3D printed skulls in court - a benefit to stakeholders?

Forensic pathologists may use 3D prints as demonstrative aids when providing expert testimony in court of law, but the effects remain unclear despite many assumed benefits. In this qualitative study, the effects of using a 3D print, demonstrating a blunt force skull fracture, in court were explored by thematic analysis of interviews with judges, prosecutors, defence counsels, and forensic pathologists with the aim of improving the expert testimony. Five semi-structured focus groups and eight one-to-one interviews with a total of 29 stakeholders were transcribed ad verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that a highly accurate 3D print of a skull demonstrated autopsy findings in detail and provided a quick overview, but sense of touch was of little benefit as the 3D print had different material characteristics than the human skull. Virtual 3D models were expected to provide all the benefits of 3D prints, be less emotionally confronting, and be logistically feasible. Both 3D prints and virtual 3D models were expected to be less emotionally confronting than autopsy photos. Regardless of fidelity, an expert witness was necessary to translate technical language and explain autopsy findings, and low-fidelity models may be equally suited as demonstrative aids. The court infrequently challenged the expert witnesses' conclusions and, therefore, rarely had a need for viewing autopsy findings in detail, therefore rarely needing a 3D print.

What is the impact of physicians in prehospital treatment for patients in need of acute critical care? - An overview of reviews.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this overview was to systematically identify and synthesize existing evidence from systematic reviews on the impact of prehospital physician involvement. METHODS: The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library were searched from 1 January 2000 to 17 November 2017. We included systematic reviews comparing physician-based with non-physician-based prehospital treatment in patients with one of five critical conditions requiring a rapid response. RESULTS: Ten reviews published from 2009 to 2017 were included. Physician treatment was associated with increased survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and patients with severe trauma; in the latter group, the result was based on more limited evidence. The success rate of prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) has improved over the years, but ETI by physicians is still associated with higher success rates than intubation by paramedics. In patients with severe traumatic brain injury, intubation by paramedics who were not well skilled to do so markedly increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence is hinting at a benefit of physicians in selected aspects of prehospital emergency services, including treatment of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and critically ill or injured patients in need of prehospital intubation. Evidence is, however, limited by confounding and bias, and comparison is hampered by differences in case mix and the organization of emergency medical services. Future research should strive to design studies that enable appropriate control of baseline confounding and obtain follow-up data for the proportion of patients who die in the prehospital setting.

Beyond Activity Based Funding. An experiment in Denmark.

Over past decades Activity Based Funding has been an attractive tool for hospital funding and governance, but there has been growing frustration especially with its unintended effects. There are numerous examples of alternative models, but there is little in-depth knowledge about how these models came about. The aim of our study was to analyse how the discourse of Activity Based Funding was successfully challenged. This contributes insights into how international/national debates are translated into concrete alternative models through specific discursive mechanisms. The analysis used a discursive policy approach and was based on a case study from Denmark ('New Governance'). The data consisted of project and policy documents as well as qualitative interviews with regional and national experts. The analysis identified four discursive mechanisms: the problem definitions underlying 'New Governance' were clear and simple; the underlying assumptions both accepted and challenged the premises of Activity Based Funding; the alternative of 'New Governance' was defined in rather broad terms; and it was produced, disseminated and defended as part of interweaving processes regionally but also nationally. Our study showed that new models of hospital funding and governance need to be carefully engineered and that they draw on a mix of governance logics. Future research needs to study more examples from a broad range of institutional contexts and points in time.

Parental response to severe or lethal prenatal diagnosis: a systematic review of qualitative studies.

OBJECTIVE: A severe or lethal prenatal diagnosis places great demands on prospective parents, who face choices of far-reaching consequences, such as continuing or terminating the pregnancy. How best to support these parents is a clinical challenge. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize the qualitative evidence regarding prospective parents' responses to such prenatal diagnoses. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, four databases were systematically searched and 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis guided data extraction and synthesis of findings. The Confidence in the Evidence for Reviews of Qualitative research assessment tool was utilized to assess confidence in the findings. RESULTS: Prospective parents experienced multiple losses, for example, of the healthy child, normal pregnancy and envisioned future. After diagnosis, they requested timely and reliable information and empathetic continued interaction with clinicians. Prospective parents who continued the pregnancy wished to be acknowledged as parents and engaged in planning to obtain a sense of meaning and control. Selective disclosure and concerns about negative responses were issues both for the parents who terminated and those who continued a pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Clinicians can support parental coping following a severe prenatal diagnosis through continued dialogue and collaboration. Further research is needed on the experiences of parents who choose to terminate a pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Community families: A qualitative study of families who volunteer to support persons with severe mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Social interventions targeted at people with severe mental illness (SMI) often include volunteers. Volunteers' perspectives are important for these interventions to work. This article investigates the experiences of volunteer families who befriend a person with SMI. MATERIAL: Qualitative interviews with members of volunteer families. DISCUSSION: The families were motivated by helping a vulnerable person and by engaging in a rewarding relationship. However, the families often doubted their personal judgement and relied on mental health workers to act as safety net. CONCLUSION: The volunteer involvement is meaningful but also challenging. The families value professional support.

