[Effect of seasonal distribution in precipitation on soil nitrogen mineralization in a subtropical forest]. / é™æ°´å­£èŠ‚æ€§åˆ†é å¯¹äºšçƒ­å¸¦æ£®æž—åœŸå£¤æ°®çŸ¿åŒ–çš„å½±å“.

Soil N mineralization is a key process of nutrient cycling in ecosystems. The mechanism of the seasonal distribution of precipitation on soil N mineralization remains unclear. We conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment in a subtropical forest in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China from 2020 to 2022, with three treatments, including control (CK), decreased precipitation in the dry season with extremely increased precipitation in the wet season (T1), and decreased precipitation in the dry season with proportionally increased precipitation in the wet season (T2). With in situ resin core method, we explored the effect of seasonal distribution of precipitation on soil N mineralization. The results showed that T1 and T2 significantly decreased dry season net nitrification rate by 57.9% and 72.5% and the net N mineralization rate by 82.5% and 89.6%, respectively, and significantly increased wet season net nitrification rate by 64.3% and 79.5% and net N mineralization rate by 64.2% and 81.1%, respectively. Proportionally increased precipitation in the wet season was more conducive to soil N mine-ralization process than extremely increased precipitation in the wet season. Results of the structural equation model showed that change in seasonal distribution of precipitation could significantly affect soil N mineralization processes in the subtropical forest by changing soil water content, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and soil C:N. Our results had important reference for understanding soil nitrogen cycling and other ecological processes, and were conducive to more accurate assessment on the impacts of future changes in seasonal precipitation pattern on subtropical forest ecosystems.

Clinical Usefulness of Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) in the Diagnosis of Genetic disease / 대한산부인과학회잡지

INTRODUCTION: The traditional cytogenetic analysis requires relatively long cell culture time, intensive labour and trained personnel. But, in clinical situations, rapid diagnosis of genetic disease is very important for urgent decision for future management. So we need more rapid and precise diagnostic tools for clinical genetic counselling. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been studied for detecting chromosomal aneuploidies because this method can get rapid and precise results of cytogenetic studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization technique as a diagnostic tool of chromosomal anomaly. METHODS: Peripheral blood or gonadal tissue were obtained from the patients (n=63) clinically suspicious of genetic disease. Chorionic villi (n=6), amniotic fluid (n=9), and fetal cord blood (n=2) were obtained from 15 pregnancies undergoing fetal karyotyping at 9 to 30 weeks of gestation for prenatal genetic counselling. Karyotyping was performed by both traditional cytogenetics and FISH, using commercially available kits. After the procedures, the results of FISH were compared with the results of traditional cytogenetic studies. RESULTS: In a blind series of 17 samples all, including trisomy 21 (1 case), trisomy 18 (1 case), monosomyX (1 case), 47,XYY (1 case), and 47,XXY (1 case), were correctly identified. FISH results were correspondent with conventional karyotyping results in 7 patients with intersex except one case of suspicious of mosaicism. In nine children of Turner syndrome, the results of two methods were correspondent too. There was a fluorescent signal defect in band 15 q11-q13 in one of chromosome 15 in 18 children of 29 patients, clinically suspicious of Prader-Willi syndrome, with FISH method and only four patients were diagnosed as Prader-Willi syndrome with G-banding microscope. It was impossible to identify the defect in chromosome 15 q11-q13 in 10 (34%) children by both methods. Two children of 11 patients, clinically suspicious of Angelman syndrome, were diagnosed as Angelman syndrome with both method respectively. And four children were diagnosed as Angelman syndrome only with FISH method. In 5 cases, we cannot detect the defect in chromosome 15 q11-q13 with both methods. In four cases of Williams syndrome, the results of both methods were as follows; 1 case (25%): diagnosed as Williams syndrome by both methods; 2 cases (50%): diagnosed

Drug Sensitivity and Relapsed Period of Relapsed Pulmonary Tuberculous Patients registered in Some Public Health Offices, in Seoul / 예방의학회지

