Biosynthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and their in vitro cytotoxicity against cardiac cell lines of Catla catla.

This work reports a one-step simple synthesis method for functionalized reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets by a Platanus orientalis leaf extract polyphenol-mediated deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO). Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization revealed the successful deoxygenation of GO and subsequent stabilization by oxidized polyphenols of plant extract. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses were used to examine the reduction of GO. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed capping of RGO with oxidized polyphenols of Platanus orientalis extract, which prevented aggregation of graphene sheets. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images revealed the formation of thin, transparent, sheet-like graphene. The in vitro cytotoxicity of synthesized RGO exhibited a dose-dependent toxicity against cardiac cell lines of Catla catla. Further, this work opens up a green synthesis route for the development of new graphene-based technologies.

Design and discovery of 2-(4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-(4-phenyl)thiazole derivatives as cardiotonic agents via inhibition of PDE3.

A series of novel 2-(4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-(4-phenyl)thiazole derivatives, 6(a-o) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against human PDE3A and PDE3B. In PDE3 assay, entire set of targeted analogs showed considerable inhibition of PDE3A (IC50=0.24 ± 0.06-16.42 ± 0.14 µM) over PDE3B (IC50=2.34 ± 0.13-28.02 ± 0.03 µM). Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 6d exhibited most potent inhibition of PDE3A with IC50=0.24 ± 0.06 µM than PDE3B (IC50=2.34 ± 0.13 µM). This compound was further subjected for evaluation of cardiotonic activity (contractile and chronotropic effects) in comparison with Vesnarinone. Results showed that, it selectively modulates the force of contraction (63%± 5) rather than frequency rate (23% ± 2) at 100 µM. Docking study of above compound was also carried out in the active site of PDE3 protein model to give proof to the mechanism of action of designed inhibitor. Further, in sub-acute toxicity experiment in Swiss-albino mice, it was found to be non-toxic up to 100mg/kg dose for 28days.