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Excessive inflammation caused by sepsis can disrupt gut mucosal barrier and aggravate sepsis. The purpose of the study was to confirm whether citrulline can protect the intestinal mucosal barrier during sepsis. Citrulline was used to pretreat the sepsis mouse model and then endotoxin levels, intestinal mucosal permeability, intestinal mucosal morphology and tight junction protein expression were detected to analyze the effect of citrulline on the gut barrier during sepsis. Statistics revealed that, the amount of endotoxin and intestinal mucosal penetration and the morphological score of the intestinal mucosa of septic mice with citrulline treatment were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the claudin-1 and occludin protein expression levels were obviously increased in septic mice with citrulline treatment (P<0.05). This study defined the protective effect of citrulline on the intestinal mucosal barrier of septic mice. Future studies should examine whether it has the same effect on patients with sepsis.
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Citrulina , Sepsis , Animales , Ratones , Citrulina/farmacología , Mucosa Intestinal , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , EndotoxinasRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.016.].
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Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is an important cause of septicemia deaths. BaWeiBaiDuSan (BWBDS) was extracted from a formula of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Lilium brownie F. E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker, Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., Amygdalus Communis Vas, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., and Cortex Phelloderdri. Herein, we investigated whether the BWBDS treatment could reverse SILI by the mechanism of modulating gut microbiota. BWBDS protected mice against SILI, which was associated with promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and enhancing intestinal integrity. BWBDS selectively promoted the growth of Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) in cecal ligation and puncture treated mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation treatment indicated that gut bacteria correlated with sepsis and was required for BWBDS anti-sepsis effects. Notably, L. johnsonii significantly reduced SILI by promoting macrophage anti-inflammatory activity, increasing interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production and enhancing intestinal integrity. Furthermore, heat inactivation L. johnsonii (HI-L. johnsonii) treatment promoted macrophage anti-inflammatory activity and alleviated SILI. Our findings revealed BWBDS and gut microbiota L. johnsonii as novel prebiotic and probiotic that may be used to treat SILI. The potential underlying mechanism was at least in part, via L. johnsonii-dependent immune regulation and interleukin-10+ M2 macrophage production.
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Objective:To explore the effects of embodied emotion priming on attentional bias of individuals with depression tendency.Methods:From June to December 2018, a total of 91 college students with depression tendency were recruited to participate in the experiment.A 3(embodied emotion priming: positive priming, negative priming and no priming) × 2 (emotional face: happy and sad) mixed design was adopted to measure the attentional bias of individuals with depression tendency using the dot probe paradigm. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for repeated measurement analysis of variance.Results:In terms of attentional bias, the interaction effect between embodied emotion priming types and emotional faces was significant ( F(2, 88)=5.97, P=0.004, ηp2=0.119). Further simple effect analysis showed that, under the happy-face condition, participants' attentional bias reaction time(△RT) was significantly higher when primed with embodied positive emotion than those primed with embodied negative emotion((14.30±18.23)ms, (-6.53±38.17)ms, P<0.05). The participants' attentional bias △RT was significantly lower when primed with embodied negative emotion than participants with no priming ((-6.53±38.17)ms, (9.16±30.62)ms, P<0.05). Under the sad-face condition, the participants' attentional bias △RT was significantly higher when primed with embodied negative emotion((28.22±35.33)ms) than participants primed with embodied positive emotion((11.71±29.24)ms, P<0.05) and no priming ((7.63±30.60)ms, P<0.05). Conclusion:Embodied emotion priming can affect the attentional bias of individuals with depression tendency.
