VP se mostrou segura e altamente eficiente para a cura e/ou o controle clínico da FA.

BACKGROUND: Two types of myocardia can be observed through the endocardial spectral mapping (SM) in sinus rhythm: the compact type with a smooth spectrum and the fibrillar type with a segmented spectrum (atrial fibrillation nests). During the atrial fibrillation (AF), the compact type has an organized activation and low frequency (passive), whereas the fibrillar type has a rather disorganized activation and high frequency (active/resonant), with both being activated by high-frequency sustained tachycardia - the background tachycardia (BT). OBJECTIVE: To describe the treatment of AF by the ablation of the AF nests and BT. METHODS: 1) Catheter ablation of the AF nests with RF [4/8mm-60°/30-40J/30s] guided by SM in sinus rhythm, outside the pulmonary vein; 2) atrial stimulation -300ppm; 3) Additional ablation of the AF nests if AF is induced; 4) Focal ablation if BT and/or Flutter is induced; 5)Clinical follow-up+ ECG+ Holter. RESULTS: A total of 50±18 AF nests/patient were treated. After 11.3±8m, 81 patients (88 percent) did not present AF (28.3 percent with antiarrhythmic drugs). After the ablation of the AF nests, AF was not reinduced in 61 patients (71 percent) and BT was induced and treated in 24 patients (26 percent). There were two episodes of pericardial bleeding (1 treated clinically and 1 surgically), caused by sheaths that are no longer used CONCLUSION: The SM in sinus rhythm can be used in the ablation of AF nests. During the AF, the AF nests present a reactive-resonant pattern and the compact myocardium is passive, stimulated by the high frequency of the BT. After the ablation of the AF nests and the BT, it was not possible to reinduce the sustained AF. The Ablation of AF nests outside the pulmonary veins showed to be safe and highly effective in the cure and/or clinical control of the AF.

Evolução clínica tardia de pacientes multiarteriais tratados por revascularização percutânea e cirúrgica / Late clinical outcome after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery in patients with multivessel disease

cirurgia em relação à ocorrência de eventos cardíacos maiores, embora novos procedimentos de revascularização sejam mais freqüentes nos primeiros. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da revascularização percutânea com o implante de stents coronários versus a cirurgia no tratamento da doença multiarterial, verificando a incidência de morte, infarto do miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) e a realização de novas intervenções.Método: Estudo randomizado realizado no período de abril/ 1997 a junho/1998, no qual foram incluídos 66 pacientes multivasculares submetidos ao implante de stents não farmacológicos (33 P) e à cirurgia (33 P). Resultados: Ao final de um período médio de acompanhamento clínico de 8 anos, constatamos que não ocorreram diferenças significativas na sobrevivência livre de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, IAM e AVE), nos 2 grupos: stent ­ 74% x cirurgia ­ 85,1%; p=NS. Procedimentos adicionais de revascularização foram mais freqüentes no pacientes tratados com stents, comparativamente àqueles tratados pela cirurgia (respectivamente, 15 P - 45% x 5 P - 15%; p=0,01). Como conseqüência destes resultados, a sobrevivência livre de todos os eventos, inclusive nova revascularização, foi significativamente menor no grupo percutâneo versus o cirúrgico (49% x 80,5%; p=0,0082). Conclusão: A revascularização com o implante de stents não farmacológicos, no tratamento da doença multiarterial, oferece o mesmo grau de proteção contra eventos cardiovasculares maiores, quando comparada à cirurgia. Contudo, a sobrevivência livre de todos os eventos a longo prazo foi significativamente menor nos pacientes tratados percutaneamente, devido à necessidade mais freqüente de novos procedimentos de revascularização.

