Immunogenicity in Protein and Peptide Based-Therapeutics: An Overview.

Currently it is well known that all biological drugs, including those with a fully human structure, are capable of inducing a host immune response known as immunogenicity [1]. The presence of ADAs can condition the drug´s level and action, thus modifying the therapeutic effect and even the safety profile by its mechanism of action - neutralizing or non-neutralizing - and / or an increase in its clearance. Immunogenicity is a dynamic factor to be taken into account in biological therapy, especially in long-term treatments, and as a relevant aspect in the assessment of secondary response loss [2]. With the above, not only the knowledge but also the management of the immunogenicity of the different biological treatments, represent a useful instrument for optimization of the strategies of use for each drug, and in the design of predictive models of response, which finally permits a significant improvement in the efficacy and safety profile, aiming to a personalization of the therapies, especially in patients with autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders and cancer [3]. This review summarizes the events of immunogenicity that produce the biological drug, the factor that influence to immunogenicity and the assessment of immunogenicity.

Historia de la cirugía / History of surgery

El autor ante la gran capacidaddel ser humano para salvar vidas mediante lamaravillosa disciplina que es la cirugía realiza una reseña, que se divide en dos partes, trata de sacar ala luz cuáles fueron las civilizaciones que se dedicaron ala cirugía hasta llegar a la Edad Moderna.

The author at the large capacityto save human lives bywonderful discipline which is surgery performed a review, which is divided into two parts, try to getthe light which civilizations were devoted tosurgery up to the Modern Age.

Biomodelo para la docencia de grado y postgrado en pediatría / Biomodel for teaching undergraduate and graduate in pediatrics

Introducción: La incorporación de la Clínica y la Imagenología permiten una mejor comprensión de la Anatomía. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un prototipo rápido en material sintético que replique detalles anatómicos para ser utilizado en la docencia de grado y postgrado en Pediatría. Material y Método: Caso 1: Niña de 1 año de edad con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria a causa de una malformación vascular. Caso 2: recién nacido con malformación torácica. Con la finalidad de analizar una conducta adecuada, se solicitó la confección de un prototipo rápido a escala 1:1 que simulara una condición idéntica a la topografía torácica del paciente, utilizando imágenes virtuales 3D almacenadas en formato DICOM.Técnica de generación de prototipo rápido: Se obtuvouna malla digital tridimensional y se generó el código “g”que se utilizó para controlar el hardware de producción. Se efectuó simulación digital y producción en material plástico (ABS) con técnica de deposición y fusión (MDF).Se validó el prototipo comparándo lo con las mediciones testigos del modelo virtual en 3 D.Resultados y Discusión: El modelo replicó exactamente los defectos hallados en la tomografía y endoscopía, confirmando la presencia de la malformación vascular y su repercusión sobre el aparato respiratorio. El prototipo rápido muestra las estructuras internas y externas del cuerpo humano con máxima precisión permitiendo una visión topográfica de situaciones “normales o patológicas” que facilitaría la docencia y el entrenamiento del equipo quirúrgico para proponer un plan de tratamiento adecuado. Hay numerosas áreas de la medicina que sebeneficiarían con este modelo que podría ser construído con diversos tipos de materiales de diferente flexibilidad y consistencia. Conclusiones: El prototipo rápido le da estado físico a las imágenes virtuales 3D, permitiendo la docencia y entrenamiento del equipo quirúrgico.

Introduction: The incorporation of the clinic and the imaging allow a better understanding of anatomy. Theaim of this work is to develop a rapid prototype in synthetic material that replicates anatomical details to be used inteaching and surgical training in Pediatrics. Material and method: Case 1: one year old female with respiratory distress syndrome because of vascular malformation. Case 2: newborn patient with thoracic malformation. In order to discuss appropriate conduct, the making of rapid prototyping in scale 1:1 was requested to simulate an identical condition of the thoracic topography of the patients, using virtual 3D images stored in the DICOM format. Rapid prototype technique: code "g" was generated, which was used to control the hardware of production and a three-dimensional digital grid was obtained. Digital simulation and production in plastic (ABS) with deposition and fusion technique (MDF) was performed. The prototype was validated by comparing measurements with witnesses of the virtual model in 3 D. Results and discussion: the model replied exactly the defects found in the scan and endoscopy, confirming the presence of vascular malformation and its impact on the respiratory system. Rapid prototype shows the internal and external structures of the human body with maximum precision allowing a topographic view of "normal or pathological" situations that would facilitate the teaching and training of the surgical team to propose an appropriate treatment plan. There are many areas of medicine that would benefit from this model that couldbe built with different types of materials with different flexibility and consistency. Conclusions: Rapid prototype gives form to virtual 3D images, allowing teaching and training of the surgical team.