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Objective:To explore the prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET-based radiomics features by machine learning in older patients(≥60 years) with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Methods:A total of 166 older patients (88 males, 78 females, age: 60-93 years) with DLBCL who underwent pre-therapy 18F-FDG PET/CT from March 2011 to November 2019 were enrolled in the retrospective study. There were 115 patients in training cohort and 51 patients in validation cohort. The lesions in PET images were manually drawn and the obtained radiomics features from patients in training cohort were selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (Xgboost), and then classified by support vector machine (SVM) to build radiomics signatures (RS) for predicting overall survival (OS). A multi-parameter model was constructed by using Cox proportional hazard model and assessed by concordance index (C-index). Results:A total of 1 421 PET radiomics features were extracted and 10 features were selected to build RS. The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that RS was a predictor of OS (hazard ratio ( HR)=5.685, 95% CI: 2.955-10.939; P<0.001). The multi-parameter model that incorporated RS, metabolic metrics, and clinical risk factors, exhibited significant prognostic superiority over the clinical model, PET-based model, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) in terms of OS (training cohort: C-index: 0.752 vs 0.737 vs 0.739 vs 0.688; validation cohort: C-index: 0.845 vs 0.798 vs 0.844 vs 0.775). Conclusions:RS can be used as a survival predictor for older patients(≥60 years) with DLBCL. Furthermore, the multi-parameter model incorporating RS is able to successfully predict prognosis.
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Objective:To evaluate the clinical feasibility and image quality of three-dimensional breath-hold gradient and spin-echo (3D BH-GRASE) sequence in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).Methods:In this prospective study, 59 patients with clinically suspected pancreaticobiliary duct disease performed MRCP with both 3D BH-GRASE and 3D respiration-triggered turbo spin-echo (3D RT-TSE) sequences on 3.0 T scanner in the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University from November 2017 to December 2018. The overall image quality was scored independently by 3 experienced radiologists based on the visibility of different anatomical features of the pancreaticobiliary duct. For comparing the 2 sequences, the statistical difference in scan time was assessed with a paired t test; while subjective scores, signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), contrast ratios (CR) and contrast noise ratios (CNR) were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results:The scan time of 3D BH-GRASE sequence was 16.4 s while that of 3D RT-TSE was (258.6±42.2) s. Their difference was statistically significant ( t=44.073, P<0.001), with the scan time for 3D BH-GRASE shortened by 94%. The overall quality scores of 3D BH-GRASE images were better than those of 3D RT-TSE ( Z=-6.595, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference ( P>0.05) in the scores regarding the visibility of the upper, middle and lower parts of common bile duct and the first and second branches of left and right hepatic ducts. For visualizing the bottom, body, neck and duct of gallbladder, the 3D BH-GRASE sequence received a higher score than the 3D RT-TSE sequence ( P<0.001). For displaying the proximal, middle and distal segments of main pancreatic duct, the 3D RT-TSE sequence was scored higher than the 3D BH-GRASE sequence ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference of SNR between the two sequences ( Z=0.403, P=0.687), whereas CR and CNR of 3D RT-TSE MRCP were better than those of 3D BH-GRASE MRCP ( Z=6.215, P<0.001 and Z=3.046, P=0.002, respectively). Conclusion:Under the prerequisite of ensuring image quality, a proper use of 3D BH-GRASE sequence can significantly shorten the scan time and thus greatly improve the working efficiency of MRCP examination.
