Waiting for self-healing as a primary management strategy for lower lip mucoceles.

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucoceles are most frequently encountered on the lower lip. A variety of treatment options are currently employed, including surgical excision, pharmacological injections, and laser therapy. However, each of these approaches may introduce risks and potential complications. Clinical practice has demonstrated a potential for self-healing in lower lip mucoceles, making a conservative observational approach more appealing. This research is a prospective study aimed at evaluating the self-healing capacity of lower lip mucoceles. METHODS: In this prospective study, patients with mucoceles were encouraged to intentionally delay medical intervention and to wait for self-healing. Disappearance of the mucocele for at least 3 months was defined as self-healing. RESULTS: Thirty patients with lower lip mucoceles were included. With no intervention, 24 patients (80%) reported self-healing of lower lip mucoceles. The mean natural duration of the mucoceles was 3.63 (± 4.7; 1-24) months. After self-healing of the mucocele, the patients were followed up for 17.21 (± 9.45; 2-30) months and there were no reported recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Lower lip mucoceles have a high potential for self-healing and patients may be routinely encouraged to wait for self-healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The high self-healing rate observed in this study suggests that a conservative, non-interventional approach might be considered as the first-line management for lower lip mucoceles.

Whole-genome resequencing reveals genomic variation and dynamics in Ethiopian indigenous goats.

Ethiopia has about 52 million indigenous goats with marked phenotypic variability, which is the outcome of natural and artificial selection. Here, we obtained whole-genome sequence data of three Ethiopian indigenous goat populations (Arab, Fellata, and Oromo) from northwestern Ethiopia and analyzed their genome-wide genetic diversity, population structure, and signatures of selection. We included genotype data from four other Ethiopian goat populations (Abergelle, Keffa, Gumuz, and Woyto-Guji) and goats from Asia; Europe; and eastern, southern, western, and northern Africa to investigate the genetic predisposition of the three Ethiopian populations and performed comparative genomic analysis. Genetic diversity analysis showed that Fellata goats exhibited the lowest heterozygosity values (Ho = 0.288 ± 0.005 and He = 0.334 ± 0.0001). The highest values were observed in Arab goats (Ho = 0.310 ± 0.010 and He = 0.347 ± 4.35e-05). A higher inbreeding coefficient (FROH = 0.137 ± 0.016) was recorded for Fellata goats than the 0.105 ± 0.030 recorded for Arab and the 0.112 ± 0.034 recorded for Oromo goats. This indicates that the Fellata goat population should be prioritized in future conservation activities. The three goat populations showed the majority (∼63%) of runs of homozygosity in the shorter (100-150 Kb) length category, illustrating ancient inbreeding and/or small founder effects. Population relationship and structure analysis separated the Ethiopian indigenous goats into two distinct genetic clusters lacking phylogeographic structure. Arab, Fellata, Oromo, Abergelle, and Keffa represented one genetic cluster. Gumuz and Woyto-Guji formed a separate cluster and shared a common genetic background with the Kenyan Boran goat. Genome-wide selection signature analysis identified nine strongest regions spanning 163 genes influencing adaptation to arid and semi-arid environments (HOXC12, HOXC13, HOXC4, HOXC6, and HOXC9, MAPK8IP2), immune response (IL18, TYK2, ICAM3, ADGRG1, and ADGRG3), and production and reproduction (RARG and DNMT1). Our results provide insights into a thorough understanding of genetic architecture underlying selection signatures in Ethiopian indigenous goats in a semi-arid tropical environment and deliver valuable information for goat genetic improvement, conservation strategy, genome-wide association study, and marker-assisted breeding.

Advances in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (µPADs): Design, Fabrication, and Applications.

Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (µPADs) have emerged as a new class of microfluidic systems, offering numerous advantages over traditional microfluidic chips. These advantages include simplicity, cost-effectiveness, stability, storability, disposability, and portability. As a result, various designs for different types of assays are developed and investigated. In recent years, µPADs are combined with conventional detection methods to enable rapid on-site detection, providing results comparable to expensive and sophisticated large-scale testing methods that require more time and skilled personnel. The application of µPAD techniques is extensive in environmental quality control/analysis, clinical diagnosis, and food safety testing, paving the way for on-site real-time diagnosis as a promising future development. This review focuses on the recent research advancements in the design, fabrication, material selection, and detection methods of µPADs. It provides a comprehensive understanding of their principles of operation, applications, and future development prospects.

Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a prebiotic with immunomodulatory effects. However, the therapeutic potential of GLP in tumor immunotherapy has not been fully explored, especially in T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In this study, we found that GLP significantly inhibited tumor growth and activated antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the spleens and tumor tissues, the proportion of cytotoxic CD8+T cells and Th1 helper cells increased, while immunosuppressive Tregs decreased. Additionally, microbiota dysbiosis was alleviated by GLP, and short-chain fatty acid production was increased. Meanwhile, GLP decreased the ratio of kynurenine and tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) in the serum, which contributed to antitumor immunity of T cells. More importantly, the combination of GLP and the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody further enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Thus, GLP as a prebiotic has the potential to be used in tumor immunotherapy.

Meta-analysis of the GALAD model for diagnosing primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Ever since the GALAD (gender-age-Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein-alpha-fetoprotein-des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin) logistic regression model was established to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there has been no high-level evidence that evaluates and summarizes it. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic ability of the GALAD model. METHODS: The following databases were systematically searched for original diagnostic studies on HCC: PubMed, Embase, Medline, the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Wanfang (China), Wiper and the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database. After screening the search results according to our criteria, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool was used to evaluate the methodologic qualities, and statistical software were used to output the statistics. RESULTS: Ultimately, 10 studies were included and analyzed. The results revealed the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the GALAD model to be 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.90) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.92), respectively, for all-stage HCC. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.94. For early-stage HCC, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the GALAD model were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.87) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.83), respectively. The AUC was 0.90. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirmed that the GALAD model has excellent diagnostic performance for early-stage and all-stage HCC and can maintain high sensitivity and specificity in early-stage HCC. Therefore, the GALAD model is qualified for screening early-stage canceration from chronic liver disease.

Simulating the land use change effects on non-point source pollution in the Duliujian River Basin.

The uncertainty in the generation and formation of non-point source pollution makes it challenging to monitor and control this type of pollution. The SWAT model is frequently used to simulate non-point source pollution in watersheds and is mainly applied to natural watersheds that are less affected by human activities. This study focuses on the Duliujian River Basin (Xiqing section), which is characterized by a dense population and rapid urbanization. Based on the calibrated SWAT model, this study analyzed the effects of land use change on non-point source pollution both temporally and spatially. It was found that nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution load losses were closely related to land use type, with agricultural land and high-density urban land (including rural settlements) being the main contributors to riverine nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. This indicates the necessity of analyzing the impact of land use changes on non-point source pollution loads by identifying critical source areas and altering the land use types that contribute heavily to pollution in these areas. The simulation results of land use type changes in these critical source areas showed that the reduction effect on non-point source pollution load is in the order of forest land > grassland > low-density residential area. To effectively curb surface source pollution in the study area, strategies such as modifying urban land use types, increasing vegetation cover and ground infiltration rate, and strictly controlling the discharge of domestic waste and sewage from urban areas can be implemented.

Isolation, Bioactivity, and Molecular Docking of a Rare Gastrodin Isocitrate and Diverse Parishin Derivatives from Gastrodia elata Blume.

Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a well-known medicine food homology plant widely used in treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, undiscovered gastrodin derivatives were systematically studied. Seven novel gastrodin derivatives (1-7), including a unique gastrodin isocitrate (1) and six differently substituted parishin derivatives (2-7), were isolated. Structural identification was mainly based on 1D and 2D NMR data, high-resolution ESI-MS data, and HPLC analysis. Notably, the stereochemistry of 1 was further elucidated by ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 6 showed neuroprotective effects on the H2O2-induced PC12 cell injury model. Molecular docking analysis exhibited that 1 and 6 had good affinities with three popular AD-related targets. These findings not only enriched the chemical diversity but also revealed potential active components in G. elata.

Spatially Decoupled H2O2 Activation Pathways and Multi-Enzyme Activities in Rod-Shaped CeO2 with Implications for Facet Distribution.

