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Stabilization of topological spin textures in layered magnets has the potential to drive the development of advanced low-dimensional spintronics devices. However, achieving reliable and flexible manipulation of the topological spin textures beyond skyrmion in a two-dimensional magnet system remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the introduction of magnetic iron atoms between the van der Waals gap of a layered magnet, Fe3GaTe2, to modify local anisotropic magnetic interactions. Consequently, we present direct observations of the order-disorder skyrmion lattices transition. In addition, non-trivial topological solitons, such as skyrmioniums and skyrmion bags, are realized at room temperature. Our work highlights the influence of random spin control of non-trivial topological spin textures.
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2D layered materials with broken inversion symmetry are being extensively pursued as spin source layers to realize high-efficiency magnetic switching. Such low-symmetry layered systems are, however, scarce. In addition, most layered magnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy show a low Curie temperature. Here, the experimental observation of spin-orbit torque magnetization self-switching at room temperature in a layered polar ferromagnetic metal, Fe2.5 Co2.5 GeTe2 is reported. The spin-orbit torque is generated from the broken inversion symmetry along the c-axis of the crystal. These results provide a direct pathway toward applicable 2D spintronic devices.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and an impaired ability to carry out daily life functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction and ß-amyloid (Aß) deposition are the most common causes of AD. Antioxidants have been shown to delay brain aging and AD development; however, it remains unknown whether the antioxidant peptide SS31 can protect mitochondrial and synaptic function and delay the progression of behavioral deficits in early-stage AD in vivo. Therefore, in this study we compared mitochondrial and synaptic changes, as well as the protective effects of SS31, in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and C57BL/6J control mice. The APP/PS1 transgenic mice exhibited elevated expression of Aß40/Aß42 and mitochondrial fission protein DLP1 and reduced expression of synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) reductions, as well as increased levels of neuronal apoptosis and ROS in the hippocampus, and long-term treatment with SS31 reversed these effects. Furthermore, the cognitive impairments observed in APP/PS1 transgenic mice were reversed by SS31 treatment. Our findings show that SS31 lowers ROS and Aß levels, protecting mitochondrial homeostasis and synaptic integrity, and ultimately improving behavioral deficits in early-stage AD. This suggests that SS31 is a potential pharmacological agent for treating or slowing the progression of AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Placa Amiloide , Ratones , Animales , Placa Amiloide/tratamiento farmacológico , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Presenilina-1/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purposes were to establish standardized values for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) in the communities of Shijiazhuang city (China), with particular focus on the influences of age, education and sex, and to detect the discriminant validity data of the AVLT in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: 406 Chinese-speaking subjects (age: 50-84 years old) from Shijiazhuang city, were brought into this study. Using linear regression analyses, standardized values were developed for three variables of interest, including scores on short-term memory (sum of AVLT trials 1-3), delayed recall (AVLT trial 4), and an index representing recognition memory corrected for false-positive identifications (AVLT trial 5). 177 patients with AIS were included to probe the discriminant validity of the AVLT. RESULTS: The linear regression analysis showed statistically significant effect of age and sex on all trials of the AVLT. Years of education contributed significantly to trial 1-3 and trial 4 but not trial 5. Based on the results obtained, trail 1-3 and trail 4 of AVLT norms were stratified by age (3 strata), education (2 strata), and sex (2 strata). Trail 5 norms were stratified by age (3 strata) and sex (2 strata). Moreover, AIS groups performed significantly worse on most AVLT trials than matched cognitively healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Normative data stratified by age, education and sex for the Chinese-speaking community-residents in Shijiazhuang was presented for use in research and clinical settings. The AVLT measures adequately differentiated between the cognitive performance (especially memory decline) of healthy adults and patients with AIS.