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The COVID-19 outbreak has become a global pandemic responsible for over 2,000,000 confirmed cases and over 126,000 deaths worldwide. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of CHO-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc fusion protein in mice, rabbits, and monkeys as a potential candidate for a COVID-19 vaccine. We demonstrate that the S1-Fc fusion protein is extremely immunogenic, as evidenced by strong antibody titers observed by day 7. Strong virus neutralizing activity was observed on day 14 in rabbits immunized with the S1-Fc fusion protein using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Most importantly, in less than 20 days and three injections of the S1-Fc fusion protein, two monkeys developed higher virus neutralizing titers than a recovered COVID-19 patient in a live SARS-CoV-2 infection assay. Our data strongly suggests that the CHO-expressed SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc recombinant protein could be a strong candidate for vaccine development against COVID-19. HighlightsO_LICHO-expressed S1-Fc protein is very immunogenic in various animals and can rapidly induce strong antibody production C_LIO_LIS1-Fc protein solicits strong neutralizing activities against live virus C_LIO_LIStable CHO cell line expressing 50 mg/L of S1-Fc and a 3,000 L Bioreactor can produce 3 million doses of human COVID-19 vaccine every 10 days, making it an accessible and affordable option for worldwide vaccination C_LI
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WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic with more than 300,000 confirmed cases and more than 14,000 deaths. There is urgent need for accurate and rapid diagnostic kits. Here we report the development and validation of a COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 S1 serology ELISA kit for the detection of total anti-virus antibody (IgG+IgM) titers in sera from either the general population or patients suspected to be infected. For indirect ELISA, CHO-expressed recombinant full length SARS-CoV-2-S1 protein with 6* His tag was used as the coating antigen to capture the SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies specifically. The specificity of the ELISA kit was determined to be 97.5%, as examined against total 412 normal human sera including 257 samples collected prior to the outbreak and 155 collected during the outbreak. The sensitivity of the ELISA kit was determined to be 97.5% by testing against 69 samples from hospitalized and/or recovered COVID-19 patients. The overall accuracy rate reached 97.3%. Most importantly, in one case study, the ELISA test kit was able to identify an infected person who had previously been quarantined for 14 days after coming into contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient, and discharged after testing negative twice by nucleic acid test. With the assays developed here, we can screen millions of medical staffs in the hospitals and people in residential complex, schools, public transportations, and business parks in the epidemic centers of the outbreaks to fish out the "innocent viral spreaders", and help to stop the further spreading of the virus.
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Objective To evaluate the effect and safety of extracorporeal shock wave therapy ( ESWT) for knee osteoarthritis ( KOA) and its effect on the articular cartilage. Methods Sixty-three persons with KOA were randomly divided into an ESWT group ( n=32) and a control group ( n=31) . Both groups received routine knee mus-cle strength training, but the ESWT group was also given ESWT ( a total of 2000 pulses at 8 Hz and 2.5 bar pressure) once a week for four consecutive weeks. The control group was given sham therapy at 0.2 bar with the rest of the pa-rameters the same as in the ESWT group. All of the subjects were assessed using a visual analogue scale ( VAS) , the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Score ( WOMAC) , the Lequesne Index and knee cartilage T2 values before as well as one and 8 weeks after the intervention. Results The average VAS score, WOMAC in-dex, and Lequesne index of the ESWT group at 8 weeks after the treatment were significantly better than those before the intervention, and significantly better than the control group' s averages. The T2 values of the ESWT group at 8 weeks after the treatment were significantly better than before the intervention, though not significantly different from those of the control group at that point. No serious adverse reactions occurred in either group, and all of the minor ad-verse reactions had disappeared before the end of the assessment period. Conclusion ESWT can significantly im-prove the lower limb functioning of KOA patients, and its influence on knee cartilage is within the safe range.