CeO2, particularly in the shape of rod, has recently gained considerable attention for its ability to mimic peroxidase (POD) and haloperoxidase (HPO). However, this multi-enzyme activities unavoidably compete for H2O2 affecting its performance in relevant applications. The lack of consensus on facet distribution in rod-shaped CeO2 further complicates the establishment of structure-activity correlations, presenting challenges for progress in the field. In this study, the HPO-like activity of rod-shaped CeO2 is successfully enhanced while maintaining its POD-like activity through a facile post-calcination method. By studying the spatial distribution of these two activities and their exclusive H2O2 activation pathways on CeO2 surfaces, this study finds that the increased HPO-like activity originated from the newly exposed (111) surface at the tip of the shortened rods after calcination, while the unchanged POD-like activity is attributed to the retained (110) surface in their lateral area. These findings not only address facet distribution discrepancies commonly reported in the literature for rod-shaped CeO2 but also offer a simple approach to enhance its antibacterial performance. This work is expected to provide atomic insights into catalytic correlations and guide the design of nanozymes with improved activity and reaction specificity.

COVID-19 pandemic amplified mortality rates among adolescents with bipolar disorder through family-related factors.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a growing number of adolescents have been afflicted with mental disorders, with annual morbidity rates on the rise. This trend has been exacerbated by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to a surge in suicide and self-harm rates among this demographic. AIM: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent bipolar disorder (BD), along with the underlying factors contributing to heightened rates of suicide and self-harm among adolescents. METHODS: A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted utilizing clinical interviews and self-reports obtained from patients or their guardians. Diagnostic criteria for BDs were based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, international classification of diseases-11, and the National institute of mental health research domain criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software, with significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: A cohort of 171 adolescents diagnosed with BD between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, was included in the analysis. The gender distribution was 2.8:1 (female to male), with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years old. Major factors contributing to adolescent BDs included familial influences, academic stress, genetic predisposition and exposure to school-related violence. Notably, a significant increase in suicide attempts and self-harm incidents was observed among adolescents with BD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis indicated that the pandemic exacerbated familial discord and heightened academic stress, thereby amplifying the prevalence of suicidal behavior and self-harm among adolescents. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated familial tensions and intensified the incidence of suicide and self-harm among adolescents diagnosed with BD. This study underscores the urgent need for societal, familial and educational support systems to prioritize the well-being of adolescents and offers valuable insights and guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adolescent BDs.

Danggui Sini decoction alleviates oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy by regulating gut microbiota and potentially relieving neuroinflammation related metabolic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Danggui Sini decoction (DSD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has the function of nourishing blood, warming meridians, and unblocking collaterals. Our clinical and animal studies had shown that DSD can effectively protect against oxaliplatin (OXA)-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN), but the detailed mechanisms remain uncertain. Multiple studies have confirmed that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of OIPN. In this study, the potential mechanism of protective effect of DSD against OIPN by regulating gut microbiota was investigated. METHODS: The neuroprotective effects of DSD against OIPN were examined on a rat model of OIPN by determining mechanical allodynia, biological features of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) as well as proinflammatory indicators. Gut microbiota dysbiosis was characterized using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and metabolism disorders were evaluated using untargeted and targeted metabolomics. Moreover the gut microbiota mediated mechanisms were validated by antibiotic intervention and fecal microbiota transplantation. RESULTS: DSD treatment significantly alleviated OIPN symptoms by relieving mechanical allodynia, preserving DRG integrity and reducing proinflammatory indicators lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, DSD restored OXA induced intestinal barrier disruption, gut microbiota dysbiosis as well as systemic metabolic disorders. Correlation analysis revealed that DSD increased bacterial genera such as Faecalibaculum, Allobaculum, Dubosiella and Rhodospirillales_unclassified were closely associated with neuroinflammation related metabolites, including positively with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0), and negatively with pi-methylimidazoleacetic acid, L-glutamine and homovanillic acid. Meanwhile, antibiotic intervention apparently relieved OIPN symptoms. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation further confirmed the mediated effects of gut microbiota. CONCLUSION: DSD alleviates OIPN by regulating gut microbiota and potentially relieving neuroinflammation related metabolic disorder.