Background: Patients with multivessel disease treated percutaneously have similar outcomes when compared to those submitted to surgical procedures in terms of major cardiac events, although the former require new revascularization procedures more frequently. Objective: To assess longterm clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) for the treatment of multivessel disease versus surgical procedures to treat multivessel disease determining death, AMI, and stroke incidence rates, as well as new interventions. Methods: A randomized study carried out between April, 1997 and June, 1998 included 66 patients submitted to nondrug eluting stenting (33P) and surgery (33P). Results: Clinical follow-up results after 8 years have shown no significant difference between the two groups in terms of survival free of MACE events (death, stroke or AMI): STENTING: 74% X CABG: 85.1%; p= not significant). Additional revascularizations were more frequent in the stenting group as compared to the surgery group (15 P - 45% x 5 P - 15%, respectively, p=0.01). Consequently, survival rates without MACE and repeated revascularization was significantly lower in patients assigned to stenting when compared to those assigned to CABG (49% x 80.5%, respectively, p=0.0082). Conclusion: Percutaneous revascularization with non-drug eluting stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease offers the same degree of protection against MACE (death, stroke and AMI) as compared to CABG. However, stenting is associated with a greater need of repeated revascularization and lower total event-free survival rates.

Comparação dos parâmetros eletrofisiológicos das estimulações ventriculares direita convencional e septal / Comparison of eleCtrophysioligical parameters in right ventricular conventional and septal pacing

Introdução: A estimulação endocárdica convencional na ponta ou na região subtricuspídea do ventrículo direito ocasiona grande alargamento do QRS e importante ressincronização do ventriculo esquerdo, comprometendo a função ventricular. Com o surgimento da estimulação bifocal do ventrículo direito (VD) e frente à necessidade de uma estimulação cardíaca menos deletéria, a estimulação septal do VD tem sido cada vez mais utilizada. Eventualmente, há relatos de estimulação mais altos e ondas R menores na estimulação septal. Objetivo: Comparar os parâmetros eletrofisiológicos das estimulações apical e septal, no mesmo paciente, para verificar se existem diferenças capazes de interferir na escolha do ponto de estimulação...

Syncopal high-degree AV block treated with catheter RF ablation without pacemaker implantation.

A 23-year-old-female patient had undergone a very successful gastric banding surgery to treat obesity. Six months later she began to present recurrent syncope due to very frequent, intermittent high-degree AV block referred to as pacemaker implantation. The electrophysiological study showed impaired AV nodal conduction but the His-Purkinje conduction was preserved. Partial catheter radiofrequency ablation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system guided by spectral endocardial mapping (cardioneuroablation) was performed. The electrophysiological parameters were normalized. Holter recordings were normal and the patient was asymptomatic with normal life without pacemaker implantation in a follow-up 21 months later.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da estimulação cardíaca no Brasil - 10 anos do Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos (RBM) / Epidemiological aspects of the brasziliam cardiac simulation - 10 years of the Braziliam Pacemaker Registry (RBM)

Em 2005 celebrou-se a primeira década do RBM: Registro Brasileiro de Marcapassos. Trata-se de uma grande base de dados de utilidade pública que reúne informações dos implantes de marcapassos, desfibriladores realizados em nosso país. Sob o ponto de vista epidemiológico, a análise dos dados desse período revela progressivo e importante aumento do número de procedimentos e redução consistente nos casos de doença de Chagas. Apesar do aumento, o número de implantes de marcapasso ainda está abaixo do ideal, quando se considera o número de implantes por milhão de habitantes. No último ano desta década, observa-se uma importante redução, em termos absolutos, do número de implantes de marcapasso, em que pesem o aumento e o envelhecimento da população. A visão panorâmica da estimulação cardíaca permitida por esta base de dados é um instrumento sem precedentes para traçar as políticas de saúde na especialidade.

"Cardioneuroablation"--new treatment for neurocardiogenic syncope, functional AV block and sinus dysfunction using catheter RF-ablation.

Cardiac neuroablation is a new technique for management of patients with dominantly adverse parasympathetic autonomic influence. The technique is based on radiofrequency (RF) ablation of autonomic connections in the three main ganglia around the heart. Their connections are identified by Fast-Fourier Transforms (FFTs) of endocardial signals: sites of autonomic nervous connections show fractionated signals with FFTs shifted to the right. In contrast, normal myocardium without these connections does not show these features. RF-ablation is thought to inflict permanent damage on the parasympathetic autonomic influence because its cells are adjacent to the heart whereas sympathetic cells are remote. Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 48 years, neurally mediated reflex syncope in six, functional high grade atrioventricular block in seven and sinus node dysfunction in 13 (there is overlap between the second and third groups) were treated. Follow-up for a mean of 9.2 months demonstrated success in all cases with relief of symptoms. No complications occurred.

