Observing ion diffusion and reciprocating hopping motion in water.

When an ionic crystal dissolves in solvent, the positive and negative ions associated with solvent molecules release from the crystal. However, the existing form, interaction, and dynamics of ions in real solution are poorly understood because of the substantial experimental challenge. We observed the diffusion and aggregation of polyoxometalate (POM) ions in water by using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy. Real-time observation reveals an unexpected local reciprocating hopping motion of the ions in water, which may be caused by the short-range polymerized bridge of water molecules. We find that ion oligomers, existing as highly active clusters, undergo frequent splitting, aggregation, and rearrangement in dilute solution. The formation and dissociation of ion oligomers indicate a weak counterion-mediated interaction. Furthermore, POM ions with tetrahedral geometry show directional interaction compared with spherical ions, which presents structure-dependent dynamics.

CK2α causes stemness and chemotherapy resistance in liver cancer through the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Cancer cell stemness and chemotherapy resistance contribute to the high mortality. Although evidence indicates that the alpha subunit of protein kinase 2 (CK2α) is involved in several human cancers, its function in liver cancer remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the role of CK2α in liver cancer. METHODS: We examined the role of CK2α regulation in stemness and chemotherapy resistance capacity of liver cancer cells. MTT assays, tumor sphere formation assays, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting assay, clonogenicity assay, matrigel invasion assay and bioinformatics were conducted in this study. RESULTS: CK2α expression in the liver cancer tissues was notably upregulated compared with that in the corresponding non-tumorous tissues. The overexpression of CK2α promoted tumor sphere formation, increased the percentage of CD133(+) and side population cells, caused the resistance of liver cancer cells to 5-FU treatment, increased the expression levels of NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, Gli1 and Ptch1, and enhanced the ability of CD133(+) cell clone formation and invasion. Consistently, the downregulation of CK2α had the opposite effects. CK2α silencing inhibited the Hedgehog pathway by reducing the expression of Gli1 and Ptch1. Mechanistically, CK2α regulation on liver cancer cell stemness and chemotherapy resistance was found to be involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our study may bring some new insights into the occurrence of liver cancer. Furthermore, these findings suggest that targeting CK2α may be a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with liver cancer.

Identification of a quasi-liquid phase at solid-liquid interface.

An understanding of solid-liquid interfaces is of great importance for fundamental research as well as industrial applications. However, it has been very challenging to directly image solid-liquid interfaces with high resolution, thus their structure and properties are often unknown. Here, we report a quasi-liquid phase between metal (In, Sn) nanoparticle surfaces and an aqueous solution observed using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Our real-time high-resolution imaging reveals a thin layer of liquid-like materials at the interfaces with the frequent appearance of small In nanoclusters. Such a quasi-liquid phase serves as an intermediate for the mass transport from the metal nanoparticle to the liquid. Density functional theory-molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the positive charges of In ions greatly contribute to the stabilization of the quasi-liquid phase on the metal surface.

Oleandrin induces apoptosis via activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in breast cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women. Due to limited treatment outcome and high rate of metastasis, the prognosis is especially poor for triple-negative breast cancer. It is urgent to discover and develop novel agents for treatment of breast cancer. Herein, we investigated the potential mechanisms of Oleandrin's (a cardiac glycoside) cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells. METHODS: Cell proliferation was assessed by xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA)-MP system. Apoptotic cells were detected by using Annexin V/PI staining and nuclear fragments observation. The effect of oleandrin on ATP1B3 expression and markers of ER stress were determined by western blot. A primary cell sensitivity assay was performed via a collagen gel droplet-embedded culture drug sensitivity method (CD-DST). RESULTS: Oleandrin suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation in the three breast cancer cell lines but did not affect normal mammary epithelial cells. Additionally, the expression of ATP1B3 was higher in the three breast cancer cell lines compared to MCF10A cells. Treatment with oleandrin increased the number of apoptotic cells and led to nuclear pyknosis, fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, oleandrin treatment increased expression of Bax and Bim but decreased that of Bcl-2. Treatment with oleandrin also upregulated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress associated proteins, including eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP, but not PERK. oleandrin treatment also induced the phosphorylation of PERK and eIF2α. Of note, oleandrin exhibited antitumor effects on patient-derived breast cancer cells under three-dimensional culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggest that oleandrin induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in breast cancer. Moreover, oleandrin may be an effective strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.

