[Off-label use of intravenous immunoglobulin g in a highly complex pediatric hospital in Argentina. A prospective observational study] / Uso "off label" de inmunoglobulina g endovenosa en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad de Argentina.

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends prioritizing safe and effective drugs proven by clinical or epidemiological studies. However, in population groups with little research, a drug can be used for an indication or pharmaceutical form different from that approved by the regulatory agency (off-label), extrapolating data from studies in adults and exposing pediatric patients. to develop an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) due to safety considerations that have not been systematically studied. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a high-cost drug, is used with scant evidence in some low-prevalence pathologies. This paper describes and analyzes the off-label use of IVIg at the J. P. Garrahan Pediatric Hospital. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective study on off-label indications of IVIg. The sampling technique was non-probabilistic and for convenience during 7 months. Results: 305 IVIg infusions were studied, corresponding to 111 patients. The indication classification showed that 22% (n=67) of the infusions were off-label. In neurology there was a higher percentage of off-label indications (46%) and within them 45% corresponded to the use in neurological disorders. 81% of the doses indicated off-label were in the range 0.8-1g/kg. The off-label infusions presented 61.5% (n=8) of the ADRs. Those from the Neurology service represented 87.5%; 75% being from the "Neurological disorders" group. Conclusion: In some cases, IVIg was indicated in an off-label manner, finding a statistically significant relationship with the appearance of ADR. This finding motivates the proposition of new hypotheses to carry out more studies.

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda priorizar fármacos seguros y eficaces comprobados mediante estudios clínicos o epidemiológicos. Sin embargo, en grupos poblacionales con escasa investigación, un fármaco puede utilizarse para una indicación o, forma farmacéutica diferente a la aprobada por la agencia reguladora ("off label"), extrapolando datos provenientes de estudios en adultos y, exponiendo a los pacientes pediátricos a desarrollar una Reacción Adversa Medicamentosa (RAM) por consideraciones de seguridad no estudiadas sistemáticamente. Inmunoglobulina G endovenosa (IgG EV), medicamento de alto costo, es utilizado con escasa evidencia en algunas patologías poco prevalentes. Este trabajo describe y analiza el uso "off label" de IgG EV en el Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo sobre indicaciones "off label" de IgG EV. La técnica de muestreo fue no probabilística y por conveniencia durante 7 meses. Resultados: Se estudiaron 305 infusiones de IgG EV que correspondieron a 111 pacientes. La clasificación de la indicación mostró que 22% (n=67) de las infusiones fueron "off label". En neurología hubo mayor porcentaje de indicaciones "off label" (46%) y dentro de ellas el 45% correspondió al uso en desórdenes neurológicos. El 81% de dosis indicadas "off label" estuvieron en rango 0,8-1g/kg. Las infusiones indicadas "off label" presentaron el 61.5% (n=8) de las RAM. Las del servicio de Neurología, representaron el 87,5 %, siendo 75% del grupo "Desórdenes neurológicos". Conclusión: En algunos casos IgG EV fue indicada en forma "off label", encontrándose una relación estadísticamente significativa con la aparición de RAM. Este hallazgo motiva al planteo de nuevas hipótesis para realizar más estudios.

Conductas de riesgo auditivo y acción del mecanismo de protección coclear en adolescentes / Auditory risk behaviors and the action of cochlear protection mechanism in adolescent

La exposición a ruido no ocupacional y a la música a alto nivel sonoro, constituye un creciente factor de riesgo de pérdida auditiva en adolescentes. Estudios internacionales postulan que una función importante del Sistema Eferente Medial (SEM) es proteger el oído interno frente al ruido mediante un mecanismo reflejo y que puede ser evaluado a través de la Supresión Contralateral (SC) de las otoemisiones acústicas transitorias (TEOAEs). El mecanismo subyacente de este fenómeno no se conoce en su totalidad y los antecedentes sobre el tema son escasos. En esta investigación se analizó la relación entre la Exposición General a Música (EGM), el estado de la función auditiva y el mecanismo de protección coclear. Participaron 91 adolescentes con edades entre 14 y 15 años. Se evaluaron dos dimensiones (a) Psicosocial: se examinó la EGM con un cuestionario de actividades extraescolares y (b) auditiva o sea el funcionamiento del SEM mediante SC de las TEOAEs y los perfiles audiométricos con audiometrías. Los resultados mostraron que la SC no influyó estadísticamente en los perfiles audiométricos y categorías de exposición. Sin embargo, los resultados de la SC se orientan hacia la menor magnitud de efecto supresor, disminución en la respuesta total en relación al descenso de los umbrales auditivos y en relación con las categorías alta y baja de EGM. Es necesario promover trabajos destinados al comportamiento de riesgo auditivo conjuntamente con el mecanismo protector del SEM. De esta manera se podrá contribuir en la identificación temprana de la sensibilidad auditiva en adolescentes expuestos a ruido no ocupacional.