Cardioneuroablation e new treatment for neurocardiogenic syncope, functional AV block and sinus dysfunction using catheter RF-ablation

Cardiac neuroablation is a new technique for management of patients with dominantly adverse parasympathetic autonomic influence. The technique is based on radiofrequency (RF) ablation of autonomic connections in the three main ganglia around the heart. Their connections are identified by Fast-Fourier Transforms (FFTs) of endocardial signals: sites of autonomic nervous connections show fractionated signals with FFTs shifted to the right. In contrast, normal myocardium without these connections does not show these features. RF-ablation is thought to inflict permanent damage on the parasympathetic autonomic influence because its cells are adjacent to the heart whereas sympathetic cells are remote. Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 48 years, neurally mediated reflex syncope in six, functional high grade atrioventricular block in seven and sinus node dysfunction in 13 (there is overlap between the second and third groups) were treated. Follow-up for a mean of 9.2 months demonstrated success in all cases with relief of symptoms. No complications occurred.

A new treatment for atrial fibrillation based on spectral analysis to guide the catheter RF-ablation.

BACKGROUND: By studying the spectrum of atrial potentials by fast Fourier transform (FFT) we have found two types of atrial muscle: the compact (CM) and the fibrillar (FM) myocardium. The former presents normal in-phase conduction inferring a great number of cellular connections, long-lasting refractoriness and leftward FFT-shift. The latter shows anisotropic out-of-phase conduction, fewer cellular connections, short refractoriness and a segmented right-FFT-shift. The compact is the normal predominant muscle and the fibrillar is different and may be neural input, vein insertion, interatrial (1A) septum, left atrial (LA) roof, etc. or pathological tissue, being so by loss of cellular connections this is a possible mechanism for conversion of compact into fibrillar-like myocardium. During atrial fibrillation (AF), clusters of FM (AF nests) present higher frequencies than any surrounding tissue. PURPOSE: The purpose was to describe a new method for paroxysmal AF RF-ablation targeting AF nests. METHOD: Forty patients, six control and 34 having idiopathic drug-refractory paroxysmal or persistent AF were studied and treated. Two catheters were placed in the LA by transseptal approach. RF (30-40 J/60-70 degrees C) was applied to all sites outside the pulmonary veins (PV) presenting right-FFT-shift (AF nests). RESULTS: Numerous AF nests were found in 34/34 AF patients and only in 1/6 controls (only in this case it was possible to induce AF despite an absence of AF history). The main FM sites were: LA roof, LA septum, close to the insertion of the superior PV, near the insertion of the inferior PV, LA posterior wall, RA near the superior vena cava insertion, RA lateral and anterior wall and the right IA septum. Ablation of all AF nests near PV insertions resulted in 35 PV isolations. After 9.9 +/- 5 months only two AF patients presented relapse of a different AF form (coarse AF) which was very well controlled with medication previously ineffective. The AF was more frequent as the ratio FM/CM increased. CONCLUSIONS: The RF-ablation of AF nests decreasing the fibrillar/compact myocardium ratio eliminated 94% of the paroxysmal AF in patients in the FU of 9.9 +/- 5 months. The AF nests may be easily identified by spectral analysis and seem to be the real AF substrate. Paroxysmal AF may be cured or controlled by applying RF in several places outside the PV and, thereby, avoiding PV stenosis.

A new treatment for atrial fibrillation based on spectral analysis to guide the catheter RF-ablation

