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The prolonged period of COVID-19 has ingrained physical inactivity as a habit, leading to a reluctance to move. This has resulted in a decline in physical fitness and the loss of a healthy body composition. While this trend is particularly noticeable among the older adults, its impact on the immune cell defense system, which is crucial for minimizing viral infections, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the physical fitness, body composition, cytokines and immunocytes of older adults who engaged in physical activity (PA) before the COVID-19 pandemic but had to stop it due to the lockdown. A total of 172 older adults aged 61 to 85 years participated in this study: 90 in non-PA group (NPAG, 34 men and 56 women), and 82 in PA group (PAG, 29 men and 53 women). Physical inactivity was 45.13 ± 5.67 weeks in the NPAG and 1.70 ± 0.43 weeks in the PAG. Although there was no significant difference in calorie intake, PA volume showed a significant decrease in NPGA (P < 0.001). VO2max, strength, and sit-ups decreased in NPAG, whereas they maintained or increased in PAG (Ps < 0.001). NPAG experienced an increase in fat mass (â¼33.0 %), along with a decrease in muscle mass (â¼10.4 %), but PAG showed slight increases (â¼1.1 % vs. â¼1.5 %, Ps < 0.001). Interleukin-6 (â¼38.9 %), tumor necrosis factor-α (â¼38.3 %), and C-reactive protein (â¼33.6 %) increased, whereas immunocytes decreased in NPAG (Ps < 0.001). In contrast, those in PAG showed the opposite phenomenon. This study indicates that even during the COVID-19 situation, maintaining active PA in the older adults helps retain beneficial physical fitness and body composition, reduces inflammatory factors, and contributes to preserving or enhancing the function of immunocytes.
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Composición Corporal , COVID-19 , Citocinas , Aptitud Física , Conducta Sedentaria , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/inmunología , Femenino , Anciano , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by continuous mucosal ulceration of the colon, starting in the rectum. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the main therapy for ulcerative colitis; however, it has side effects. Physical exercise effectively increases the number of anti-inflammatory and anti-immune cells in the body. In the current study, the effects of simultaneous treatment of treadmill exercise and 5-ASA were compared with monotherapy with physical exercise or 5-ASA in UC mice. To induce the UC animal model, the mice consumed 2% dextran sulfate sodium dissolved in drinking water for 7 days. The mice in the exercise groups exercised on a treadmill for 1 h once a day for 14 days after UC induction. The 5-ASA-treated groups received 5-ASA by enema injection using a 200 µL polyethylene catheter once a day for 14 days. Simultaneous treatment improved histological damage and increased body weight, colon weight, and colon length, whereas the disease activity index score and collagen deposition were decreased. Simultaneous treatment with treadmill exercise and 5-ASA suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis following UC. The benefits of this simultaneous treatment may be due to inhibition on nuclear factor-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activation. Based on this study, simultaneous treatment of treadmill exercise and 5-ASA can be considered as a new therapy of UC.
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Colitis Ulcerosa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Mesalamina , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Animales , Mesalamina/uso terapéutico , Mesalamina/farmacología , Colitis Ulcerosa/terapia , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis Ulcerosa/inducido químicamente , Colitis Ulcerosa/patología , Ratones , Masculino , Colon/patología , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextran , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association among thigh volume features, interleukin (IL)-6, and immunocytes in the context of the older people with sarcopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study comprised a cohort of 437 older males diagnosed with sarcopenia, and their average age of 70.41 ± 4.86 years. This study involved conducting correlation and multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the connections between thigh volume, IL-6, and immunocytes. RESULTS: Total thigh volume (TTV) showed positive connections with thigh muscle volume (TMV), natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8 + T cells. TMV had negative associations with thigh fat volume (TFV) and IL6 but displayed positive connections with other factors. IL-6 had adverse associations with all the other variables except for TFV. NK cells showed significant positive relations with all adaptive immune cells, though showing not TFV and IL-6. The CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells exhibited positive correlations with each other including NK cells, though showing not TFV and IL-6. In the regression analysis, TMV exhibited significant positive effects on NK cells (ß = 0.304), CD3+ T cells (ß = 0.182), CD4+ T cells (ß = 0.109), CD8+ T cells (ß = 0.226), and CD19+ B cells (ß = 0.197). On the other hand, IL-6 had significant negative effects on NK cells (ß = -0.292), CD3+ T cells (ß = -0.352), CD4+ T cells (ß = -0.184), CD8+ T cells (ß = -0.387), and CD19+ B cells (ß = -0.366). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that there existed a direct association among thigh muscle with sarcopenia, myokine, and immunocytes. SIMPLE SUMMARY: The aging process involves the immune system playing a vital role in sarcopenia development, and it is thought that myokines released by skeletal myocytes. However, the exact relationship between TMV, myokines, and immunocytes in older male adults affected by sarcopenia remains unclear. This study found that myokines observed in sarcopenia showed a negative correlation with immunocytes, while muscle mass had a positive correlation with immunocytes. In the meantime, this research delved into the use of a regression model to examine how TMV and myokines individually contribute to explaining the presence of innate and adaptive immunocytes in older individuals with sarcopenia.