A Gigantic Molecular Wheel of {Gd140}: A New Member of the Molecular Wheel Family.

Nanoscale inorganic wheel-shaped structures are one of the most striking types of molecular aggregations. Here, we report the synthesis of a gigantic lanthanide wheel cluster containing 140 Gd3+ atoms. As the largest lanthanide cluster reported thus far, {Gd140} features an attractive wheel-like structure with 10-fold symmetry. The nanoscopic molecular wheel possesses the largest diameter of 6.0 nm and displays high stability in solution, which allows direct visualization by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The newly discovered lanthanide {Gd140} cluster represents a new member of the molecular wheel family.

Interference of lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibits cellular invasion and proliferation in vivo in gastric cancer MKN-28 cells.

BACKGROUND: Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene activation and repression. Up-regulated LSD1expression has been reported in several malignant tumors.Our aim, therefore, was to better understand the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of LSD1 in gastric cancer. METHODS: We used lentiviral shRNA to knockdown LSD1 in the gastric cancer MKN-28 cell line. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay while cell apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry. The invasive potential of gastric cancer cells was determined by matrigel invasion assay. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. In vivo, the effect of knocking down LSD1 on tumor growth and protein expression in gastric cancer cells in nude mice was investigated. RESULTS: LSD1 knockdown in MKN-28 cell lines resulted in increasing the activity of cisplatin in vitro and the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis. The expression of TGF-ß1, VEGF, Bcl-2, ß-catenin, p-ERK and p-Smad 2/3 proteins was inhibited in LSD1 knockdown cells. Moreover, in an in vivo model of gastric cancer, LSD1 knockdown suppressed tumor growth and protein expression. CONCLUSION: LSD1 knockdown affected the fuction of gastric cancer MKN-28 cell line. LSD1 may be a latent target in the diagnosis and therapy of gastric cancer.

Antitumor effect of dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific membrane antigen recombinant adenovirus on prostate cancer: An in vitro study.

The aim of the present study was to construct a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine transfected with a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) recombinant adenovirus and to observe the ability of the recombinant DCs in eliciting a PSMA-directed T­cell response to prostate cancer (PCa) in vitro. Replication­defective adenoviral vectors, were constructed using the Adxsi system. The virus titer was measured by TCID50 assay, and the expression of the PSMA gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived DCs in vitro. In addition, a PE­7AAD apoptosis and necrosis kit was applied to detect the survival of DCs at different MOI values to determine the optimal MOI. Morphological changes of DC were observed under a fluorescence microscope, expression of the PSMA protein was detected by western blotting 48 h after transfection, the expression of DC markers prior to and following transfection was detected by direct immunofluorescence, and the interleukin (IL)-12 concentration in the culture supernatant of the three groups was measured by ELISA. The antitumor effect of DC-stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) on different PCa cell lines was analyzed using a Cell Counting Kit­8 assay. The optimal MOI value was determined to be 200. The PSMA protein was expressed in DCs, and the recombinant adenovirus did not impact the maturation and morphological changes of the DCs. The expression levels of the co-stimulatory molecules, CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA­DR, were significantly higher in the Ad­PSMA­DC group than in the other two groups (P<0.05). The concentration of IL­12 in the supernatant of the Ad­PSMA­DC group (79.51±1.60 pg) was comparable with that of the Ad­GFP­DC group (not significantly different), and the two were significantly higher than the non­transfection group (P<0.05). The optimal effector to target (E:T) ratio was determined to be 40:1. However, at the same E:T ratio, the cytotoxic activity of PSMA­DC­T against the LNCap cells was markedly stronger than its activity against the other target cells (DU145 and 22RV; P<0.05); furthermore, the the cytotoxic activity of PSMA-DC-T against the LNCap cells was significantly higher than the anti­LNCap effect of DC­T cells in other groups (P<0.05). In vitro experiments indicated that mature DCs transfected with Ad­PSMA secreted high concentrations of IL­12 and elicited potent antitumor immune responses targeting PSMA­expressing cells by stimulating the cytotoxic activity of CTLs.