By studying the spectrum of atrial potentials by fast Fourier transform (FFT) we have found two types of atrial muscle: the compact (CM) and the fibrillar (FM) myocardium. The former presents normal in-phase conduction inferring a great number of cellular connections, long-lasting refractoriness and left ward FFT-shift. The latter shows anisotropic out-of-phase conduction, fewer cellular connections, short refractoriness and a segmented right-FFT-shift. The compact is the normal predominant muscle and the fibrillar is different and may be neural input, vein insertion, interatrial (IA) septum, left atrial (LA) roof, etc. or pathological tissue, being so by loss of cellular connections this is a possible mechanism for conversion of compact into fibrillar-like myocardium. During atrial fibrillation (AF), clusters of FM (AF nests) present higher frequencies than any surrounding tissue. Purpose The purpose was to describe a new method for paroxysmal AF RFablation targeting AF nests. Method Forty patients, six control and 34 having idiopathic drug-refractory paroxysmal or persistent AF were studied and treated. Two catheters were placed in the LA by transseptal approach. RF (30e40 J/60e70 (C) was applied to all sites outside the pulmonary veins (PV) presenting right-FFT-shift (AF nests). Results Numerous AF nests were found in 34/34 AF patients and only in 1/6 controls (only in this case was it possible to induce AF despite an absence of AF history). The main FM sites were: LA roof, LA septum, close to the insertion of the superior PV, near the insertion of the inferior PV, LA posterior wall, RA near the superior vena cava insertion, RA lateral and anterior wall and the right IA septum. Ablation of all AF nests near PV insertions resulted in 35 PV isolations.

Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction during the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for acute myocardial infarction during the postoperative period after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: This was a case-control study paired for sex, age, number, type of graft used, coronary endarterectomy, type of myocardial protection, and use of extracorporeal circulation. We assessed 178 patients (89 patients in each group) undergoing myocardial revascularization, and the following variables were considered: dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial revascularization surgery, previous coronary angioplasty, and acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Baseline clinical characteristics did not differ in the groups, except for previous myocardial revascularization surgery, prevalent in the case group (34 patients vs. 12 patients; p = 0.0002). This was the only independent predictor of risk for acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period, based on a multivariate logistic regression analysis (p = 0.0001). Mortality and the time of hospital stay of the case group were significantly higher (19.1% vs. 1.1%; p < 0.001 and 15.7 days vs. 10.6 days; p < 0.05 respectively) than those of the control. CONCLUSION: Only previous myocardial revascularization was an independent predictor of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period, based on multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Fatores preditivos de risco de infarto agudo do miocárdio no pós-operatório de operações de revascularizaçäo miocárdica / Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction during the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for acute myocardial infarction during the postoperative period after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: This was a case-control study paired for sex, age, number, type of graft used, coronary endarterectomy, type of myocardial protection, and use of extracorporeal circulation. We assessed 178 patients (89 patients in each group) undergoing myocardial revascularization, and the following variables were considered: dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial revascularization surgery, previous coronary angioplasty, and acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Baseline clinical characteristics did not differ in the groups, except for previous myocardial revascularization surgery, prevalent in the case group (34 patients vs. 12 patients; p = 0.0002). This was the only independent predictor of risk for acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period, based on a multivariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.0001). Mortality and the time of hospital stay of the case group were significantly higher (19.1 percent vs. 1.1 percent; p<0.001 and 15.7 days vs. 10.6 days; p<0.05 respectively) than those of the control. CONCLUSION: Only previous myocardial revascularization was an independent predictor of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period, based on multivariate logistic regression analysis

Ativação endotelial na disfunção ventricular / Endothelial activation in ventricular dysfunction

As alterações hemodinâmicas e hormonais que ocorrem nos quadros de disfunção ventricular e que são responsáveis pelo remodelamento são relativamente bem conhecidas, porém a importância das alterações locais, ou seja, o papel do endotélio no remodelamento ainda é motivo de controvérsias, pelo desconhecido papel dessas células na regulação do estado contrátil do coração. As célulasendocárdicas e as células endoteliais da vasculatura coronária secretam substâncias que modificam acontratilidade dos cardiomiócitos. As células endoteliais podem produzir pelo menos duas substâncias, as quais parecem ter grande relevância no processo de remodelamento: o óxido nítrico e a endotelina.Em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca, evidências recentes sugerem que a disfunção vascular endotelial pode também contribuir para o aumento do tônus vasomotor e para a perpetuação do círculo vicioso na insuficiência cardíaca. O aumento da endotelina circulante e o aumento dos receptores da endotelina no tecido cardíaco, bem como da expressão gênica desse polipeptídeo nos pacientescom insuficiência cardíaca, associados às alterações da expressão e da atividade das isoenzimasresponsáveis pela produção de óxido nítrico (sintase do óxido nítrico endotelial ou constitutiva e sintase de óxido nítrico induzível) no tecido cardíaco, dão significativa importância à regulação que o endotélio promove nos quadros em que haja disfunção ventricular. Acresça-se a isso o fato de a enzima precursora do óxido nítrico estar presente no endotélio vascular e também nos cardiomiócitos. Embora os estudos que testaram drogas que bloqueavam os receptores da endotelina não tenham resultado em melhora da mortalidade, a correção da disfunção endotelial poderá oferecer novo meio terapêuticopara melhorar o desempenho cardíaco nos casos de importante disfunção ventricular...