Non-occupational exposure to noise, such as loud music sound level is an increasing risk factor for hearing loss in adolescents. International studies propose that an important function of the medial efferent system (MES) is protect the inner ear against noise by a reflex mechanism and can be evaluated through Contralateral Suppression (CS) of transient otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) to analyzing the presence or absence of suppressive effect. The absence of suppressive effect is considered a possible alteration of the MES and the role it exerts on the regulation of the outer hair cells. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not known totality and the background about this topic are limited. However, researches suggests that MES would have an important role in protection against acoustic overstimulation under the hypothesis that a hearing with the presence of suppressive effect would tend to be more protected against exposure to high noise levels while ears with no effect suppressor may be more vulnerable to noise exposure. In this research the relationship between the General Exposure to Music (MGE), the state of hearing function and cochlear protection mechanism were analyzed in 91 adolescents with 14/15 years old, with male predominance, of two technical schools of the city of Córdoba (Argentina). Were evaluated the following dimensions: (a) Psychosocial: MGE through an Out of School Activities Questionnaire to know in detail the participation in five recreational activities to finally analyze the MGE and (b) Audiological: assessment of audiometric profiles, as a subjective method, by audiometry in the conventional frequency ranges (250-8000) Hz and an extended high frequency audiometry (8000-16000) Hz; function of MES assessment, objective method, through CS of TEOAEs to determine the presence or absence of suppressive effect. The study CS of TEOAEs consisted of two steps: Step 1, application of TEOAEs of an ear in form ipsilateral without acoustic stimulation in the contralateral ear (CAS) and Step 2, application of TEOAEs in the ear ipsilateral while applying CAS. Was considered presence of suppressive effect when there was a reduction in the response after the CAS that is to say when the difference of values obtained in the total response with and without CAS was positive. At the same time, was considered absence of suppressive effect in cases of maintained or increased the response after the CAS, obtaining a value of zero or negative. The results of the research showed that in the group with presence of suppressive effect the most of ears is among moderate and high categories of MGE with a lower average magnitude of suppressive effect and a decreased amplitude of the total response in the high category of MGE than the media category. Regarding audiometry the ears with presence of suppressive effect showed higher magnitude in the group of normal hearing thresholds compared with the group of descended hearing thresholds. The results related to CS of the TEOAEs statistically did not influence in the audiometric profiles and the exposure categories. However the results of the CS were oriented towards the smaller magnitude of suppressive effect, decreased total response related with the descended hearing thresholds and high and low categories of MGE. It is necessary to promote and intensify researches in relation to the auditory risk behaviors together with the protection mechanism of MES. In this way, more researches can contribute to the early identification of hearing sensitivity in adolescents exposed to non-occupational noise. It is important to implement a Psycho-Auditory Screening to collaborate in the prevention and promotion of hearing health.

[Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess lipid and phytochemical intake]. / Validación y reproducibilidad de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario para valorar la ingesta de lípidos y fitoquímicos.

BACKGROUND: epidemiological studies have been related food intake with the incidence of non-transmissible chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of the present study was to analyze the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) aimed at assessing lipid and phytochemical intake. MATERIAL AND METHODS: FFQ was administered to 45 people of both sexes, aged between 20 and 72 years old and resident in Cordoba, Argentina. The FFQ included 257 questions referring to foods, their consumption frequency and portion size. Regarding consumption of fruit and vegetables, the season was also taken into account. The questionnaire was applied at two different periods (FFQ1 and FFQ2) with a break of six months in between. As a reference, the 24-hour dietary recall was used (24HDR) three times. The mid intake of FFQ1-FFQ2, the 24HDR-FFQ2 median intake, median difference, Mean Absolute Deviation from the median differences (MAD), Wilcoxon signed rank sum test and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze the accuracy of the FFQ data. RESULTS: the correlation coefficients for FFQ1-FFQ2 varied from 0.52 for 20:5 n3 eicosapentanoic (EPA) fatty acid to 0.89 for 4:0 butyric fatty acid (p<0.05). For 24HDR-FFQ2, the values ranged from 0.19 for lycopene to 0.93 for EPA fatty acid (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: the analysis carried out showed an acceptable validity and reproducibility of the FFQ, thus enabling it to be used in research relating the intake of lipids and phytochemicals and the risk of non-transmissible diseases.