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Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Adulto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Aprendizaje Verbal , Recuerdo Mental , Pruebas AuditivasRESUMEN
Marketers often use a visual line to divide the product information on an advertisement into left-right (or top-bottom) segments for aesthetic or categorization purposes. The present research examined the effect of the dividing line on the consumer memory. Across three studies (including an eye-tracking study and a field one), we showed that the presence of a dividing line enhances consumers' memory about the products displayed on the left/top of an advertisement. This effect occurs because the dividing line orients participants' first eye fixation to the left/top area of the advertisement, such that their visual attention is largely restricted to that area and they could better remember the contents displayed on that area. The theoretical contributions and implications for marketers and consumers are discussed.
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BACKGROUND: Sex-related disturbance including sexual dreams contributes to psychiatric disorders, but whether personality disorder functioning styles are linked with sexual dreams especially in frequent dreamers remains unsettled SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy one healthy volunteers (controls) and 81 frequent sexual dreamers (fsDreamers) were invited to answer the Sexual Dream Experience Questionnaire (SDEQ) and the Parker Personality Measure (PERM). RESULTS: Compared to controls, fsDreamers scored significantly higher on SDEQ Joyfulness, Familiarity, Bizarreness and the annual frequency, and on all PERM styles except Schizoid and Obsessive-Compulsive. Sexual dream contents were associated with Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic styles in controls, and with Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Avoidant, and Passive-Aggressive styles in fsDreamers. CONCLUSIONS: Personality involvement in etiology of sexual dreams has been illustrated by the elevated sexual experience and personality disorder functioning style scores and their prominent inter-correlations, especially in frequent sexual dreamers.
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Trastornos de la Personalidad , Personalidad , Humanos , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Conducta Sexual , Felicidad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Purpose: Phantom eye pain (PEP) is a major clinical problem after eye removal with no standard treatment protocol to date. As pain is a multidimensional experience associated with emotional and cognitive components, this study aimed to explore the possible neuropsychological mechanisms of PEP in a perspective of emotional cognition, in order to provide a basis for clinical treatment. Methods: Visual oddball event-related potentials (ERPs) under different external emotional stimuli (Disgust, Fear, Sadness, Happiness, Erotica and Neutral) were tested in 12 patients and 12 healthy volunteers. Participants' affective states were measured with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), the Hypomania Checklist-32 (HCL-32), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory (PVP). The amplitudes and latencies of N1, P2, N2 and P3 components were analyzed by three-way ANOVA, i.e., group (2) â× âemotion (6) â× âelectrode (3). Multiple comparisons were performed using Bonferroni's test. Results: Longer N1 latencies, increased N1 amplitudes; shorter P2 latencies under Disgust and Happiness, decreased P2 amplitudes; shorter N2 latencies under Erotica, increased N2 amplitudes were found in patients compared with controls. There was no main effect of group or interaction effect on P3 latencies and P3 amplitudes. The MDQ and HCL-32 scores were lower, and the N1 latencies under Sadness were negatively correlated with PVP scores in patients. Conclusions: PEP patients showed reversed patterns in exogenous attention allocation and enhanced involuntary attention to emotional stimuli compared with controls. This study demonstrated cortical processing of emotions in PEP patients and could provide a basis for developing emotional intervention therapy.
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Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be associated with numerous aging-related diseases. Ethyl acetate fraction of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic (EA) had been reported to possess strong radical-scavenging activity due to its rich content of flavonoids. This work aimed to determine the protective effects of EA against oxidative injuries in vivo and in vitro, as well as to explore the relevant mechanisms behind these effects. Pretreatment with EA significantly elevated cell viability of H2O2-induced HepG2 cells, reduced the reactive oxygen species level, decreased apoptotic cells, and inhibited activities of caspase 3/9. Meanwhile, EA pretreatment elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), while reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) generation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release dose-dependently. In addition, EA modulated key marker genes expression of antioxidation and apoptosis-related signaling pathways at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. In the animal studies, EA also significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity and reduced MDA generation in serum, liver, and brain of the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced mice. Furthermore, the histological analysis indicated that EA effectively alleviated liver and brain injury of mice induced by D-gal, dose-dependently. EA as a potential antioxidant agent promoted health and reduced the risk of aging-associated diseases.