Factors affecting physicians' use of a dedicated overview interface in an electronic health record: The importance of standard information and standard documentation.

BACKGROUND: It remains a continual challenge to present information in user interfaces in large IT systems to support overview in the best possible way. We here examine how an electronic health record (EHR) supports the creation of overview among hospital physicians with a particular focus on the use of an interface designed to provide clinicians with a patient information overview. The overview interface integrates information flexibly from diverse places in the EHR and presents this information in one screen display. Our study revealed widespread non-use of the overview interface. We explore the reasons for its use and non-use. METHOD: We conducted exploratory ethnographic fieldwork among physicians in two hospitals and gathered statistical data on their use of the overview interface. From the quantitative data, we identified where the interface was used most and conducted 18 semi-structured, open-ended interviews framed by the theoretical framework and the findings of the initial ethnographic fieldwork. We interviewed both physicians and employees from the IT units in different hospitals. We then analysed notes from the ethnographic fieldwork and the interviews and ordered these into themes forming the basis for the presentation of findings. RESULTS: The overview interface was most used in departments or situations where the problem at hand and the need for information could be standardized-in particular, in anesthesiological departments and outpatient clinics. However, departments with complex and long patient histories did not make much use of the overview interface. Design and layout were not mentioned as decisive factors affecting its use or non-use. Many physicians questioned the completeness of data in the overview interface-either because they were skeptical about the hospital's or the department's documentation practices, or because they could not recognize the structure of the interface. This uncertainty discouraged physicians from using the overview interface. CONCLUSION: Dedicating a specific function or interface to supporting overview works best where information needs can be standardized. The narrative and contextual nature of creating clinical overview is unlikely to be optimally supported by using the overview interface alone. The use of these kinds of interfaces requires trust in data completeness and other clinicians' and administrative staff's documentation practices, as well as an understanding of the underlying structure of the EHR and how information is filtered when data are aggregated for the interface.

Evaluation of a comprehensive EHR based on the DeLone and McLean model for IS success: approach, results, and success factors.

OBJECTIVE: The article describes the methodological approach to, and results of an evaluation of a comprehensive electronic health record (EHR) in the shake down phase, shortly after its implementation at a regional hospital in Denmark. DESIGN: A formative evaluation based on a mixed-methods case study, designed to be interactive and concurrent was conducted at two hospital departments based on the updated DeLone and McLean framework for evaluating information systems success. METHODS: To ascertain user assessments of the EHR, we distributed a questionnaire two months after implementation to four groups of staff (physicians, nurses, medical secretaries, and physiotherapists; n=244), and at the same time we conducted thirteen individual, semi-structured interviews with representatives from these four groups. Subsequently, seven follow-up focus group interviews were conducted with the four above-mentioned groups, in order to go deeper into specific user assessments. Simultaneously, focus group interviews with two IT departments and the implementation team were conducted, to gain insight into system provider assessments of the implementation process and the EHR. Before, during, and after implementation, 88 h of ethnographic observation were carried out, to give the researchers an understanding of the daily routine of staff, and their use of health records. Finally, daily system performance data were obtained, to gather factual information on system response and downtime. RESULTS: Overall, staff had positive experiences with the EHR and its operational reliability, response time, login and support. Performance was acceptable. Medical secretaries found the use of the patient administration module cumbersome, and physicians found the establishment of the overview of professionally relevant data challenging. There were demands for improvements to these and other functionalities, and for the EHR to be integrated with other systems and databases. LIMITATIONS: Evaluations immediately following implementation are inherently difficult, but was required because a key role was to inform decision-making upon enrollment at other hospitals and systematically identify barriers in this respect. The strength of the evaluation is the mixed-methods approach. Further, the evaluation was based on assessments from staff in two departments that comprise around 50% of hospital staff. A weakness may be that staff assessment plays a major role in interviews and survey. These though are supplemented by performance data and observation. Also, the evaluation primarily reports upon the dimension 'user satisfaction', since use of the EHR is mandatory. Finally, generalizability may be low, since the evaluation was not based on a validated survey. All in all, however, the evaluation proposes an evaluation design in constrained circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: Despite inherent limitations, evaluation of a comprehensive EHR shortly after implementation may be necessary, can be conducted, and may inform political decision making. The updated DeLone and McLean framework was constructive in the overall design of the evaluation of the EHR implementation, and allowed the model to be adapted to the health care domain by being methodological flexible. The mixed-methods case study produced valid and reliable results, and was accepted by staff, system providers, and political decision makers. The successful implementation may be attributed to the configurability of the EHR and to factors such as an experienced, competent implementation organization at the hospital, upgraded soft- and hardware, and a high degree of user involvement.