Synergistic effects of snail and quercetin on renal cell carcinoma Caki-2 by altering AKT/mTOR/ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

Renal cell carcinoma has become the most common subtype of kidney cancer, and has the highest propensity to manifest as metastatic disease. Because of lack of knowledge in events that correlated with tumor cell migration and invasion, few therapeutic options are available. Therefore, in current study, we explore the anti-tumoral effect of a potential chemopreventive natural product, quercetin, combined with anti-sense oligo gene therapy (inhibiting Snail gene). We found that either one of them had the remarkable effects in suppressing cell proliferation and migration, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a ccRCC cell line, Caki-2 cells. The combination of both means provides even strong suppressive effects toward these ccRCC cells. Our study, for the first time, provides the possibility of using a novel treatment for renal cancer, by combining natural product and gene therapy.

Transarterial chemoembolization versus hepatic resection in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A number of cohort studies have compared the outcomes of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and hepatic resection (HR) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the effect of TACE versus HR remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of TACE and HR in HCC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane library were searched from their inception until February 27, 2015 for relevant studies. The literature search was updated on May 25, 2015. Eligible studies were cohort studies comparing the survival outcomes between HCC patients undergoing TACE and HR. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were the recurrence rate and prognostic factors for OS. The risk ratio (RR) was used for the meta-analysis and was expressed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: This meta-analysis included eleven cohort studies with 6,297 patients, all treated with TACE or HR. Pooled estimates showed that, compared with TACE, HR significantly improved the 3-year OS (RR =0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.93; P=0.009). TACE and HR had similar effects on OS after 1 year (RR =0.94; 95% CI, 0.86-1.01; P=0.103), 2 years (RR =0.50; 95% CI, 0.21-1.19; P=0.114), 4 years (RR =0.61; 95% CI, 0.58-1.10; P=0.174), and 5 years (RR =0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-1.01; P=0.06). There was no significant difference between the 3-year (RR =1.31; 95% CI, 0.65-2.64; P=0.457) and 5-year recurrence rates (RR =1.14; 95% CI, 0.69-1.89; P=0.597) in the TACE and HR groups. Age (>65 vs ≤65 years; hazard ratio =0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00; P=0.000), sex (male vs female; hazard ratio =0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.96; P=0.02), treatment method (TACE vs HR; hazard ratio =1.90; 95% CI, 1.46-2.46; P=0.000), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (≥1 vs 0; hazard ratio =1.69; 95% CI, 1.22-2.33; P=0.002) were independent predictors for OS. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that the TACE and HR likely have similar effects in the treatment of HCC patients in terms of OS and recurrence rate. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to the presence of further subgroup analyses with respect to outcomes in patients with different liver statuses (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage A or stage B).

Antiproliferative activity of rosamultic acid is associated with induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell migration and caspase activation in human gastric cancer (SGC-7901) cells.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths after lung cancer globally. Among natural products, natural triterpenes represent a structurally diverse group of organic compounds with potent antitumor activity. PURPOSE: The objective of the present research work demonstrated the antiproliferative and apoptotic activity of rosamultic acid, a natural triterpenoid, in human gastric cancer (SGC-7901) cells. Its effect on cellular morphology, cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation and expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 were also determined. METHODS: Antiproliferative activity of rosamultic acid was evaluated by MTT assay. Phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometry using Hoechst 33342, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Annexin V-FITC as cellular probes were used to evaluate the induction of apoptosis by rosamultic acid. Protein level expressions were analyzed by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The results revealed that rosamultic acid induced dose-dependent as well as time dependent cytotoxic effects in SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. It also led to a reduction in clonogenic activity along with inhibiting the cell migration. Characteristic features of apoptosis induced by rosamultic acid were observed and quantified. Cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase was induced by rosamultic acid along with downregulation of expression levels of CDK4, CDK6 and cyclin D1. Rosamultic acid also significantly led to the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 during the 48 h treatment along with cleaving PARP in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation following rosamultic acid treatment was also observed in these cells. CONCLUSION: The current study strongly reveals that rosamultic acid inhibits gastric cancer proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated through cell cycle arrest, downregulation of cell cycle related protein expressions, inhibition of cell migration, DNA damage, and activation of caspases.