Leiomioma primario retroperitoneal. Informe de un caso / Primary retroperitoneal leiomyoma. Report of a case

En los raros casos de leiomiomas primarios retroperitoneales,las imágenes prequirúrgicas pueden dar un diagnósticopresuntivo; el diagnóstico final solo puede ser confirmado en el momento quirúrgico. En estos casos, el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico por video laparoscopíaes posible y debería ser tenido en cuenta.Palabras Clave: Leiomioma retroperitoneal primario...

In the rare cases of primary retroperitoneal leiomyomas,pre surgical imaging may give a possible diagnosis; thefinal diagnosis can only be confirmed with surgery. Inthese cases, diagnostic and therapeutic managementwith videolaparoscopy is possible and should beconsidered...

El Museo Anatomico "Pedro Ara" Y Su Perfil Extensionista / The Anatomical Museum \" Pedro Ara \" And His Extensionista Profile

El presente artículo presenta un recorrido histórico por el museo más antiguo de la Facultad de CienciasMédicas de la UNC, con sus 135 años de vida, comienza a formarse en el año 1878 casi simultáneamente con la creación de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas que fue en el año 1877. Es un museo eminentemente anatómico, ubicado en los predios del Hospital Nacional de Clínicas más precisamente en el Instituto Anatómico de Córdoba que es donde también funciona la Cátedra de Anatomía Normal...

This article presents a historical journey through the oldest museum of the Faculty of SciencesMedical UNC, with its 135 years of life, begins to form in 1878 almost simultaneously with the creation of the Faculty of Medical Sciences was in 1877. It is a highly anatomical museum, located on the campus of the National Hospital Clinics more precisely in the Anatomical Institute of Córdoba that is where there is also the Chair of Normal Anatomy...

Hipoplasia de la arteria vertebral su importancia clínica en el síndrome de wallenberg / Hypoplasia Of The Vertebral Artery Its Importance In Wallenberg Syndrome Clinic

Introducción: Este trabajo describe la existenciade una variante anatómica: La hipoplasia de las arteriasvertebrales, definida como un estrechamiento de su diámetro luminal (< 2-3 mm) que conlleva una disminuciónde la velocidad del flujo sanguíneo encefálico. Material yMétodo: En nuestra experiencia se disecaron 20 encéfalos formalizados al 10% de la Cátedra de Anatomía de la Fac. de Cs. Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba con técnica de disección clásica. Resultados: La arteria vertebral izquierda es dominante con respecto a la vertebral derecha y que emergen del segmento V4. Conclusión: La importancia del conocimiento anatómico de la arteria vertebral y sus variables facilita el diagnóstico precoz de la presencia de hipoplasia arterial, la cual se asocia a ciertos trastornosneurológicos, como son la migraña con aura, la isquemia cerebelar, (Sindrome de Wallemberg), disección de laarteria vertebral o cambios ateroescleróticos.

Introduction: This paper describes the existencean anatomical variant: hypoplasia of the arteriesvertebral defined as a narrowing of luminal diameter (<2-3 mm) which leads to a decreaseof cerebral blood flow velocity. Material andMethod. In our experience 20 brains formalized 10% of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Cs were dissected. Medical, National University of Cordoba with classical dissection technique. Results: The left vertebral artery is dominant with respect to the right vertebral V4 and emerging segment. Conclusion: The importance of anatomical knowledge of the vertebral artery and variables facilitates the early diagnosis of the presence of arterial hypoplasia, which is associated with certain disordersneurological disorders, such as migraine with aura, cerebellar ischemia (Wallenberg Syndrome), dissectionvertebral artery or atherosclerotic changes.

