Quercetin as a possible complementary therapy in multiple sclerosis: Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and remyelination potential properties.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) which causes various symptoms such as fatigue, dyscoordination weakness and visual weakness. The intricacy of the immune system and obscure etiology are the main reasons for the lack of a definite treatment for MS. Oxidative stress is one of the most important key factors in MS pathogenesis. It can enhance inflammation, neurodegeneration and autoimmune-mediated processes, which can lead to excessive demyelination and axonal disruption. Recently, promising effects of Quercetin as a non-pharmacological anti-oxidant therapy have been reported in preclinical studies of MS disease. In this review, we provide a compendium of preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the effects of Quercetin on MS disease to evaluate its potential utility as a complementary therapy in MS. Quercetin treatment in MS disease not only protects the CNS against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, but it also declines the demyelination process and promotes remyelination potential. The present study clarifies the reported knowledge on the beneficial effects of Quercetin against MS, with future implication as a neuroprotective complementary therapy.

Advances of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for in vitro spermatogenesis.

The loss of germ cells and spermatogenic failure in non-obstructive azoospermia are believed to be the main causes of male infertility. Laboratory studies have used in vitro testicular models and different 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems for preservation, proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in recent decades. The establishment of testis-like structures would facilitate the study of drug and toxicity screening, pathological mechanisms and in vitro differentiation of SSCs which resulted in possible treatment of male infertility. The different culture systems using cellular aggregation with self-assembling capability, the use of different natural and synthetic biomaterials and various methods for scaffold fabrication provided a suitable 3D niche for testicular cells development. Recently, 3D culture models have noticeably used in research for their architectural and functional similarities to native microenvironment. In this review article, we briefly investigated the recent 3D culture systems that provided a suitable platform for male fertility preservation through organ culture of testis fragments, proliferation and differentiation of SSCs.

Effects of Calorie Restriction on Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

It has been indicated that calorie restriction (CR) leads to several neuroprotective effects against physiological aging and different neurodegenerative disorders. Unfortunately, the definite therapeutic strategy is not introduced for Multiple sclerosis (MS) as an autoimmune disease of central nervous system (CNS) and researchers are striving to find the best treatment procedures and then optimize them. More recently, several preclinical studies have reported beneficial effects of CR on MS. It was stated that CR can decline demyelination, improve remyelination and decrease neuroinflammation in animal model of MS, as well as reduce body weight and enhance emotional wellbeing in MS patients. In this context we designed this review to examine studies exploring the effects of CR on MS disease based on the clinical and animal models to highlight involved mechanistic implications and future prospective.