Antecedentes: estudios epidemiológicos sugieren que el consumo de ciertos alimentos puede reducir el riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Objetivo: analizar la validez y reproducibilidad de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo alimentario (FFQ) destinado a evaluar la ingesta de lípidos y fitoquímicos. Material y métodos: el FFQ fue administrado a 45 personas de ambos sexos, con edades entre 20 y 72 años de edad, residentes en Córdoba, Argentina. Incluyó 257 preguntas referidas a los alimentos, su frecuencia de consumo y tamaño de la porción. Se consideró la estacionalidad para el consumo de frutas y verduras. El cuestionario se aplicó en dos períodos diferentes (FFQ1 y FFQ2) con un intervalo de seis meses y se acompañó por un recordatorio de 24 horas (24HDR) utilizado en tres periodos de tiempo. Se realizó la estimación de: ingesta promedio FFQ1-FFQ2 y 24HDR-FFQ2, diferencia de medias, desviación absoluta de diferencias de medias, prueba de los rangos con signo de Wilcoxon y test de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: los coeficientes de correlación para FFQ1-FFQ2 variaron de 0,52 para el ácido graso eicosapentanoico 20:5 n3 (EPA) a 0,89 para ácido graso butírico 4:0 (p<0,05). Para 24HDR-FFQ2, los valores de correlación oscilaron entre 0,19 para licopeno y 0,93 para el EPA (p <0,05). Conclusión: el análisis realizado mostró una validez aceptable y reproducibilidad del FFQ, permitiendo así que sea utilizado en investigaciones sobre ingesta de lípidos y fitoquímicos y el riesgo de ENT.

Beef consumption and fatty acids serum concentration: relationship with salivary gland tumors in Córdoba, Argentina.

AIM: The objective of the present study was to analyze beef consumption, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n-3 fatty acid (FA) serum concentration and their relation to salivary gland tumors (SGT). A questionnaire on non-nutritional risk factors and a validated food frequency questionnaire were applied in 20 SGT and 20 control (Co) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Food data were processed by the Interfood v.1.3 software. Serum CLA was analyzed by chromatography. RESULTS: Non-significant differences were found between SGT and Co regarding lean and fatty BC and serum CLA. Serum n-3 linolenic acid concentration was higher in Co than in SGT (p=0.004). No associations between BC and CLA serum concentration were found, but a strong-positive association between total energy intake and total fat intake and SGT were observed. A significant inverse association between oleic and linoleic FA intake and SGT was recorded. CONCLUSION: Serum oleic and linolenic FAs showed a significant negative association with SGT.

Hearing and loud music exposure in 14-15 years old adolescents.

Adolescent exposure to loud music has become a social and health problem whose study demands a holistic approach. The aims of the current study are: (1) To detect early noise-induced hearing loss among adolescents and establish its relationship with their participation in musical recreational activities and (2) to determine sound immission levels in nightclubs and personal music players (PMPs). The participants consisted in 172 14-15 years old adolescents from a technical high school. Conventional and extended high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and questionnaire on recreational habits were administered. Hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were classified as: normal (Group 1), slightly shifted (Group 2), and significantly shifted (Group 3). The musical general exposure (MGE), from participation in recreational musical activities, was categorized in low, moderate, and high exposure. The results revealed an increase of HTL in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.01), in Group 3 compared with Group 2 (P < 0.05) only in extended high frequency range, in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.01). Besides, a decrease in mean global amplitude, reproducibility and in frequencies amplitude in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05) and in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in Group 1's HTL between low and high exposure, showing higher HTL in high exposure. The sound immission measured in nightclubs (107.8-112.2) dBA and PMPs (82.9-104.6) dBA revealed sound levels risky for hearing health according to exposure times. It demonstrates the need to implement preventive and hearing health promoting actions in adolescents.

Hearing and loud music exposure in a group of adolescents at the ages of 14-15 and retested at 17-18.

Young people expose themselves to potentially damaging loud sounds while leisure activities and noise induced hearing loss is diagnosed in increasing number of adolescents. Hearing and music exposure in a group of adolescents of a technical high school was assessed at the ages of: 14-15 (test) and 17-18 (retest). The aims of the current study were: (1) To compare the auditory function between test and retest; (2) to compare the musical exposure levels during recreational activities in test and retest; (3) to compare the auditory function with the musical exposure along time in a subgroup of adolescents. The participants in the test were 172 male; in the retest, this number was reduced to 59. At the test and retest the conventional and extended high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and recreational habits questionnaire were performed. In the test, hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were classified as: Normal (Group 1), slightly shifted (Group 2), and significantly shifted (Group 3); the Musical General Exposure (MGE), categorized in: Low, moderate, high, and very high exposure. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between test and retest in the HTL and global amplitude of TEOAEs in Group 1, showing an increase of the HTL and a decrease TEOAEs amplitude. A subgroup of adolescents, with normal hearing and low exposure to music in the test, showed an increase of the HTL according with the categories of MGE in the retest. To implement educational programs for assessing hearing function, ear vulnerability and to promote hearing health, would be advisable.