Ameloblastoma desmoplásico / Desmoplastic ameloblastoma

Presentamos un caso de ameloblastoma desmoplásico en una mujer de 32 años que afectaa la región media del maxilar superior. Se describen las características específicas, tantohistológicas como clínicas, de esta variante de ameloblastoma, y se insiste en su imagenradiológica similar a la de una lesión fibroósea benigna. Se indica la misma conducta terapéuticaque para el resto de los ameloblastomas intraóseos sólidos(AU)

We report a case of desmoplastic ameloblastoma in a 32 year-old female patient affectingthe region half of the upper jaw. We describe the specific characteristics, both histologicaland clinical of this variant of ameloblastoma, insisting its radiological image similar to thatof a benign fibroosseous lession. We indicate the same therapeutic conduct for the rest ofthe solid intraosseous ameloblastomas(AU)

Fascitis nodular en el territorio maxilofacial. Presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Nodular fascitis of the maxillofacial region. Two case reports and a review of the literature

La fascitis nodular es una entidad clínica relativamente poco frecuentecaracterizada por una tumoración de crecimiento rápido, aunquede comportamiento clínico benigno y de características histológicas pseudosarcomatosas.Su aparición en el territorio maxilofacial es poco común,por lo que presentamos dos casos que acudieron por nódulos de consistenciadura, indoloros, en las regiones cigomática y paramandibular, quefueron diagnosticados de fascitis nodular. Destacamos estos casos por tratarsede fascitis nodular de localización atípica y revisamos su histopatología(AU)

Nodular fasciitis is a relatively rare clinical entity that ischaracterized by a rapidly growing tumor-like mass, although it hasa benign clinical behavior and pseudosarcomatous histological characteristics.Its appearance in the maxillofacial area is unusual, andtwo cases are presented of patients that attended as a result ofnodules that were hard in consistency, non-tender, in the zygomaticregion beside the mandible, and that were diagnosed as nodularfasciitis. The cases are highlighted because of the atypical locationof the nodular fasciitis and the histopathology is revised(AU)

Hematoma subdural espinal espontáneo / No disponible

No disponible

Osteotomía de avance del marco orbitario para el tratamiento del exoftalmos endocrino severo / Advancement osteotomy of the orbital rim for the treatment of severe endocrine exophthalmos

La orbitopatía tiroidea es una enfermedad debilitante del sistemavisual caracterizada por presentar cambios en los tejidos blandos orbitariosy periorbitarios debidos a un proceso inflamatorio, o a la consecuenciadel mismo, y que se relaciona con alteraciones sistémicas de la glándulatiroides. Aparte de las alteraciones estéticas que ocasiona, los pacientespueden presentar queratitis de repetición por exposición, diplopia, dolorretrobulbar, compresión del nervio óptico e incluso ceguera. La cirugíaconstituye el tratamiento definitivo del exoftalmos en la orbitopatía deGraves, mejorando la proptosis y la visión, así como diminuyendo la sintomatologíaocular, con una morbilidad mínima. Presentamos un casode exoftalmos severo que fue intervenido mediante osteotomía y avancedel marco orbitario superior, lateral e inferior, remoción parcial de dos paredesorbitarias y lipectomía. Los resultados estéticos y el alivio de la sintomatologíaocular resultaron satisfactorios

Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is a debilitating diseaseof the visual system that is characterized by changes in the softtissuesof the orbit and periorbita as a result of an inflammatoryprocess, or as a consequence of this, and related to systemic disordersof the thyroid gland. Apart from the aesthetic changes that arise,patients may also present persistent keratitis due to exposure,diplopia, retrobulbar pain, compression of the optic nerve and evenblindness. Surgery represents the definitive treatment forexophthalmos in Graves’ orbitopathy as improvements are shownin proptosis and vision. A decrease is also experienced in ocularsymptomatology and there is minimal morbidity. We present thecase of severe exophthalmos that was surgically operated on withan advancement osteotomy of the supero-, lateral- and infraorbitalrim, with partial removal of two of the orbital walls with lipectomy.The aesthetic results and the relief of the ocular symptoms weresatisfactory

Structural and electronic properties of tyrosine kinases inhibitors.

Protein tyrosine kinases (TKs) regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and play a fundamental role in signal transduction pathway. Uncontrolled signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular tyrosine kinases was related to diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis and psoriasis. For the present study, we selected a number of structurally related ATP-binding site inhibitors of EGF-receptors of diverse classes. Molecular properties of competitive inhibitors are key features for the action mechanism of these compounds. We performed a theoretical study at the RHF/6-311G* level of theory, in order to correlate the molecular parameters with the biological inhibitory activities. Species stability as evaluated by ionization potentials as well as the E(HOMO)-E(LUMO) energy gap, is in very good correlation with higher inhibitory potency (IP). The most active species, 1, 5, 6,10,11 and 12 exhibited strongly negative charged atoms over the C6 and C7 positions, the higher IP, higher mu and higher energy gap. In summary, a good correlation was observed between the molecular parameters, such as ionization potential, dipolar moment and E(HOMO)-E(LUMO) energy gap and inhibitory potency, suggesting that these properties play an important role for the interaction at the ATP-binding site of EGF-receptors.