Association between cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) gene polymorphisms and the risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) usually metabolizes carcinogens to their inactive derivatives but occasionally converts the chemicals to more potent carcinogens. To date, many studies have evaluated the association between the CYP1A1 MspI and Ile462Val polymorphisms and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk, but the results have been conflicting. To more precisely evaluate the potential association, we carried out a meta-analysis of seven published case-control studies. The meta-analysis indicated that the MspI polymorphism was associated with an increased RCC risk (allele model: OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.03-2.16; homozygous model: OR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.13-2.40; dominant model: OR = 1.72, 95%CI 1.07-2.76). No significant associations were found for the Ile462Val polymorphism for all genetic models. When stratified by smoking status, smokers carrying the variant Vt and Val allele were more susceptible to RCC (Vt allele: OR = 3.37, 95%CI = 2.24-5.06; Val allele: OR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.34-3.19). These data indicate that the CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism significantly increased RCC risk, while the Ile462Val polymorphism was not associated with RCC. Among smokers, individuals with the CYP1A1 Vt allele and Val allele showed a significantly increased risk of RCC. More well-designed studies with larger samples are warranted to show the underlying mechanisms of CYP1A1 in the development of RCC.

Heat-shock protein 70 as a tumor antigen for in vitro dendritic cell pulsing in renal cell carcinoma cases.

Immunological functions of heat shock proteins (HSPs) have long been recognized. In this study we aimed to efficiently purify HSP70 from renal cell carcinoma and test it as a tumor antigen for pulsing dendritic cells in vitro. HSP70 was purified from renal cell carcinoma specimens by serial column chromatography on Con A-sepharose, PD-10, ADP-agarose and DEAE-cellulose, and finally subjected to fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Dendritic cells derived from the adherent fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF and exposed to tumor HSP70. After 24 hours, dendritic cells were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. T cells obtained from the non-adherent fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were then co-cultured with HSP70-pulsed dendritic cells and after 3 days T cell cytotoxicity towards primary cultured renal cell carcinoma cells was examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Dendritic cells pulsed in vitro with tumor-derived HSP70 expressed higher levels of CD83, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR maturation markers than those pulsed with tumor cell lysate and comparable to that of dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cell lysate plus TNF-α. Concomitantly, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induced by HSP70-pulsed dendritic cells presented the highest cytotoxic activity. There were no significant differences when using homologous or autologous HSP70 as the tumor antigen. HSP70 can be efficiently purified by chromatography and induces in vitro dendritic cell maturation in the absence of TNF-α. Conspecific HSP70 may effectively be used as a tumor antigen to pulse dendritic cells in vitro.

Impact of IL-2 and IL-2R SNPs on proliferation and tumor- killing activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells from healthy chinese blood donors.