Is population screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm cost-effective?

BACKGROUND: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is responsible for 1-2% of all male deaths over the age of 65 years. Early detection of AAA and elective surgery can reduce the mortality risk associated with AAA. However, many patients will not be diagnosed with AAA and have therefore an increased death risk due to the untreated AAA. It has been suggested that population screening for AAA in elderly males is effective and cost-effective. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of published cost-effectiveness analyses of screening elderly men for AAA. METHODS: We performed a systematic search for economic evaluations in NHSEED, EconLit, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, Cinahl and two Scandinavian HTA data bases (DACEHTA and SBU). All identified studies were read in full and each study was systematically assessed according to international guidelines for critical assessment of economic evaluations in health care. RESULTS: The search identified 16 cost-effectiveness studies. Most studies considered only short term cost consequences. The studies seemed to employ a number of "optimistic" assumptions in favour of AAA screening, and included only few sensitivity analyses that assessed less optimistic assumptions. CONCLUSION: Further analyses of cost-effectiveness of AAA screening are recommended.

National use of thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke via telemedicine in Denmark: a model of budgetary impact and cost effectiveness.

AIM: The purpose of this analysis was to assess the budgetary impact and cost effectiveness of the national use of thrombolysis with alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator; rt-PA) for acute ischaemic stroke via telemedicine in Denmark. METHODS: Computations were based on a Danish health economic model of thrombolysis treatment of acute ischaemic stroke via telemedicine. Cost data for stroke units and satellite clinics were taken from the first practical experiences in Denmark with implementing thrombolysis via telemedical linkage to the Stroke Department at Aarhus University Hospital. Effectiveness data were taken from a published pooled analysis of results from randomized controlled trials of alteplase. RESULTS: The calculations showed that the additional total costs to the hospitals of implementing thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke via telemedicine were approximately $US3.0 (range 2.0-5.8) million per year in the case of five centres and five satellite clinics, or $US3.6 (range 2.4-7.0) million per year based on seven centres and seven satellite clinics. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated to be approximately $US50,000 when taking a short time perspective (1 year), but thrombolysis was dominant (both cheaper and more effective) after as little as 2 years and cost effectiveness improved over longer time scales. CONCLUSION: The budgetary impact of using thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke via telemedicine depends on the existing capacity and organizational conditions at the local hospitals. The health economic model computations suggest that the macroeconomic costs may balance with savings in care and rehabilitation after as little as 2 years, and that potentially large long-term savings are associated with thrombolysis with alteplase delivered by telemedicine, although the long-term calculations are uncertain.

Organisational barriers to thrombolysis treatment of acute ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous thrombolysis with fibrinolytic drugs such as alteplase is not implemented widely in any country although the treatment is both effective and cost-effective in selected patients within a 3-h window after acute ischaemic stroke. The purpose of the present study was to describe the organisational barriers to delivery of thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke with special regard to the Danish healthcare system. METHOD: Systematic and unsystematic searches of medical, economic and grey literature on organisational barriers to thrombolysis treatment were performed in Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, Cinahl, Econlit, NHS EED, SvedMed+ and the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database. The search periods were 1996-2006. FINDINGS: Three main types of literature on organisational barriers were found: medical literature including HTA reports on barriers related to the 3-h window, economic literature on barriers related to the lack of capacity to provide the treatment on a 24-h basis, and grey literature/policy papers on standards and demands to the hospitals and healthcare systems who implements the treatment. CONCLUSION: Information on organisational barriers can be extracted from different types of literature (medical, economic and grey literature/policy papers), but organisational barriers are most often not the primary study objective in the relevant literature. This review showed a broad spectrum of possible organisational barriers to the delivery of thrombolysis treatment of acute ischaemic stroke.