Tumor maligno de la estroma gastrointestinal localizado en el epiplón. Falso diagnóstico de cistoadenocarcinoma ovárico / Malignant gastrointestinal tumor located in the omentum. False diagnosis of ovarian cystadenocarcinoma

Los tumores de la estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) son tumores mesenquimales del tracto gastrointestinal, que suelen revelar positividad para CD34 y CD117, y cuyo potencial de malignidad es difícil de predecir. Suelen clasificarse en benignos, borderline y malignos, si bien algunos de los etiquetados como benignos pueden metastatizar varios años después de un tratamiento quirúrgico oncológicamente correcto. Presentamos el caso de una paciente, a la que 7 años antes se le había realizado una resección intestinal por leiomioma mixoide de íleon y que fue intervenida quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico de sospecha de cistadenocarcinoma de ovario. El estudio histológico reveló un tumor maligno de la estroma gastrointestinal con diferenciación mioide localizado en el epiplón. Del caso presentado y de la bibliografía consultada parece inferirse que el potencial maligno de los GIST es difícil de predecir y que a los 5 años la supervivencia, incluidas todas las formas de enfermedad, varía entre el 20 y el 50 por ciento (AU)

Structure-antifeedant activity relationship of clerodane diterpenoids. Comparative study with withanolides and azadirachtin.

A structure-antifeedant activity relationship (SAR) study of clerodane diterpenoids was carried out. Attention was focused on the feeding-deterrent activities exhibited toward Tenebrio molitor by clerodane diterpenoids and withanolides. Azadirachtin was chosen as a reference compound. SAR studies on the clerodane compounds indicate that the stereoelectronic factors are more important than the hydrophobic aspects as determinants of antifeedant activity. A furan ring in the side chain and a carbonyl alpha,beta-unsaturated (or spiro-epoxide) group appear to be indispensable for the biological response. A conformational study indicate that the optimum interatomic distance between these moieties is a range between 9.5 and 10.5 A. In addition, a similar stereoelectronic response was found among withanolides and azadirachtin. On the basis of these results it is reasonable to imagine a closely related chemical mechanism for these compounds.

[Recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid artery. Anatomo-surgical considerations]. / Nervio laringeo recurrente y arteria tiroidea inferior. Consideraciones anatomo-quirúrgicas.

Among the diverse complications of thyroidectomy, it is mostly the cordial sequels from the recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. This is why anatomical and surgical considerations are made upon the vulnerable areas of this nerve and the circumstances in which it is damaged. The relationship between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery, location most frequently injured, was investigated on 55 adult formulated cadavers. It was found that on the right side in 54.5% the nerve passes behind the artery, in 38.1% it passes in front of it, and between its terminal branches in 7.2%. Regarding the left side, in 67.2% the nerve passes behind the artery, in 27.2% it does so in front of it, and in 5.4% between its terminal branches; being the right nerve more anterior an lateral than the left one which would possibly explain the higher index of nervous damage on this side.

[Care of aged and chronic patients in a short-stay medical unit]. / Asistencia a pacientes ancianos y crónicos en una unidad médica de corta estancia.