The purpose of this study was examine the general characteristics of relapsed pulmonary tuberculous patients (i.e. age, sex, weight, occupation, previous forms of treatment, drug sensitivity, and the frequency of relapse) in order to improve future treatments of tuberculosis as well as to perpetuate health education. The data was obtained from the medical records of 186 relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered for treatment at various public health officers in Seoul during the year of 1994. The major findings obtained from the study were as follows; l) The male to female ratio of relapsed pulmonary tuberculous patients was about 7:3, more specifically 23.7% of the men and 30.9% of the women were between 20 and 29 years of age. 2) Comparing initial less aggravated states to relapsed states, patients with minimal x-ray findings later proved moderately advanced X-ray findings. Furthermore, patients with negative sputum AEB findings later proved positive sputum AFB findings. 3) of the l86 patients studied, 91.9% suffered, relapse and 8.1% suffered 2 or more relapses. Of the patients who suffered at least 1 relapse, 54.8% received short-term treatment, 26.9% received long-term treatment, and 18.3% received treatment of an unknown during their initial tuberculosis treatment periods. 4) Fifty five point four percent of the patients had no reaction to the drug treatment(not available), 25.9% of the patients had sensitive reaction to the drug treatment, 18.7% of the patients had resistant reaction to the drug treatment. Drug resistance was higher in patients to exhibited positive X-ray findings as well as in patients that exhibited positive sputum findings furthermore, patients receiving treatment of an unknown nature(35.5%) exhibited higher drug resistance than those receiving short-term treatment(13.6%) and long-term treatment(l7.0%). 5) Of the 160 patients who suffered relapses, 8.8% suffered a relapse within 1 year after treatment and 91.2% suffered a relapse at least 1 year after treatment. Furthermore, our study showed that women, under 30, who received short-term treatment and encounterd complications during their primary treatment suffered relapses faster than any other groups studied. In addition, minimal X-ray findings and sputum AFB findings were not correlated to the time relapse occurred. Therefore, the greater efforts are needed to prevent relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis.

A Study on the Nutritional Knowledge, Nutritional Attitude, Eating Practice and Food Intake of Womans University Students / 예방의학회지

This study was conducted to analyze the relations among nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude eating practice and total nutritional diagnosis and also to find the influencing factors of them. The survey was done during the period from April 1990 to June 1990 and the target population were Ewha Woman's University students (freshmen and senior) of whom 1,354 peoples were surveyed. The summarized results are as follows ; 1. For the learning environment, the percentage of completion on nutritional knowledge course was 28.6% and among them the department of foods and nutrition had the highest score(100.0%) and the next was dept. of medicine(53.4%). 2. To find the relation which the nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, eating practice and the total nutritional diagnosis influence on one another, the multiple correlation analysis was done. The attitude the practice were highly correlated with total nutritional diagnosis, but the correlation between nutritional knowledge and total nutritional diagnosis was not significant. The correlation between the practice and nutritional knowledge which were positively and significantly correlated with attitude respectively was positive but not significant. 3. The difference which were analyzed by department, grade and completion on knowledge course on the nutritional knowledge, attitude, eating practice were significant (p<0.01) by ANOVA. 4. The significant variables on nutritional diagnosis are the eating practice points, the grade, the knowledge course, the breakfast and the attitude (r2=10.3%) by multiple regression analysis. This study has the limitation that it did not consider the environmental factors of dietary life such as dietary culture, family environment, cultural habit. Therefore important points of these dietary studies are to extend to the practical nutritional education and dietary improvement for the national health not restricted to the local area or local population.

A Study on Food Intake of a Rural Community Housewives with the Related Factors and Nutrition Education-Index / 예방의학회지

This study is aimed at developing a nutritional task of a community as public health activities of Su-Dong Myun, Demonstration Project area of Ewha Womans University. The content of this study is the points of nutritional diagnosis for the residents nutritional evaluation, the analysis of the related factors and the educational material with Nutrition Education-Index. Two hundreds housewives were examined during the period of Jan. 30 in 1989. 1. In terms of the housewives' age, those aged 30 to 39 were 32.5% which was the highest and educational level, graduation of primary school was 31.5% which was the highest. The housewives who had no job were 60.6% and those who participated in community activities were 56.5%. 2. In terms of the points of nutritional diagnosis, 50 to 74 points were 51.5% which was the highest and total average was 65.1 +/- 15.0. 3. As for the points of nutritional knowledge, the average was 54.9 points, attitude was 77.4 points and eating practice was 70.8 points. 4. The number of clinical symptoms of nutritional deficiency was 16.1 ones per person. 5. As for the relation which nutritional knowledge, attitude, eating practice exert on one another, nutritional knowledge had negative correlation with eating practice(-0.04) and attitude has some correlation with eating practice(0.17). 6. The variable having to do with the points of nutritional diagnosis showed the highest correlation coefficient(0.55) as the points of nutritional knowledge. 7. As for the variable having to do with the number of the symptoms of nutrition deficiency, the higher points of knowledge(-0.05) is, the higher the total average points of nutritional diagnosis(-0.09) is, negative correlation was appeared. 8. The result in which the variant having to do with the number of clinical symptoms of nutritional deficiency was analyzed by multiple regression analysis showed that the lack of time for preparing meals in non agricultural households made the greatest contribution (9% explained) and the households having vegetable garden made the second greatest contribution (3% explained).