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Sarcopenia , Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Muslo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Interleucina-6 , Músculo EsqueléticoRESUMEN
Background and Objectives: This study focused on investigating sarcopenic factors and immune cells in older adulthood. To achieve this, the variables related to sarcopenia and immune cells in people living in the same community were analyzed. Materials and Methods: A total of 433 elderly individuals aged 61 to 85 years were randomly categorized as follows in 5-year intervals: 68 in the youngest-old group (aged 61-65), 168 in the young-old group (aged 66-70), 127 in the middle-old group (aged 71-75), 46 in the old-old group (aged 76-80), and 19 in the oldest-old group (aged 81-85). Results: With the progression of age, calf circumference (-8.4 to -11.05%; p = 0.001) and grip strength (-9.32 to -21.01%; p = 0.001) exhibited a noticeable reduction with each successive 5-year age bracket. Conversely, the capability to complete the five-time chair stand demonstrated a clear incline (32.49 to 56.81%; p = 0.001), starting from the middle-aged group. As for appendicular skeletal muscle mass, there was an evident tendency for it to decrease (-7.08 to -26.62%; p = 0.001) with increasing age. A gradual decline in natural killer cells became apparent within the old-old and oldest-old groups (-9.28 to -26.27%; p = 0.001). The results of the post hoc test revealed that CD3 T cells showcased their peak levels in both the youngest-old and young-old groups. This was followed by the middle-old and old-old groups, with slightly lower levels. This pattern was similarly observed in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and CD19 B cells. Conclusions: This study reaffirmed that sarcopenia and immune cell function decline with each successive 5-year increase in age. Considering these findings, the importance of implementing programs aimed at ensuring a high-quality extension of life for the elderly is strongly underscored.
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Sarcopenia , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Fuerza Muscular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to identify neuroendocrine substances and natural killer (NK) cells, including their subsets and receptors, to determine whether phytoncides scented in an urban hospital could help improve stress in cancer survivors. Fifty-five gynecological cancer survivors were assigned to either the control group (CG, n=28) or phytoncide group (PTG, n=27). The PTG meditated by lying down in a space scented with phytoncide for 1 hr a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Stress levels in both groups were high prior to the experiment and decreased by 9.31%±45.98% (P=0.003) only in the PTG after the experiment. Although the parasympathetic nerve activity of the PTG increased, the epinephrine and cortisol levels were significantly (P<0.001) decreased by 5.29%±25.5% and by 24.94%±11.62%. Moreover, the PTG showed a significant increase in the levels of NK cell subsets after 8 weeks, whereas there was no improvement in the CG. In conclusion, phytoncide fragrance reduces stress, increases the number of NK cells and their family even in a nonforest environment, and improves innate immunocytes in gynecological cancer survivors; parasympathetic nerve activity and cortisol hormones play critical roles in this process. That is, a phytoncide essential oil helps to stimulate changes in immunocytes' mobility by affecting the human nervous and endocrine systems, thereby providing relief for psychological stress among cancer survivors who previously had cancer cells.
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This study aimed to examine whether compared with a program without walking, intervention programs with three types of walking can improve the muscle property and immunocytes in elderly women. Thirty-two subjects were randomly assigned to control group (CON), slow walking group (SWG), moderate walking group (MWG), and fast walking group (FWG). Three types of walking on treadmill were 30 min a day, 5 days/wk for 12 weeks. Muscle contraction time (Tc), maximum displacement (Dm), and immunocytes were tested by tensiomyography and flow cytometry. After the intervention, FWG had an increasing tendency in the muscle mass compared with other three groups. Tc of biceps femoris (BF) decreased in CON and SWG, while Tc of BF in MWG and FWG (30.58%±23.71%) increased. It was similar in the rectus femoris (RF). Although Dm of BF and RF increased in CON and SWG, those decreased in MWG and FWG. Leucocytes of CON and SWG had a decreasing tendency, those of MWG (9.65%±13.01%) and FWG (13.01%± 13.58%) increased. In the neutrophil, only CON decreased, whereas the three groups showed an increasing tendency. Helper T cell was increased only in FWG (19.61%±19.94%), showing significant differences between groups (P=0.009, η 2=0.378). Natural killer cell was improved in SWG and MWG but showed a clear increase in FWG (75.76%±63.57%). It might be confirmed that walking for elderly increases the muscle property of the lower legs as they walk faster, which might be expected to improve the immunocytes function.