OBJECTIVE: We are interested in characterizing the care of these patients in a Short Stay Medical Unit, evaluating their specific necessities and hospital handling. METHOD: By means of an observational study we described the characteristics of 117 elderly patients and/or chronically ill patients who were admitted to our hospital unit for 50 consecutive days in order to determine the specification of the care to these kind of patients. RESULTS: The average age was 76.1 +/- 9.7 años with a similar distribution between men and women. The prevailing chronic illness was the ischemic heart disease (20.5%), and the most frequent cause of admittance was the worsening of chronic obstruction of the air flow (34.2%). 39.5% were terminally ill. 58.1% of the patients showed some dependence to carry out basic activities of daily life (BADL), and the average of geriatric syndromes amongst the patients who were unable to look after themselves, was significantly higher to those who were fully independent (2.29 +/- 1.2 vs 1.57 +/- 0.99 respectively; dif: 0.72; U: 483; p = 0.007). Specially relevant amongst the non-independent patients were non-syncopal falls (31.4% vs 7.1%), vision problems (40% vs 16.7%), and house confinement for severe immobility (25.7% vs 7.1%). In all these cases the difference was significative. A lineal relationship was found between cognitive decline and the incidence of geriatric syndromes with respect to the level of disability for BADL (R = 0.705; b = 0.32; beta: 0.57; p < 0.001 and b = -1.04; beta: -0.22; p = 0.008 respectively). The average hospital stay was of 4.1 +/- 2.6 days; the death rate 9.8%, and early re-admission 11.3%. 99.1% had an identifiable career and in 92.3% of the cases the eventual necessities could be completely satisfied. 25% of the cases were hospitalized in their own homes and 9% were moved to a hospital for longer stays. The impact of the caring activity is seen in the freeing of 15 beds per day during the time of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate that in this group of patients, the traditional caring tasks should be complemented with other specific tasks, preventive and of rehabilitation, and its handling needs alternatives that avoid the decline in the quality of the care.

Asistencia a pacientes ancianos y crónicos en una unidad médicade corta estancia / Medical care for elderly and chronic patients in a short stay medical unit

Objetivo: Caracterizar el cuidado de estos pacientes en una unidad de corta estancia, evaluando sus necesidades especificas y su manejo hospitalario. Método: Describimos en un estudio observacional las características de 117 pacientes ancianos y/o crónicos ingresados en nuestra unidad en el transcurso de 50 días consecutivos, a fin de determinar la especificidad en la asistencia a este tipo de pacientes. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 76,1 ñ 9,7 años, con una distribución similar entre hombres y mujeres. La patología crónica más prevalente resultó ser la cardiopatía isquémica (20,5%), y la causa más frecuente de ingreso la reagudización respiratoria de la obstrucción crónica al flujo aéreo (34,2%). Un 39,3% eran terminales. El 58,1% de la serie mostró alguna dependencia para las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD), y el promedio de síndromes geriátricos entre los pacientes con discapacidad para el autocuidado, fue significativamente superior al de los plenamente independientes (2,29 ñ 1,2 vs 1,57 ñ 0,99 respectivamente; U: 483; p=0,007). Especialmente prevalentes entre los deficitarios para las ABVD, resultaron las caídas no sincopales (31,4% vs 7,1%), los trastornos de la visión (40%vs 16,7%), y el confinamiento domiciliario por inmovilismo severo (25,7% vs 7,1%). En todos los casos, la diferencia fue significativa. Se encontró relación lineal entre el deterioro cognitivo y la incidencia de síndromes geriátricos con respecto al grado de discapacidad para las ABVD (R = 0,705; b=0,32; b: 0,57; p<0,001; y b=-1,04; b:-0,22; p=0,008 respectivamente). La estancia media hospitalaria resultó ser de 4,1 ñ 2,6 días; la mortalidad del 9,8%; y la prevalencia de los reingresos tempranos, del 11,3%. El 99,1% tenía cuidador identificable, y en el 92,3% de los casos, las necesidades eventuales podían ser satisfechas completamente. Un 25% de los casos fueron hospitalizados en su propio domicilio y un 9% trasladados a un hospital de larga estancia. El impacto de la actividad asistencial se reflejó en la liberación de 15 camas/día, en el tiempo del estudio (AU)

Anatomic study of the pelvis in carcinoma of the uterine cervix as related to the box technique.