One of the goals of tumor immunotherapy is to generate immune cells with potent anti-tumor activity through in vitro techniques using peripheral blood collected from patients. However, cancer patients generally have poor immunological function. Thus using patient T cells, which have reduced in vitro proliferative capabilities and less tumor cell killing activity to generate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, fails to achieve optimal clinical efficacy. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent activating cytokine for both T cells and natural killer cells. Thus, this study aimed to identify optimal donors for allogeneic LAK cell immunotherapy based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the IL-2 and IL-2R genes. IL-2 and IL-2R SNPs were analyzed using HRM- PCR. LAK cells were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by culturing with IL-2. The frequency and tumor-killing activity of LAK cells in each group were analyzed by flow cytometry and tumor cell killing assays, respectively. Regarding polymorphisms at IL-2-330 (rs2069762) T/G, LAK cells from GG donors had significantly greater proliferation, tumor-killing activity, and IFN-γ production than LAK cells from TT donors (P<0.05). Regarding polymorphisms at IL-2R rs2104286 A/G, LAK cell proliferation and tumor cell killing were significantly greater in LAK cells from AA donors than GG donors (P<0.05). These data suggest that either IL- 2-330(rs2069762)T/G GG donors or IL-2R rs2104286 A/G AA donors are excellent candidates for allogeneic LAK cell immunotherapy.

Effects of doxorubicin and gemcitabine on the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females worldwide. The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs on breast cancer is hindered by many factors, including that cancer stem-like side population (SP) cells may contribute to tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin and gemcitabine are two of the most effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various human malignancies. To the best of our knowledge, the effects of doxorubicin and gemcitabine on breast cancer SP cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the potential roles of doxorubicin and gemcitabine in breast cancer main population (MP) and SP cells, and the mechanisms of doxorubicin and gemcitabine. The results showed that doxorubicin and gemcitabine decreasede proliferation, and increased apoptosis in the MCF7 MP and SP cells in vitro. Furthermore, doxorubicin and gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth and improved the survival rate of mice in vivo. Additionally, the mechanisms of doxorubicin and gemcitabine in MCF7 MP and SP cells were determined.

Silencing of the glypican-3 gene affects the biological behavior of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. The gene glypican-3 (GPC3) is reported to be a potential therapeutic target for HCC. In this study, we use RNA interference with lentiviral vectors to explore the effect of GPC3 silencing on the biological behavior of HCC cells and the potential role of the GPC3 protein in the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which relates to HCC cell invasion and migration. Our data suggest that GPC3 silencing leads to a decrease in HCC cell proliferation and to an increase in apoptosis. We demonstrated that GPC3 silencing regulates cell invasion and migration, most probably through the activation of the EMT cellular program. In conclusion, GPC3 is associated with the HCC cell biological behavior, while the relationship between GPC3 and EMT in tumorigenesis of HCC deserves future investigation.

Suppression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 expression induces inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth in human esophageal cancer cells.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is a molecular chaperone involved in multidrug resistance and antiapoptosis in some human tumors, but its regulatory mechanisms have not been revealed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, 138 specimens of ESCC were analyzed. TRAP1 was overexpressed in ESCC, particularly in poorly differentiated tumors. To further explore the molecular regulatory mechanism, we constructed specific small interfering RNA-expressing vectors targeting Trap1, and knocked down Trap1 expression in the esophageal cancer cell lines ECA109 and EC9706. Knockdown of Trap1 induced increases in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial depolarization, which have been proposed as critical regulators of apoptosis. The cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase, and in vitro inhibition of cell proliferation was confirmed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide and bromodeoxyuridine assays. Furthermore, re-expression of TRAP1 in Trap1 small interfering RNA-transfected ESCC cells restored cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Bioluminescence of subcutaneously xenografted ESCC tumor cells demonstrated significant inhibition of in vivo tumor growth by Trap1 knockdown. This study shows that TRAP1 was overexpressed in most patients with ESCC, and caused an increase in antiapoptosis potency. TRAP1 may be regarded as a target in ESCC biotherapy.

Relationship of PTTG expression with tumor invasiveness and microvessel density of pituitary adenomas: a meta-analysis.