Fechamento de canal arterial por minitoracotomia: técnica e resultados / Patent ductus arteriosus closure with minithoracotomy: technique and results

CASUISTICA E METODOS: No período de novembro de 1996 a dezembro de 1997, 15 crianças portadoras de canal arterial (CA), sendo 12 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 2,7 anos, peso médio de 13,9 kg foram submetidas a fechamento do CA por minitoracotomia. O ecodopplercardiograma confirmou o diagnóstico em todos o casos e mostrou o diâmetro do CA entre 2 mm e 10 mm, com média de 4,06 mm. A indicaçäo cirúrgica foi eletiva em todos os casos. A operaçäo consistiu de minitoracotomia esquerda no 4§ espaço intercostal de 2,5 cm a 3,0 cm, seguida de dissecçäo do CA e clipagem do mesmo com 2 clips metálicos. Näo foi utilizada drenagem pleural em nenhum dos casos. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes receberam alta em média no 4§ dia de pós-operatório, sem nenhum escape pelo CA ao ecodopplercardiograma. CONCLUSÃO: O fechamento de CA por minitoracotomia é uma alternativa de tratamento que reduz o período de internaçäo, bom efeito cosmético e baixo índice de complicaçöes

Aspectos da proteção cerebral em pacientes submetidos a tromboendarterectomia pulmonar com hipotermia profunda e parada circulatória intermitente / Aspects of cerebral protection in patients submitted to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy with profound hypothermia and intermittent circulatory arrest

INTRODUÇÃO: A tromboendarterectomia pulmonar é utilizada como método bem estabelecido para aliviar a hipertensão pulmonar nos casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar crônico. A dificuldade que se apresenta é conciliar o tempo relativamente exíguo de parada circulatória total (PCT) hipotérmica com a completa desobstrução das artérias pulmonares, sob pena de danos neurológicos. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1998 a abril de 1999 (13 meses), 8 pacientes, 5 do sexo masculino, 1 de cor negra, com idade variando entre 25 a 56 anos (média 46,2 anos) e com diagnóstico angiográfico de tromboembolismo pulmonar, foram submetidos a tromboendarterectomia pulmonar uni ou bilateral por tromboembolismo pulmonar crônico (TEP). Instalado o circuito extracorpóreo e incisada a artéria pulmonar, procede-se à PCT e, aproximadamente a cada 20 minutos de procedimento, intermitentemente, o fluxo da circulação extracorpórea (CEC) é restabelecido a 14º C por um período de 15 minutos objetivando-se a reperfusão cerebral e corpórea. Sucessivas paradas circulatórias total são realizadas e tantas quanto forem necessárias até a remoção de todos os trombos da artéria pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Não foram registrados óbitos no transoperatório. Um paciente faleceu no 30º dia de pós-operatório (PO) devido a broncopneumonia que evoluiu para sepse. Os 8 pacientes foram submetidos a CEC e PCT hipotérmica, sendo que em 5 (62,5 por cento) foram necessárias 4 PCT e em 3 (37,5 por cento) apenas 3 PCT, com média de 3,6 PCT. O tempo total de CEC variou de 210 a 255 minutos, com média de 225 minutos. O tempo de PCT hipotérmica variou de 58 a 88 minutos, com média de 76,7 minutos e o período de PCT por paciente variou de 18 a 24 minutos, com média de 20,5 minutos. Em todos os pacientes foram realizadas tomografias de crânio, que não revelaram nenhuma alteração anatômica, assim como o exame físico não revelou déficit motor ou rebaixamento do sensório. CONCLUSÃO: Acreditamos ser esta uma técnica promissora, capaz de oferecer tranqüilidade para o cirurgião e segurança para o paciente em termos de proteção do sistema nervoso central.