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BACKGROUND: This study investigated the changes in body composition, muscle contractility and immunocytes of the elderly using three types of walking. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-six participants were randomly assigned to control group (CON), slow walking group (SWG), moderate walking group (MWG), or fast walking group (FWG). RESULTS: Muscle mass in CON decreased (-2.55 ± 3.63%; P < 0.05), while it increased in FWG (1.92 ± 4.46%; P < 0.05). Fat mass in CON increased, whereas it decreased in MWG and FWG (-18.71 ± 14.22%; P < 0.001). Tc (contraction time) of biceps femoris (BF) decreased in CON, while a decreasing tendency was seen in SWG. Although Tc of BF increased in MWG, it showed a marked increase in FWG (21.19 ± 24.53%; P < 0.05). A similar tendency was observed in the rectus femoris. Leukocytes did not change in CON, but they showed an increasing tendency in MWG and FWG. Neutrophils decreased in CON, whereas the other groups showed an increasing tendency. Lymphocytes (10.25 ± 19.48%; P < 0.01) and helper T cells (14.32 ± 17.99%; P < 0.05) showed an increase in FWG, and NK cell was improved in SWG, but showed a clear increase in MWG (38.45 ± 96.96%; P < 0.05) and FWG (52.69 ± 58.37%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that fast walking by the elderly improves the muscle contractility, which can also be expected to improve the function of immunocytes by increased or maintained muscle mass and decreased fat mass after 12 weeks.
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Composición Corporal , Caminata , Anciano , Humanos , Neutrófilos , Músculo CuádricepsRESUMEN
Plank is a readily accessible form of exercise that can benefit individuals of various fitness levels. However, its effectiveness in older individuals has not been conclusively established. Specifically, its impact on respiratory function, physical fitness, and immunocytes in them has not been thoroughly verified. The study encompassed participants with an average age of 64.33±1.98 years. All participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (COG) or the plank exercise group (PXG). The plank exercise was conducted 3 days a week for 12 weeks. While the values in the COG deteriorated, the PXG showed significant improvements in several parameters. Forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow increased by approximately 27% and 16%, respectively, in the PXG, demonstrating significant differences (P<0.001) between the two groups. Additionally, VO2max, grip strength, and sit-ups increased by about 12%, 18%, and 42% in the PXG. Notably, innate immunocytes, such as NK cells, increased by approximately 30% in the PXG. For adaptive immunocytes, including CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, there were notable increases of around 18%, 19%, and 28%, respectively, in the PXG. These findings underline significant differences (P<0.001) between the two groups. This study provides confirmation that engaging in plank exercise can enhance the function of immunocytes, while also improving respiratory capacity and physical fitness in older adults.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sport game outcomes on acute affective responses in injured veterans. Twenty-three wheelchair basketball players (mean age, 38.39±11.78 years) participated in this study and were divided into two groups: game winner group (n=12) and game loser group (n=11). All participants completed the Physical Activity Affect Scale immediately before and after participation in the first game of a wheelchair basketball tournament. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to examine a significant difference in acute affective responses between the groups and over time within each group. The losers experienced significantly higher negative affect and lower positive affect at the end of the first game compared to the winners. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that the experience of losing may diminish the positive effect that sport participation can have.
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BACKGROUND: This study investigated the daily lifestyle changes, prevalence of psychological depression, physical health status, and immunity of adolescents in Korea resulting from increased isolation and social restriction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All subjects included 17-year-old male adolescents. A total of 117 subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to the degree of depression based on item #6 in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire as follows: no-depression group (NDG, n = 71; 61.0%), low-depression group (LDG, n = 23; 19.0%), moderate-depression group (MDG, n = 15; 13.0%), and high-depression group (HDG, n = 8; 7.0%). This study analyzed the data using quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affects adolescents' daily lives, psychophysiological conditions, and immune function. RESULTS: This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects the daily lifestyle pattern, psychophysical condition, and immunocytes of adolescents. In terms of depression, 39.0% of adolescents felt depressed, and 7% of them felt depressed almost every day. Overall, HDG considered themselves unhealthy and felt prone to immune diseases, such as colds. HDG were prone to sleep late, eat more frequently, and work out less. Regarding physical fitness factors, the cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, and power of HDG were significantly lower than those of NDG, LDG, and MDG. Moreover, HDG had the worst body composition, including the lowest muscle mass. Finally, natural killer (NK) cells and T cells were significantly different among groups, with the levels in HDG being significantly lower than those of the other three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Since the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects the daily lives, psychophysical conditions, and immunocytes of adolescents, there is an urgent need to create and provide solutions to adolescents with depression though the number of subjects is few.