Computed tomography-based radiomics to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma post-hepatectomy in patients background on cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the presence of cirrhosis is unfavourable, primarily attributable to the high incidence of recurrence. AIM: To develop a machine learning model for predicting early recurrence (ER) of post-hepatectomy HCC in patients with cirrhosis and to stratify patients' overall survival (OS) based on the predicted risk of recurrence. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 214 HCC patients with cirrhosis who underwent curative hepatectomy were examined. Radiomics feature selection was conducted using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and recursive feature elimination methods. Clinical-radiologic features were selected through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Five machine learning methods were used for model comparison, aiming to identify the optimal model. The model's performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve [area under the curve (AUC)], calibration, and decision curve analysis. Additionally, the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve was used to evaluate the stratification effect of the model on patient OS. RESULTS: Within this study, the most effective predictive performance for ER of post-hepatectomy HCC in the background of cirrhosis was demonstrated by a model that integrated radiomics features and clinical-radiologic features. In the training cohort, this model attained an AUC of 0.844, while in the validation cohort, it achieved a value of 0.790. The K-M curves illustrated that the combined model not only facilitated risk stratification but also exhibited significant discriminatory ability concerning patients' OS. CONCLUSION: The combined model, integrating both radiomics and clinical-radiologic characteristics, exhibited excellent performance in HCC with cirrhosis. The K-M curves assessing OS revealed statistically significant differences.

The financial risk of real estate combined factor analysis with grey prediction in Liaoning Province.

The importance of real estate development has been widely accepted by all countries. Through early warning and avoidance of real estate financial risks, it can effectively promote the healthy and healthy development of the real estate industry, avoiding the impact of accidental factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and promoting the overall economic development. Based on multiple regression analysis and grey prediction methods, this article constructs a real estate financial risk estimation model, and the real estate financial risk is estimated using the relevant data of Liaoning Province from 2001 to 2020. Analyzing the research results of financial risks in Liaoning Province, we can find that the real estate financial risks reached the peak in 2013, and then the real estate financial risks gradually showed a slow decline trend. In general, the financial risks in Liaoning Province are controllable. The study of financial risks in Liaoning Province will help to judge the development of the real estate industry and promote the continuous improvement of the overall economy. The article, through the study of real estate financial risks in Liaoning Province, can promote the development of regional real estate in Liaoning Province and promote the overall economic development of Liaoning Province, which has strong practical significance. The study of real estate financial risks, relevant risk research theories can be enriched, the identification of financial risks can be improved, and the study of real estate financial risks can be strengthened. The article uses a combination of multivariate statistics and grey fuzzy theory to complete the study of real estate financial risks. Therefore, through the exploration of multivariate statistics and grey fuzzy theory, its application value can be elevated.

[Impacts of Anthropogenic Emission Reduction on Urban Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity During the COVID-19 Lockdown].

In recent years， regional compound air pollution events caused by fine particles （PM2.5） and ozone （O3） have occurred frequently in economically developed areas of China， in which atmospheric oxidizing capacity （AOC） has played an important role. In this study， the WRF-CMAQ model was used to study the impacts of anthropogenic emission reduction on AOC during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Three representative cities in eastern China （Shijiazhuang， Nanjing， and Guangzhou） were selected for an in-depth analysis to quantify the contribution of meteorology and emissions to the changes in AOC and oxidants and to discuss the impact of AOC changes on the formation of secondary pollutants. The results showed that， compared with that in the same period in 2019， the urban average AOC in Shijiazhuang， Nanjing， and Guangzhou in 2020 increased by 60%， 48.7%， and 12.6%， respectively. The concentrations of O3， hydroxyl radical （·OH）， and nitrogen trioxide （NO3·ï¼‰ increased by 1.6%-26.4%， 14.8%-73.3%， and 37.9%-180%， respectively. The AOC in the three cities increased by 0.06×10-4， 0.12×10-4， and 0.33×10-4 min-1， respectively， due to emission reduction. The meteorological change increased AOC in Shijiazhuang and Nanjing by 20% and 17.9%， respectively， but decreased AOC in Guangzhou by -9.3%. Enhanced AOC led to an increase in the nitrogen oxidation ratio （NOR） and VOCs oxidation ratio （VOR） and promoted the transformation of primary pollutants to secondary pollutants. This offset the effects of primary emission reduction and resulted in a nonlinear decline in secondary pollutants compared to emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Comparing robotic and open surgical techniques in gallbladder cancer management: a detailed systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the safety and oncological outcomes of robotic surgery compared to open surgery in treating gallbladder cancer (GBC). In October 2023, we performed a literature search across major global databases such as PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. We employed a Review Manager for parameter comparisons. This study has been registered with PROSPERO under the identifier CRD42023476686. Our final meta-analysis incorporated 5 cohort studies, encompassing a total of 353 patients. Compared to the Open Group (OG), the Robotic Group (RG) had reduced intraoperative blood loss (WMD - 217.72 ml, 95% CI - 371.08 to - 64.35; p = 0.005), shorter hospital stay (WMD - 1.80 days, 95% CI - 2.66 to - 0.95; p < 0.0001), and fewer overall complications (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.10-0.97; p = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of operation duration, postoperative inpatient days, readmission rate, major complications, 1-year postoperative survival, 2-year postoperative survival, and mortality rates. In our study, we found that for patients with gallbladder cancer, robotic radical cholecystectomy offers certain potential advantages over open radical cholecystectomy. This suggests that robotic radical cholecystectomy might be the optimal choice for treating gallbladder cancer. However, further validation from high-quality randomized clinical trials is required.