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Objective To investigate the interaction between traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and the primary pathogenesis of CHF, so as to grasp the distribution regularity of TCM syndrome caused by different primary diseases and provide reference for better intervention of CHF. Methods A total of 580 patients with CHF were included in the clinical cross-sectional study. The baseline data of the patients, the primary disease and the four diagnosis information of TCM were collected. The syndromes of TCM were judged and the logistic regression method was used to analyze the correlation of CHF and the distribution of syndromes. Results Analysis of TCM Syndromes of CHF showed that the main syndromes were Qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome, water retention syndrome, yin deficiency syndrome, phlegm syndrome, and yang deficiency syndrome. Further analysis showed that the above causes of CHF were related to the distribution of TCM syndromes. When coronary heart disease is the primary disease, blood stasis syndrome, yang deficiency syndrome, and yin deficiency syndrome are related to the occurrence of CHF (χ2 values are 0.480, 4.445, 0.192, P<0.05). When hypertension is the primary disease, blood stasis syndrome and phlegm syndrome are related to the occurrence of CHF (χ2 values are 12.344, 10.990, P<0.05); dilated cardiomyopathy is the primary disease, blood stasis syndrome and yang deficiency syndrome and chronic heart failure It is related (χ2=5.222, 3.456, P<0.05). Conclusions The distribution patterns of TCM Syndromes of CHF caused by different primary diseases were different, which was related to the pathogenesis of CHF. It is of great significance for better application of traditional Chinese medicine CHF syndrome differentiation during treatment, so as to form optimal treatment to reduce re-admitted into hospitalization rate and mortality in patients with CHF.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the inhibitory effect of 10-gingerol on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and the role of Src/STAT3 signaling pathway in mediating the effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SYBYL-X2.1 software was used to simulate the interaction between 10-gingerol and Src. HepG2 cells treated with 10-gingerol at 1, 3, 10 or μol/L for 24 h were assessed for cell viability using MTT assay, and EdU staining was used to detect the cell proliferation and calculate the number of positive cells. The expressions of p-Src and p-STAT3 were detected using Western blotting, and the mRNA expressions of the target genes of STAT3 (cyclin D1 and CMCC) were detected using qPCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>10-gingerol was capable of forming hydrogen bond with such Src residues as TRY-340, MET-341, MET-314, ASP-404, and ILE-336. MTT assay showed that 10-gingerol at 3 and 10 μmol/L significantly lowered the viability of HepG2 cells ( < 0.001). Treatment with 1, 3, and 10 μmol/L 10-gingerol significantly reduces the number of EdU-positive HepG 2 cells ( < 0.001). Western blotting showed that 10-gingerol at 3 and 10 μmol/L significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of Src and STAT3 in HepG2 cells ( < 0.01). 10-gingerol at 1, 3, and 10 μmol/L significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of cyclin D1 and CMCC as shown by qPCR ( < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>10-gingerol can dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and suppress the activation of Src and STAT3.</p>
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Objective To investigate the postoperative analgesic effect of parecoxib following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair when local anesthetics was infiltrated at incision site.Methods 160 patients were divided into four groups (40 in each group).Group A received intravenous 4 ml saline and incision infiltration with saline in ten minutes before thc end of operation.Group B received intravenous parecoxib 40 mg and incision infiltration with saline.Group C received intravenous 4 ml saline and incision infiltration with 0.75% ropivacaine.Group D received intravenous parecoxib 40 mg and incision infiltration with 0.75% ropivacaine.Results There was no significant difference between group A and group C of the VAS scores at 6 hours,while the VAS values in group D was significantly lower than group A,B and C (P < 0.05).There was no significant difference among group A,B and C in VAS at 24 hours (P > 0.05),while VAS in group D was significantly lower than others (P < 0.05).The satisfactory rate with analgesia in group D (95%) was significantly higher than other three groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions Paricoxib combined with local anesthetics infiltration can significantly relieve the pain at postoperative early stage in patients receiving laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