A study on the Health Care of Ewha Womans University Staff, Faculty and Families / 예방의학회지

A study on the health care of Ewha Woman's University staff, faculty and families was conducted during the period from March 1973 to August 1974 using designed questionnaire. The response rates were 96.0%. The results and findings obtained from the study are summarized as follow. 1. The sex ration of the members the faculty and the staff shows 83.2% and the singles are 37.2% of the total. Their mean family size being 4.6 periods per capita, each family has mean number of 2.3 children. 2. The median monthly income of a member of faculty amounts won114,000 and that of a staff won43,077. It amounts won79,333 when the median monthly income of both the members of the faculty and the staff are taken. Consequently, it amounts won91,727 per family (Assumed mean). 3. 71.4% of the total hold the house of their own. A spouses of 59.4% of them are working for the additional income of the family. 4. Their health condition is rated fair, i.e. 92.3% of them enjoy good health. Out of total members faculty and the staff, 20.6% are cared by family physician. 36.2% of them feel that they are burdened by heavy medical expense. 5. 76.7% of them have affirmatively responded that they would purchase medical insurance policy when they were offered. It reaches 84.0% of the total who consider buying the policy for their dependents. 74.0% of them desire to purchase the policy for their spouse's parents. 6. The monthly prevalence rate reaches 17.0% and the hospital admission rate 4.7%. 12.3% of them affirmatively responded that they had chronic disease. The number of sick call per capita counts 0.2 per month and the hospital admission rate 0.05. 7. To examine the nature of their disease, the respiratory disease is rated to be the top and the gastro-intestinal disease comes to the next. As far as chronic disease is concerned, the gastro-intestinal disease is predominant. 8. As to their treatment, 65.4% of them get the physician's treatment and 17.0% treatment of drug purchasing and 7.7% prefer Chinese drug. 6.6% of them gets no medical treatment at all. 9. The treatment ratio, including drug purchasing and other means, reaches 93.4%. 60.7% of them affirmatively responded that they did not or could not get physician's treatment at least once even though they thought they had to. It is disclosed that 29.4% of them are caused by economical reason. 10. Average medical expense per case amounts won7,116 and monthly medical expense per capita won1,345. Consequently, average monthly medical expense per family amounts won6,185. 11. The medical expense of a family is rated 7.7% of total earnings of the same period.

A Study on Health Administration Status and Medicare Insurance Program in Universities and Colleges in Korea / 예방의학회지

The status of health administration and medicare insurance program of 58 universities and colleges of 4-year course was studied in 1971 and the following results were obtained; 1. The average number of students of 20 universities was 4,800+/-2,600 and that of 36 colleges was 780+/-620. 2. The types of health service facilities for the students varied widely according to the institutions, from an elaborate one, university health center, to a poor one first aid room. 3. Thirty-six out of 58 institutions had some sort of health service facilities, either health center or health service room. And 14 out of 36 institutions had elaborate health service facilities such as university health center or student health center. 4. The number of full time staff of the health center and that of the health service room were 2 to more than 10 and 0 to 3 respectively. 5. The range of student health service fee varied widely according to the institutions from won50 to won550 per student, per semester. The average cost of student health service fee at the institutions with health centers was won300+/-150 and that with health service rooms was won200+/-150 per student, per semester. 6. Utility rate of the student health service facilities at the institutions with health centers and with health service rooms were 1,200 to 1,400 and 3,900 to 4,100 per 1,000 students per year. 7. There was an obvious increasing tendency of tuberculosis prevalence rate in the students. 8. The institutions which had appointed hospitals for student medicare were 24 ; where the reduction rate of medical expenses for students varied from 10 to 50 percent. 9. Students medicare insurance program was adopted by six universities which accommodated more than 2,000 students. 10. The range of student medicare insurance fee varied widely according to the institutions from won140 to won800 per student per year. Each of the six universities which had adopted the insurance program had each own's special regulations to apply for pay claims.

A Study on Health Administration Status and Medicare Insurance Program in Universities and Colleges in Korea / 예방의학회지

The status of health administration and medicare insurance program of 58 universities and colleges of 4-year course was studied in 1971 and the following results were obtained; 1. The average number of students of 20 universities was 4,800+/-2,600 and that of 36 colleges was 780+/-620. 2. The types of health service facilities for the students varied widely according to the institutions, from an elaborate one, university health center, to a poor one first aid room. 3. Thirty-six out of 58 institutions had some sort of health service facilities, either health center or health service room. And 14 out of 36 institutions had elaborate health service facilities such as university health center or student health center. 4. The number of full time staff of the health center and that of the health service room were 2 to more than 10 and 0 to 3 respectively. 5. The range of student health service fee varied widely according to the institutions from won50 to won550 per student, per semester. The average cost of student health service fee at the institutions with health centers was won300+/-150 and that with health service rooms was won200+/-150 per student, per semester. 6. Utility rate of the student health service facilities at the institutions with health centers and with health service rooms were 1,200 to 1,400 and 3,900 to 4,100 per 1,000 students per year. 7. There was an obvious increasing tendency of tuberculosis prevalence rate in the students. 8. The institutions which had appointed hospitals for student medicare were 24 ; where the reduction rate of medical expenses for students varied from 10 to 50 percent. 9. Students medicare insurance program was adopted by six universities which accommodated more than 2,000 students. 10. The range of student medicare insurance fee varied widely according to the institutions from won140 to won800 per student per year. Each of the six universities which had adopted the insurance program had each own's special regulations to apply for pay claims.