Identification of Hedyotis diffusa Willd-specific mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA network in rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental verification.

Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) possesses heat-clearing, detoxification, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain under-researched. In this study, we identified potential targets of HDW and collected differentially expressed genes of RA from the GEO dataset GSE77298, leading to the construction of a drug-component-target-disease regulatory network. The intersecting genes underwent GO and KEGG analysis. A PPI protein interaction network was established in the STRING database. Through LASSO, RF, and SVM-RFE algorithms, we identified the core gene MMP9. Subsequent analyses, including ROC, GSEA enrichment, and immune cell infiltration, correlated core genes with RA. mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks were predicted using databases like TargetScan, miRTarBase, miRWalk, starBase, lncBase, and the GEO dataset GSE122616. Experimental verification in RA-FLS cells confirmed HDW's regulatory impact on core genes and their ceRNA expression. We obtained 11 main active ingredients of HDW and 180 corresponding targets, 2150 RA-related genes, and 36 drug-disease intersection targets. The PPI network diagram and three machine learning methods screened to obtain MMP9, and further analysis showed that MMP9 had high diagnostic significance and was significantly correlated with the main infiltrated immune cells, and the molecular docking verification also showed that MMP9 and the main active components of HDW were well combined. Next, we predicted 6 miRNAs and 314 lncRNAs acting on MMP9, and two ceRNA regulatory axes were obtained according to the screening. Cellular assays indicated HDW inhibits RA-FLS cell proliferation and MMP9 protein expression dose-dependently, suggesting HDW might influence RA's progression by regulating the MMP9/miR-204-5p/MIAT axis. This innovative analytical thinking provides guidance and reference for the future research on the ceRNA mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of RA.

[Transport and Potential Sources Regions of Double High Pollution in Nanjing by Different Synoptic Situations].

Based on the hourly concentration data of fine particulate matter （PM2.5） and ozone （O3） in Nanjing from 2015 to 2019， the synoptic situation that occurred in Nanjing， in which high PM2.5 and high O3 coexisted （hereinafter referred to as double high pollution （DHP））， was typed using T-mode principal component analysis. Additionally， the backward trajectory clustering analysis method， potential source contribution method （PSCF）， and concentration weight trajectory analysis method （CWT） were used to study the transport paths and potential source region distribution of the DHP of Nanjing by different synoptic situations. The synoptic situations favorable to the DHP in Nanjing were the control of weak low-pressure type （Type1） and high-pressure center （Type2）. Synoptic situations could have had an effect on the directional origin of the backward trajectory. In Type1， the Nanjing area was affected by two low pressures in the northeast and southwest， and the clustering trajectories of the Nanjing air mass mainly came from the eastern and western directions. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in the trajectory were 83.48 µg·m-3 and 106.85 µg·m-3， respectively. In Type 2， Nanjing and its surroundings were at the edge of the high-pressure center， and the air mass cluster trajectories mainly came from the north and east. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in the trajectory were 94.47 µg·m-3 and 92.32 µg·m-3， respectively. Most of the two types of backward trajectories belonged to short and medium-distance regional transportation， indicating that the pollution of neighboring provinces was one of the main factors affecting the DHP in Nanjing. PSCF and CWT analysis showed that the distribution of the most important potential sources of PM2.5 and O3 in Type1 and Type2 were not completely consistent， which indicates that the two pollutants did not come from the same area in the DHP.

[Differences of Three Methods in Determining Ozone Sensitivity in Nanjing].