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Abelmoschus , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Abelmoschus/química , Acetatos , Envejecimiento , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Flores/química , Galactosa , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Malondialdehído , Ratones , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Strain engineering plays an important role in tuning the microstructure and properties of heterostructures. The key to implement the strain modulation to heterostructures is controlling the strain relaxation, which is generally realized by varying the thickness of thin films or changing substrates. Here, we show that interface polarity can tailor the behavior of strain relaxation in a hexagonal manganite film, whose strain state can be tuned to different extents. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, a reconstructed atomic layer with elongated interlayer spacing and minor in-plane rotation is observed at the interface, suggesting that the bond hierarchy at interface transits from three-dimension to two-dimension, which accounts for the strain-free heteroepitaxy. Utilizing interface polarity to control the strain relaxation highlights a conceptually opt route to optimize the strain engineering and the realization of strain-free heteroepitaxy in such highly lattice-mismatched heterostructure also provides possibility to transform more bulklike functional oxides to low dimensionality.
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OBJECTIVE: We aim to study the effect of precision repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left parietal cortex on the memory and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, the left parietal cortex site with the highest functional connectivity to the hippocampus was selected as the target of rTMS treatment. Sixty-nine AD patients were randomized to either rTMS or sham treatment (five sessions/week for a total of 10 sessions). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 12-Word Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test (PVLT), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were assessed at baseline and after the last session. RESULTS: After a 2-week treatment, compared to patients in the sham group, those in the rTMS group scored significantly higher on PVLT total score and its immediate recall subscale score. Moreover, in the rTMS group, there were significant improvements after the 2-week treatment, which were manifested in MMSE total score and its time orientation and recall subscale scores, as well as PVLT total score and its immediate recall and short delay recall subscale scores. In the sham group, the PVLT total score was significantly improved. CONCLUSION: The target site of the left parietal cortex can improve AD patients' cognitive function, especially memory, providing a potential therapy.
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BACKGROUND: Hypersexuality is associated with many psychiatric disorders and creates enormous burden for the affected individual, family and society. There are numerous inventories measuring behavioral, emotional or stressful features of hypersexuality, we still need a structure-validated questionnaire to measure hypersexuality in a comprehensive way. METHODS: Based on previous inventories and related clinical descriptions of hypersexuality, we designed a matrix of 72 items related to hypersexual experience, and we invited 282 heterosexual university students who experienced hypersexuality at least once life-long to answer the matrix. RESULTS: Through exploratory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling, we constructed a Hypersexuality Scale, with a satisfactory model structure of five factors (or scales, 4 items for each scale) of hypersexuality, and named them as the Negative Impact, Emotional Coping, Uncontrolled Behavior, Post-sex Regret, and Increased Interest. Most inter-correlations of these factors were significant but in low or medium levels in all participants. Male students scored significantly higher on Negative Impact and Increased Interest than females did. CONCLUSIONS: The five scales described in this study might help to understand hypersexuality, and the Hypersexuality Scale might be applied to the clinical conditions related to hypersexuality.