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Objective To purify the anti-T cell immunoglobulin mucin ( TIM)-3 monoclonal antibody 4E8 and examine its biological function in vitro. Methods The mouse monoclonal antibody against human TIM-3, clone 4E8, was obtained by standard protocol for monoclonal antibody purification. The cell lines expressing human TIM-3 molecule were obtained by cell transfection technique. We ex-amined the ability of 4E8 binding to human TIM-3 by flow cytometry. The ability of 4E8 blocking the binding of fusion protein TIM-3 Ig-huFc with phosphatidylserine( PtdSer) , the apoptotic cell surface TIM-3 ligand, was also analyzed by flow cytometry. Mixed lympho-cyte reaction ( MLR) and ELISA assays were used to determine the effect of TIM-3 monoclonal antibody ( 4E8) on IFN-γsecretion in CD4+ T cells. Results 4E8 specifically bound to human TIM-3 but could not block the binding of TIM-3 to Ptdser. Compared with the negative control (IFN-γ secretion: 958.3±153.2), 4E8 enhanced the ability of CD4+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ in MLR (4E8 of 10μg/mL group:IFN-γ secretion 2563±150.3 and 4E8 of 3.33 μg/mL group:IFN-γ secretion 1981±211.5) with statistically signifi-cant difference ( P<0.05) . In addition, the combined application of 4E8 with the anti-programmed death-1 ( PD-1) monoclonal anti-body nivolumab showed synergistic effects for increasing IFN-γ secretion in MLR assay ( 4E8 of 10 μg/mL group: IFN-γ secretion 3049±80.5 and 4E8 of 0.33μg/mL group:IFN-γsecretion 1957±321.3) as compared with 4E8 alone (10μg /mL group:IFN-γse-cretion 2563±150.3 and 0.33 μg/mL group:IFN-γ secretion 844±76.2) with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Conclu-sion We successfully obtained a 4E8 clone of monoclonal antibody to human TIM-3 which may enhance the capacity of IFN-γsecre-tion from CD4+ T cells. The effect of enhancing IFN-γ secretion of CD4+T cells by TIM-3 monoclonal antibody was independent from blocking the binding of TIM-3 with Ptdser.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Although surgery is known as the most promising radical treatment, a high recurrent or metastatic rate after surgery has limited its clinical efficacy. Sorafenib, a target agent, has seemed to be the only option for metastatic HCC patients to date, but none of clinical trials showed it could prolong the overall survival (OS) of advanced HCC to 1 year. How to prolong the OS and improve cure rate of HCC patients is still beset with difficulties. This report presents a rare case of recurrent HCC patient with complete regression of target lesion with 2 years of Chinese herbal treatment. A 64-year-old Chinese man with hepatitis B virus-associated chronic hepatitis presented HCC has been clinically diagnosed tumor relapse and omentum metastasis with computed tomography and α-fetoprotein blood test 4 months after surgery. It was decided the patient would receive traditional Chinese medicine treatment because of poor prognosis. After approximately 2 years of treatment, recurrent hepatic tumor and omentum metastasis have been found in complete regression. The patient remains alive over 31 months after relapse.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inducción de Remisión/métodosRESUMEN
Objective To investigate the factors influencing the image quality of prostate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),and to put forward quality control measures to improve MRS in success ratio and image quality.Methods Totally 1 255 patients with prostate diseases confirmed pathologically from October 2009 to December 2015 had their MRS data analyzed retrospectively.MRS was executed with multi-voxel 3D chemical shift imaging technique,and special-purpose software was involved in for post processing.Re-scanning would be performed in case of baseline clutter,low SNR and etc.Results There were 1 218 patients had MRS executed well in preparedness,positioning,parameters setup,post processing,baseline and chemical shift,one patient underwent unsuccessful MRS due to incorrect bed mode,9 ones due to unstable baseline resulting from unsatisfactory preparedness,26 ones due to unstable baseline resulting from bad shimming and 1 case due to non-standard post processing.Conclusion Prostate SRS depends on patient preparedness,positioning,parameters setup,shimming and post processing.