In recent years， ozone （O3） has become an increasingly important air pollutant in China. Identifying the sensitivity of O3 to the precursors volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and nitrogen oxides （NOx） can help make effective abatement strategies. This study compared three methods for determining O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity： simulated photochemical indicator values and sensitivity coefficients derived from a three-dimensional air quality model and an observation-based model （OBM）， with a case study involving an O3 pollution event that occurred in Nanjing in late July 2017. The results showed that O3 sensitivity based on the photochemical indicator and sensitivity coefficients demonstrated similar spatial variations （over 50% of the grid cells of Nanjing exhibiting identical O3 sensitivity）. However， sensitivity coefficients identified a larger number of areas within a transitional O3 sensitivity regime， as opposed to the VOCs- or NOx-limited regime identified by the photochemical indicator. The determination of the latter was affected by the adopted threshold values. The OBM relied on the quality of the observational data. For example， positive biases in observed NO2 could lead to an underestimation of O3 sensitivity to NOx with the OBM. During the high pollution period， the three methods exhibited significant disparities. The photochemical indicator tended to suggest the VOCs-limited condition， whereas the OBM and sensitivity coefficients indicated the NOx-limited or transitional regimes.

Insight into Multiphase Interlayer Molecular Packing and Stepwise Phase Transition in 4-(Phenylazo)benzoate Anion-Intercalated Layered Zinc Hydroxide.

The properties of layered intercalation hybrids are closely related to interlayer molecular packing. To develop functional intercalation hybrids, it is essential to gain deep insights into interlayer molecular packing. This work reports a new comprehensive insight into the controllable multiphase interlayer molecular packing in 4-(phenylazo)benzoate anion-intercalated layered zinc hydroxide (LZH-4-PAB intercalation hybrids). The new insight breaks up the general understanding that the interlayer molecular packing of anions is usually single-phase, lacking diversity and controllability. Furthermore, it uncovers an interesting stepwise rather than the generally expected continuous phase transition of the interlayer molecular packing. The intercalated 4-PAB anions initially organize into the horizontal monolayer packing (θ = 0°, Phase I), which stepwise transforms to the tilted interdigitated antiparallel bilayer packing (θ ≈ 50°, Phase II) along with an increased intercalation loading and eventually to the vertical interdigitated antiparallel bilayer packing (θ = 90°, Phase III). The LZH-4-PAB hybrids exhibited a greatly enhanced interlayer molecular packing-dependent UV-vis absorption. This study provides helpful guidance for developing property-tailored intercalation hybrids. It may attract new interest in more layered intercalation hybrids. New and rich intercalation chemistry might be discovered in more functional intercalation hybrids beyond the 4-PAB anion-intercalated layered zinc hydroxide.

Enzyme-Directed and Organelle-Specific Sphere-to-Fiber Nanotransformation Enhances Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Cells.

Employing responsive nanoplatforms as carriers for photosensitizers represents an effective strategy to overcome the challenges associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT), including poor solubility, low bioavailability, and high systemic toxicity. Drawing inspiration from the morphology transitions in biological systems, a general approach to enhance PDT that utilizes enzyme-responsive nanoplatforms is developed. The transformation of phosphopeptide/photosensitizer co-assembled nanoparticles is first demonstrated into nanofibers when exposed to cytoplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase. This transition is primarily driven by alkaline phosphatase-induced changes of the nanoparticles in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance, and intermolecular electrostatic interactions within the nanoparticles. The resulting nanofibers exhibit improved ability of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular accumulation, and retention in cancer cells. Furthermore, the enzyme-responsive nanoplatform is expanded to selectively target mitochondria by mitochondria-specific enzyme sirtuin 5 (SIRT5). Under the catalysis of SIRT5, the succinylated peptide/photosensitizer co-assembled nanoparticles can be transformed into nanofibers specifically within the mitochondria. The resulting nanofibers exhibit excellent capability of modulating mitochondrial activity, enhanced ROS formation, and significant anticancer efficacy via PDT. Consequently, the enzyme-instructed in situ fibrillar transformation of peptide/photosensitizers co-assembled nanoparticles provides an efficient pathway to address the challenges associated with photosensitizers. It is envisaged that this approach will further expand the toolbox for enzyme-responsive biomaterials for cancer therapy.