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Trastornos Parafílicos , Universidades , China , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Conducta Sexual , EstudiantesRESUMEN
Having to wait for service or the delivery of a product is often unavoidable. At the same time, it is unpleasant and can decrease consumers' satisfaction with the consumption experience and their willingness to patronize the service provider in the future. How does a service provider unwittingly influence these negative reactions? We found that subtle differences in how a request to wait is phrased can have quite different effects, depending on consumers' feelings of social power. Consumers who are asked, "Will you wait?" infer that a positive response to the question would constitute a restriction on their freedom. In this case high-power consumers, who are more resistant to the restriction, are less likely to wait than their low-power counterparts. In contrast, consumers interpret "Can you wait?" as asking whether they have the ability to exercise self-control. In this case, high-power consumers, who perceive themselves to be better at self-control, are more willing to wait in order to demonstrate this control than their low-power counterparts are. Five studies provide converging evidence of these differences and the processes that underlie them. The effects generalize over different operationalizations of power and are evident in actual waiting behavior and in situations outside the laboratory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Comportamiento del Consumidor , Emociones , Humanos , Poder PsicológicoRESUMEN
Nightmares are prevalent in psychiatric disorders, and personality disorder features might be associated with nightmare experience, especially in nightmare disorder patients. The authors invited 219 healthy volunteers and 118 nightmare disorder patients to undergo tests of the Nightmare Experience Questionnaire (NEQ), the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory. Compared to healthy volunteers, nightmare disorder patients scored significantly higher on annual nightmare frequency and NEQ Physical Effect, Negative Emotion, Meaning Interpretation, and Horrible Stimulation, and higher on PERM Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, and Dependent styles. Borderline, Schizotypal, and Passive-Aggressive styles in healthy volunteers and Dependent, Avoidant, Histrionic, and Paranoid in patients were significant predictors of some NEQ scales. Higher annual nightmare frequency, higher scale scores of nightmare experience and personality disorder styles, and more associations between the two were found in nightmare disorder patients, implying the need for personality-adjustment therapy for nightmare disorder.
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Sueños/fisiología , Parasomnias/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Personalidad/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Parasomnias/etiología , Trastornos de la Personalidad/complicaciones , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Early life family relationships affect the sexuality in adulthood, and these influences might be reflected in sexual dreams. The present study was designed to investigate the exact associations between family relationships and sexual dream experience. We therefore invited 62 frequent sexual dreamers (dreamers) and 104 healthy volunteers (controls) to answer the Sexual Dream Experience Questionnaire (SDEQ) and the Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ). Compared to controls, dreamers scored higher on all SDEQ factors and sexual dream frequency, higher on FRQ Paternal Abuse, and lower on FRQ General Attachment and Maternal Freedom Release. In controls, Paternal Abuse was associated with Joyfulness, Maternal Dominance with Aversion, and Maternal Abuse with dream frequency (-). In dreamers, Paternal Abuse was associated with Aversion, Bizarreness and dream frequency, and Maternal Freedom Release with Aversion (-). In conclusion, there were pronounced associations between sexual dreams and family relationships in frequent sexual dreamers. Paternal Abuse in particular was associated with sexual dream experience. Adverse family relationships might induce frequent sexual dream occurrence, and family therapy or early intervention of Paternal Abuse might alleviate the negative sexual dream experience.
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Sueños , Relaciones Familiares , Sexualidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Executive dysfunction following stroke is well documented, but less is known about whether it occurs in mild stroke patients. The purpose of the study was to investigate executive impairment in this population and explore the correlation between executive function tests and cognitive tests of other domains. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was undertaken to compare 139 mild ischemic stroke patients (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≤ 7) aged 40-80 with 131 normal controls matched age, gender and levels of education. All participants were administered a neuropsychological test battery including three measures of executive functioning: Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trial Making Test-A and B (TMT-A and B), and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT). The CDT was evaluated using three quantitative scoring rubrics, with a total score of 3,10,18, respectively and a qualitative scoring method with six types of errors. Spearman's correlations were made to analyze the correlation between executive function tests and other neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Control group performed better than stroke group on most executive function tests at a statistical significance. Qualitative CDT showed that errors of "graphic difficulties", "conceptual deficits" and "spatial and/or planning deficits" occurred frequently in the early stage of mild stroke. Correlation data clarified that among the executive function tests, time for TMT-B correlated with global cognition most. CONCLUSION: Executive dysfunction is common following even mild strokes, and that relatively brief measures such as CDT, TMT and SCWT can be employed for it before discharge as part of rehabilitation planning.