AIMS: Many existing studies have demonstrated that pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression may contribute to the development of pituitary adenomas (PAs), but individually published studies showed inconclusive results. This meta-analysis aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationships of PTTG expression with tumor invasiveness and microvessel density of pituitary adenomas. METHODS: We searched CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from inception through September 1st, 2013. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. The crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. RESULTS: Fifteen clinical cohort studies were included with a total of 752 pituitary adenoma patients. The meta-analysis results revealed that patients with invasive pituitary adenomas had higher positive expression of PTTG than those of noninvasive patients (OR=6.68, 95% CI=3.72-11.99, p<0.001). We also found a significant difference in the microvessel density between invasive and noninvasive patients (OR=1.81, 95% CI=0.39-3.23, p<0.001). No publication bias was detected in this meta-analysis (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggests that PTTG expression may be associated with tumor invasiveness and microvessel density of pituitary adenomas. Thus, detection of PTTG expression may be useful for the prediction of malignancy degree in pituitary adenomas.

Association between MDM2 SNP309 T>G and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As a negative regulator of P53, MDM2 plays an important role in carcinogenesis; a polymorphism in its promoter region. SNP309 T>G, is known to increase the expression of MDM2, thus being considered related to higher susceptibility to neoplasia. However, no agreement has been achieved regarding its effects on gastric cancer. METHODS: The present systematic meta-analysis was performed based on comprehensive literature search from Pubmed, Web of science and CBM databases. RESULTS: It was suggested from 6 independent studies that the GG genotype is associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (Recessive: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.08-1.91, P = 0.013), and subgroup analysis also confirmed the relationship (English publications-recessive model: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.10-1.91, P = 0.009; Studies in China-recessive model: OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.08-2.30, P = 0.017). No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis indicated a significant inverse association between GG genotype carriage and elevated risk of gastric cancer. However, more studies and detailed information are needed to fully address the topic.

The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl proteins in interleukin-2-induced Jurkat T-cell activation.

Interleukin- (IL-) 2 is the major growth factor for T-cell activation and proliferation. IL-2 has multiple functions in the regulation of immunological processes. Although most studies focus on T-cell immunomodulation, T-cell activation by IL-2 is the foundation of priming the feedback loop. Here, we investigated the effect of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways on IL-2-induced cell activation and the regulatory mechanisms of upstream ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and c-Cbl. Morphological analysis of Jurkat T cells was performed by cytospin preparations with Wright-Giemsa stain. CD25 expression on Jurkat T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Changes in cell activation proteins such as p-ERK, ERK, p-Akt, Akt, and ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-cell Lymphoma (Cbl) proteins were analyzed by western blot. Following IL-2-induced activation of Jurkat T cells, p-ERK expression was upregulated, while there was no change in p-Akt, ERK, or Akt expression. Thus, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, but not PI3K/Akt, was involved in IL-2-induced T-cell activation. Either using PD98059 (a specific inhibitor for p-ERK) or depletion of ERK with small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the expression of CD25. This study also showed that ubiquitin ligase proteins Cbl-b and c-Cbl might be involved in IL-2-induced Jurkat T-cell activation by negatively regulating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

Effects of bortezomib in sensitizing human prostate cancer cell lines to NK-mediated cytotoxicity.

The proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, has been demonstrated to sensitize tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. Natural killer (NK) cells represent potent antitumor effector cells. They also express TRAIL. Therefore, we investigated whether bortezomib could sensitize tumor cells to NK cell-mediated killing, and have the same effect in human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and DU145). We found that bortezomib strongly inhibits proliferation in both cell lines. Furthermore, compared with LNCaP cells, DU145 cells are more sensitive to bortezomib-induced apoptosis. However, bortezomib is unable to sensitize these two cell lines to NK cell-mediated killing in short-term assays. In long-term assays, we found that killing mediated by activated NK cells following bortezomib treatment leads to greater antitumor effects than either treatment alone. In addition, treatment with bortezomib causes these cells to upregulate apoptosis-related mRNA as well as death receptors and downregulate the major histocompatibility class (MHC)-I molecule on the cell surface of DU145 cells. In contrast, LNCaP cells are not sensitized by this treatment. Death receptors and the MHC-I molecule did not change in this cell line. These data suggest that bortezomib can be used to sensitize prostate cancer cells to NK cell-mediated killing and improve current cancer therapies. This therapeutic strategy may be more effective in patients with androgen-insensitive prostate cancer.