PURPOSE: To review the radiation therapy "box" technique for cancer of the cervix by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lymphangiography, and anatomic studies on cadavers. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1993 to 1996, the anatomic borders of the "box" technique used at our Radiation Oncology Department-the superior border of the AP-PA fields at the inferior edge of L4; the inferior border at the inferior edge of the ischium; the lateral borders placed 2.5 cm outside of the bony pelvis rim; the anterior border of the lateral fields over the anterior edge of the pubic symphysis; and the posterior at the S2-S3 interspace-were reviewed in 35 sagittal MRI and 10 lymphangiographies of patients with FIGO IB (6), IIA (6), IIB (19), IIIB (3), and IVA (1). An anatomic revision was conducted on 30 cadavers to identify aortic bifurcation, lymphatic nodes, and uterus flexion. RESULTS: In 50% of the patients with FIGO IB, the posterior border of the lateral field was inadequate to encompass the planning target volume (PTV), and in 67% with Stage IIA. In IIB, the anterior border was inadequate in 1 patient, and the posterior in 8 (42%). In IIB and IVA patients, the PTV was not encompassed. When correlating the anterior and posterior borders of the lateral field and the treatment volume in the 35 sagittal MRIs, the posterior border of the lateral field was inadequate in 49%, and the anterior border in 9% of the cases. According to the lymphangiography, the portals encompassed the external iliac nodes. Dissected female pelvises revealed that the aortic bifurcation occurred at the level of the inferior L4 edge in 80% of the cadavers. There was no correlation between uterus flexion in MRIs and in cadavers. CONCLUSION: The design of the lateral fields of the four-field technique for the irradiation of the uterine cervix based on anatomic bone references failed to encompass the planning-target volume in a significant number of patients.

[Anatomy of the splenic artery]. / Anatomía de la arteria esplénica.

Due to the importance and permanent improvements as regards the treatment of different diseases involving abdominal organs such as the abdomen, pancreas and spleen. I was indined to investigate, both from the anatomic and surgical point of view, one of the collateral arterial branches of the celiac trunk, which is possibly considered to be one the least studied and, historically one of the most forgotten by the vessels irrigating the liver and stomach. Considering the fact that anatomic understanding is the starting point of medical knowledge, and that its conquests give it permanently new fundaments, I was determined to do research, intensely and thoroughly on splenic artery. This research work relates in detail, on the corresponding chapters, the material and methods used, which consist on human bodies and foetus fixed with formol and in a fresh condition. These human bodies and foetus were submitted to dissection techniques of inter-arterial injection with resin, and then they were corroded with acid and angiographic studies. Finally selective arteriographic tests were performed on living beings by means of digitalis removal of the splenic artery. The following chapter deals with the results obtained from saied research work, showing that the splenic artery originates, in all cases, from the celiac trunk, and this artery is the most important with an average length of 10.6 centimeters and of 2.3 flexuosities in all. This chapter also enumerates the relationships existing between the splenic artery and neighboring organs, the homonymous vein, its collateral and terminal branches which in the hundred percent of cases showed one superior and one inferior, to immediately subdivide in different ones at the level of the splenic pedide. The collateral branches found were the following: arterial pancreatic branches found in the 73% of the cases with an average of 1.8 arteries in all. posterior esophaguscardiotuberosity artery appearing in a 33% of the cases. superior polar artery appearing in a 53% of the cases. inferior polar artery appearing in a 33% of the cases. the short vessels appeared in the 100% of the cases, from which in a 73% were superior short vessels and in the remaining 27% inferior short vessels. the left gastroepiploon artery appeared in all the cases considered. I have discussed the anatomic importance of the splenic artery and gland with their multiple variations and relationships. I have also considered the splenic pedicle, depending on the rear fixation which has the extremity of the pancreas and the splenic hillum of 2.2 centimeters, with final figures ranging from 0 to 4 centimeters. I have also mentioned the appearance of a 10% of super numerary spleens. Finally in our experience with splenic segmentation and with corrosion pharmaceutical preparation and arteriographic studies as the basic ingredients, we have found that in a 62.5% they have two segments, in a 17% they have three segments, in a 12.5% they have four segments, in a 12.5% they have four segments and in an 8% they have five segments in all, in these cases generally due to the high importance of the polar arteries. Likewise, it is a truth universally accepted that splenic circulation is terminal and that spleen division into segments is separated by non-vascular levels.

Structure-cytoprotective activity relationship of simple molecules containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl system.

In previous reports we attributed the cytoprotective activity of several sesquiterpene lactones to the presence of a nonhindered electrophilic acceptor in their structure. We suggested that the mechanism of protection would be, at least in part, mediated through a reaction between the electrophilic acceptor and the sulfhydryl-containing groups of the mucosa. We report here the gastric cytoprotective effect of simple molecules containing an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl group. In the present paper, we undertake the study of molecular accessibility and molecular shape, in addition to conformational, electronic, and steric factors. Our results helped to establish two important facts connecting chemical structure with cytoprotective effect. Firstly, an adequate molecular accessibility appears to be necessary to produce the biological response, and secondly, the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl system has to be included in a cyclic structure or, at least, in the proximity of a cyclic system.