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Isquemia Encefálica/complicaciones , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Función Ejecutiva , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico , Isquemia Encefálica/psicología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Disfunción Cognitiva/etiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico , Accidente Cerebrovascular/psicología , Test de Stroop , Prueba de Secuencia AlfanuméricaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that control gene expression trough negative translational regulation. MiR-623 is a tumor suppressor, and it's function and mechanism in breast cancer has not been reported. RESULTS: Exogenous overexpression of miR-623 suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, meanwhile, but promoted cell apoptosis. MiR-623 knockdown displayed opposite results. Overexpression of miR-623 resulted in the downregulation of CDK4/6 as well as the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling pathways. MiR-623 knockdown displayed opposite results. Results of the reporter assay revealed that the luciferase activity was decreased in XRCC5-wt cells, suggesting that miR-623 could directly combine with 3' UTR of XRCC5. MiR-623 significantly suppressed XRCC5 expression, which is critical for miR-623-induced proliferation and migration block in breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION: miR-623 suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion through downregulation of cyclin dependent kinases and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Wnt/ß-Catenin pathways by targeting XRCC5. METHODS: miR-623 was either overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines through exogenous transfection or knocked down by specific siRNA. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were examined using CCK-8, colony formation and transwell assay. The direct target of miR-623 was verified using luciferase reporter gene assay.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Autoantígeno Ku/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Apoptosis/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Femenino , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , Invasividad Neoplásica/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Vía de Señalización Wnt/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the domain-specific trends of cognitive function up to 12 months after mild acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Enrolment of consecutive cohort of patients with mild acute ischemic stroke with recorded clinical characteristics and extensive neuropsychological assessments, including five cognitive domains. The Montreal cognitive assessment of the Beijing version (MoCA-Bj) was used to assess overall cognition. All patients completed all domain-specific examinations were categorised into three groups according to the time between the stroke onset and neuropsychological profiling, the time duration including less than one month (n = 174), one month to six months (n = 65) and over six months (n = 39). RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 278 patients. The executive (χ2 = 6.95, P<0.05) and memory dysfunctions (χ2 = 9.6, P<0.01) showed strong improvement, especially in executive function, which prevalence was 48.85% at <1- month group and 25.64% at >6 months group. The prevalence of attention and information processing also had a declining trend, the differences, however, were not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.23 and 2.25, respectively, P>0.05). There was no significant change in language function (χ2 = 0.46, P>0.05) and the MoCA (χ2 = 0.59, P>0.05) at 3-time point groups. In 195 first-ever stroke patients, the results of memory (χ2 = 6.94 P<0.05) and executive dysfunctions (χ2 = 6.25 P<0.05) also showed significant improvement. CONCLUSION: There is varying degree of improvement tendency in executive and memory dysfunctions after mild acute ischemic stroke. Early cognitive assessments after mild acute ischemic stroke do not reflect the cognitive level of stable period.
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Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Cognición , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Adulto , Anciano , Atención , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiología , Isquemia Encefálica/psicología , China/epidemiología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/epidemiología , Función Ejecutiva , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Memoria , Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico , Accidente Cerebrovascular/psicología , Test de Stroop , Factores de Tiempo , Prueba de Secuencia Alfanumérica , Conducta Verbal , Escalas de WechslerRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Affective disorders, such as major depressive (MDD), bipolar I (BD I) and II (BD II) disorders, are overlapped at a continuum, but their exact loci are not clear. The self-reports from patients with affective disorders might help to clarify this issue. METHODS: We invited 738 healthy volunteers, 207 individuals with BD I, 265 BD II, and 192 MDD to answer a 79 item-MATRIX about on-going affective states. RESULTS: In study 1, all 1402 participants were divided random-evenly and gender-balanced into two subsamples; one subsample was used for exploratory factor analysis, and another for confirmatory factor analysis. A structure-validated inventory with six domains of Overactivation, Psychomotor Acceleration, Distraction/ Impulsivity, Hopelessness, Retardation, and Suicide Tendency, was developed. In study 2, among the four groups, MDD scored the highest on Retardation, Hopelessness and Suicide Tendency, whereas BD I on Distraction/ Impulsivity and Overactivation. CONCLUSION: Our patients confirmed the affective continuum from Suicide Tendency to Overactivation, and described the different loci of MDD, BD I and BD II on this continuum.