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Myocardial ischemia (MI) is one of the leading causes of death, while Qishen Yiqi Drop Pill (QYDP) is a representative traditional Chinese medicine to treat this disease. Unveiling the pharmacological mechanism of QYDP will provide a great opportunity to promote the development of novel drugs to treat MI. 64 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: MI model group, sham operation group, QYDP treatment group and Fosinopril treatment group. Echocardiography results showed that QYDP exhibited significantly larger LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and LV end-systolic dimension (LVEDs), compared with the MI model group, indicating the improved cardiac function by QYDP. (1)H-NMR based metabonomics further identify 9 significantly changed metabolites in the QYDP treatment group, and the QYDP-related proteins based on the protein-metabolite interaction networks and the corresponding pathways were explored, involving the pyruvate metabolism pathway, the retinol metabolism pathway, the tyrosine metabolism pathway and the purine metabolism pathway, suggesting that QYDP was closely associated with blood circulation. ELISA tests were further employed to identify NO synthase (iNOS) and cathepsin K (CTSK) in the networks. For the first time, our work combined experimental and computational methods to study the mechanism of the formula of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Fármacos Cardiovasculares/administración & dosificación , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/aislamiento & purificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ecocardiografía , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Metabolómica , Isquemia Miocárdica/diagnóstico por imagen , Isquemia Miocárdica/patología , Miocardio/patología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Objective:To retrospectively analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics of 15 glioma cases that led to leptomenin-ges and spinal cord metastases in Department of Glioma, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University since 2011. Methods:A total of 15 cases were considered, including 5 patients with World Health Organization gradeⅡ, 6 patients with gradeⅢ, and 4 pa-tients with gradeⅣ. One patient had a tumor at the brain stem, two patients had tumors at the spinal cords, and the other patients had tumors at the hemispheres. One case received biopsy, 4 cases received subtotal resection, and 10 cases received complete resec-tion. Results: Symptoms included low back pain, sensory and motor dysfunction, incontinence, and seizures. After the metastases spread to the cerebrospinal region, patients were treated with chemotherapy, whole spine radiotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, and target therapy. The median time of leptomeninges and spinal cord metastasis dissemination appearance was 10 months (1.5-80 months) since surgery. The median overall survival time of the 15 patients was 20 months (9-83 months), and the median survival time was 6 months (2-48 months) after leptomeninges and spinal cord metastases. Conclusion:The prognosis of glioma patients with lepto-meninges and spinal cord metastases was poor, and a proportion of the patients who received appropriate treatment might have a better survival.
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The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( rodent nomencla-ture GLT-1:glutamate transporter 1), which is a predominantly astroglial glutamate transporter in the hippocampus and the pre-frontal cortex , is responsible for the majority of extracellular glu-tamate uptake .The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 can decrease the high levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft , avoiding gluta-matergic excitotoxicity to damage the glial cells and neurons . Currently, the transporter EAAT2 has become a research hotspot of depression .This article aims to summarize roles of glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the occurrence and treatment of depres-sion.
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Objective To understand the infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) among children with MP infections in Guilin area .Methods The IgM antibody of MP was determined in 1 704 pediatric outpatients and inpatients with respiratory tract infections in our hospital during 2015 by using the MP IgM antibody test reagent kit(colloidal Gold method) .The detection situation was investigated and analyzed .Results The total MP positive rate among children patients with respiratory tract infections in Guilin was 18 .19% ,the female was higher than male with statistical difference (22 .48% vs . 15 .37% ,P0 .05) .Conclusion MP is one of the most common pathogens leading to respiratory tract infection in children ,its infection shows gender and age differences .Summer and autumn are mainly epidemic seasons .Children aged 6―14 years old are susceptible to be infected by MP .So it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of MP infection .
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Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent and glycyrrhizin has activities of anti-inflammation, immunoregulation and anti-viral infections. To enhance antiviral efficacy and weaken side-effects of ribavirin, antiviral effects of the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin were studied in the present study. Firstly, a mouse model of viral pneumonia was established by inoculation of influenza H1N1 virus. Protective effects of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin used alone or in combination against H1N1 virus infection in mice were evaluated based on the survival rate, lung index and virus titer in lungs of mice. Results showed that the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin significantly inhibited the lung consolidation with a 36% inhibition ratio on the lung swell of infected mice. The combination of the two drugs exhibited synergetic effects on survival of infected mice. The combination of 50 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) glycyrrhizin and 40 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) ribavirin resulted a 100% protection for infected mice with a synergetic value of 36, which was significantly higher than the control group and each drug alone. This combination also resulted a significant drop of lung virus titer (P < 0.01), as well as inhibition on the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01) and IL-1β (P < 0.05) induced by virus infection compared to the control. The treatment of ribavirin plus glycyrrhizin was more effective in influenza A infection in mice than either compound used alone, which suggested a potential clinical value of the combination of the two agents.