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Exercise is known to help the immune function of cancer survivors after cancer cell removal, but there is little information about the effect of exercise on ovarian cancer survivors. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness and innate immunity of ovarian cancer survivors (OCS). Twenty-seven OCS between forty-two and sixty-one years of age volunteered for this study. The participants were divided into a control group (COG, n = 15) and an exercise group (EXG, n = 12). The mean (SD) age was 51.07 (5.67) years, and the mean post-operation period was 45.96 (5.88) months. EXG participated in regular exercise training 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, and body mass index of EXE were significantly decreased compared with those of COG. The muscle mass in EXE was increased compared to that of COG. Physical fitness factors showed positive changes in EXG compared to COG. We found that exercise training enhanced lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of leucocytes and total natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell counts of lymphocytes through improved body composition and physical fitness after 12 weeks. Moreover, we found that improved innate immune cells through the exercise program were achieved through an increase in NKG2D+NK receptors and a decrease in KIR2DL3+NK receptors in OCS.
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Background: Rhythm step training (RST) for sensorimotor dual tasks is in the spotlight as it provides physical activity that is fun and allows participants to express various and creative movements, although it lacks a scientific evidence base. Therefore, this study was to investigate how RST affects the physical and cognitive functions of adolescents. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty-six female middle-schoolers were divided into non-exercise group (control group, CON, n = 22), step training group (STG, n = 22), and rhythm step training group (RSTG, n = 22). To verify the combined effects of music-based rhythm and exercise, the program was conducted for 45 min/session a day, three times a week for 12 weeks. Results: RST scores increased significantly in the STG and RSTG compared to the CON after 12 weeks. Specifically, the Δ% of RST scores in the RSTG (11.44%) was higher than those of STG (9.01%) and CON (3.91%). By the end of the experiment, the power (p < 0.001), agility (p < 0.001), muscle endurance (p < 0.001), dynamic or static balance (p < 0.001), and gait velocity (p < 0.001) of RSTG were significantly improved compared to the others. The Δ% of all variables in RSTG was higher than those of the CON or STG. In addition, the verbal memory (p < 0.001) and attention (p < 0.001) of cognitive function were significantly improved in RSTG. Specifically, there was more of an increase in Δ% of RSTG for verbal memory (7.52%) and attention (10.33%) than in the CON (verbal memory, 3.34%; attention, 5.83%) or STG (verbal memory, 5.85%; attention, 5.43%). Conclusions: This study confirms that RST had a positive effect on the physical and cognitive functions of female middle-schoolers. We propose that rhythmic exercise combined with music is beneficial for adolescents' physical and cognitive health.
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Background and Objectives: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus II, levels of physical inactivity have become more severe and widespread than ever before. Physical inactivity is known to have a negative effect on the human body, but the extent to which reduced physical fitness has effected immune function before and after the current pandemic has not yet been uncovered. The aim of this study was to investigate the detraining effects of the COVID-19 confinement period on physical fitness, immunocytes, inflammatory cytokines, and proteins in various age groups. The participants of this study included sixty-four male adults who did not exercise during the pandemic, although they had exercised regularly before. Materials and Methods: Participants were classified by age group, which included the 20s group (20s'G, n = 14), 30s group (30s'G, n = 12), 40s group (40s'G, n = 12), 50s group (50s'G, n = 12), and 60s group (60s'G, n = 14). Results: Regarding body composition, muscle mass significantly decreased, whereas fat mass, fat percentage, and waist/hip ratio significantly increased in most groups. Cardiopulmonary endurance and strength significantly decreased in all groups, while muscle endurance and flexibility decreased in some groups compared to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic. This study confirmed the immunocytopenia and enhanced inflammation due to physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a greater detrimental decrease mainly after the age of 50. Conclusion: This study confirmed a decrease in physical fitness after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by an increase in fat mass and a decrease in muscle mass, thereby increasing cytokines and reducing immunocytes in the body. While social distancing is important during the pandemic, maintaining physical fitness should also be a top priority.