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Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Encuestas Epidemiológicas/normas , Ideación Suicida , Adolescente , Adulto , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Hypersexuality is associated with psychiatric disorders such as mania; however, it remains unclear whether bipolar I disorder with (BW) or without (BO) hypersexuality demonstrates different responses to external emotional stimuli and their transitions that were composed of pictures and sounds of same domain. In 21 BW patients, 20 BO patients, and 41 healthy volunteers, we administered polygraph tests (electrocardiogram, electromyogram, electrooculogram, and galvanic skin response) to measure transitions from a primer emotion (i.e., external disgust, erotica, fear, happiness, neutral, and sadness) to a noncongruent emotion (out of the remaining five) and to the primer emotion again (repeat-primer). We also evaluated participants' concurrent states of mania, hypomania, and depression. With neutral as the noncongruent emotion, the heart rate difference in BW was greater than in controls when responses to the primer erotica were subtracted from responses to the repeat-primer erotica, or when to the primer sadness were subtracted from the repeat-primer sadness. The difference of the masseter electromyographic activity in BW was lower than in BO and controls when responses to the noncongruent happiness were subtracted from responses to the repeat-primer neutral, and was lower than in BO when to the noncongruent neutral were subtracted from the repeat-primer erotica. The eyeball movement difference was greater in BW than in BO and controls when responses to the noncongruent sadness were subtracted from responses to the repeat-primer neutral. The heart rate difference when responses to the primer happiness were subtracted from responses to the noncongruent neutral was negatively correlated with mania in BO. BW and BO patients behaved differently to external emotions and their transitions, particularly regarding erotica and sadness, which might characterize unique pathophysiological processes of the two bipolar I disorder subtypes.
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Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Emociones/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates bone turn-over and remodeling. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) occurring during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may lead to disorders of the ECS and bone metabolism abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate whether or not the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist rimonabant (Ri) alleviates bone metabolism abnormalities and bone destruction induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). METHODS: Healthy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n=48) were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 rats: 2 normal control (NC) groups, 2 intermittent hypoxia (IH) groups, and 2 IH + Ri groups. Rats in NC groups breathed room air for 4 weeks (4w NC group) and 6 weeks (6w NC group). Rats in IH groups experienced IH environment for 4 weeks (4w IH group) and 6 weeks (6w IH group). In addition to the same IH exposure, rats in IH + Ri group were given daily intraperitoneal injection of Ri at the dosage of 1.5 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks (4w IH + Ri group) and 6 weeks (6w IH + Ri group). Levels of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, a marker of bone resorption) were determined by ELISA. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed on bone sections to observe the changes in bone microstructure. Expression of CB1R in bone tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: TRAP levels were higher in the 4w IH and 6w IH groups than in the 4w NC and 6w NC groups; TRAP levels were lower in the 4w IH + Ri and 6w IH + Ri groups than in the 4w IH and 6w IH groups. HE staining showed that the morphology of bone cells in the NC group was normal, but the 4w IH group had mild edema of bone cells, reduction in trabecular bone, and destruction of bone microstructure. Changes were more severe in the 6w IH group than 4w IH. The 4w IH + Ri group was slightly improved compared with the 4w IH group. The 6w IH + Ri group was improved compared with the 4w IH + Ri group. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CB1R in IH group was significantly higher than that in NC group. The expression of CB1R in the IH + Ri group was lower than that in the IH group. With the prolongation of hypoxia, the expression of CB1R in bone cells of IH group increased. The expression level of CB1R in IH + Ri group decreased with the prolongation of intervention time. Correlation analysis showed that the expression rate of CB1R in bone cells was positively correlated with the level of TRAP in serum. CONCLUSION: CIH increases serum TRAP levels and triggers metabolic bone disorder by activating bone CB1R. Intervention with CB1R antagonist (rimonabant) reduces the bone dysmetabolism in the CIH rat model.