Hábitos recreativos en la adolescencia y salud auditiva / Recreational habits among adolescents and auditory health

El alto porcentaje de jóvenes rechazados en el ingreso laboral en Argentina por problemas auditivos sin justificación clínica, motivó el desarrollo de un modelo de medición para estudiar la inmisión sonora de los adolescentes durante sus hábitos recreativos y las consecuencias en la función auditiva. Consistió en un estudio longitudinal interdisciplinario, psicosocial, audiológico y acústico, con 102 varones y 71 niñas de dos escuelas de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, con edades entre 14/15 años al comienzo del estudio y re-testeados anualmente durante cuatro años. Se muestran los resultados más importantes de los tres estudios y sus interrelaciones, analizando más detalladamente el psicosocial. Estos resultados fundamentan el actual Programa de Intervención para Promoción y Conservación de la Audición en Adolescentes delineado en breve síntesis.(AU)

The high percentage of young people rejected at the beginning of their working life, in Argentina, by hearing loss without clinic causes, motivate the development of a mesurement model to study the sound immission among adolescents during their recreational habits and the consequences in the auditory function. It consisted in an interdisciplinary long-term study, psychosocial, audiological and acoustical, with 102 boys and 71 girls from two schools of Córdoba city, Argentina, aged 14/15 years at the beginning of the study and re-tested yearly during four years. The most important results of the three studies and their relationships are shown, analysing more detailed the psychosocial aspect. These results support the present Intervention Programme for the Conservation and Promotion of Hearing addressed to the adolescentes which is outlined in a brief synthesis.(AU)

Program for the conservation and promotion of hearing among adolescents.

PURPOSE: We describe a program for the promotion of hearing conservation aimed at the adolescent population. The intent of our program is to (a) detect hearing disorders early, as well as to establish their relation to psychosocial and acoustic factors; (b) devise a follow-up procedure to study relevant variables; (c) evaluate the relation between hearing disorders and genetic factors, and (d) raise the social awareness of the effects of noise and its consequences. METHOD: This program, designed to be carried out over a 7-year period, focuses on participants from technical schools in the city of Cordoba, Argentina. Every student will be examined at age 14-15 years and will be reexamined at age 17-18. There will be a yearly follow-up in those cases in which disorders are detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the organization and planning of this program, together with its launching in the first of the selected schools. We also describe the findings on the following topics: (a) the hearing data on adolescents (age 14-15 years); (b) their recreational habits, personality traits, and attitudes; and (c) the sound immision characteristics these individuals are exposed to during recreational activities.

Liberación de fluoruro de ionómeros vítreos de alta densidad / Fluoride release from high-density glass ionomer cements

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de liberación de fluoruros de tres ionómeros vítreos de alta densidad, en distintos periodos de tiempo (1, 7, 15, 30, 45 y 60 días) y comparar su comportamiento con respecto a un ionómero vítreo convencional para restauraciones. Los materiales utilizados fueron: Ionofil Molar/Voco; FUji IX/GC; Ketac Molar Easymix/3M-ESPE y Fuji II/GC (control). Se prepararon probetas en forma de disco de 18x4 mm que fueron sumergidas en un recipiente con 50 ml de agua destilada, al que se le agregó 50 ml de solución buffer (Tisab) inmediatamente antes de la lectura del ión fluoruro (en cada uno de los períodos mencionados), con un electrodo específico Orion 710A. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y test de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey. El grado de liberación de fluoruro en orden decreciente fue: Fuji IX, Fuji II, Ketac Molar Easymix y Ionofil Molar.

Liberación de fluoruro de ionómeros vítreos de alta densidad / Fluoride release from high-density glass ionomer cements

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el grado de liberación de fluoruros de tres ionómeros vítreos de alta densidad, en distintos periodos de tiempo (1, 7, 15, 30, 45 y 60 días) y comparar su comportamiento con respecto a un ionómero vítreo convencional para restauraciones. Los materiales utilizados fueron: Ionofil Molar/Voco; FUji IX/GC; Ketac Molar Easymix/3M-ESPE y Fuji II/GC (control). Se prepararon probetas en forma de disco de 18x4 mm que fueron sumergidas en un recipiente con 50 ml de agua destilada, al que se le agregó 50 ml de solución buffer (Tisab) inmediatamente antes de la lectura del ión fluoruro (en cada uno de los períodos mencionados), con un electrodo específico Orion 710A. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y test de comparaciones múltiples de Tukey. El grado de liberación de fluoruro en orden decreciente fue: Fuji IX, Fuji II, Ketac Molar Easymix y Ionofil Molar.(AU)

Influence of diets varying in lipid and protein content on the histopathologic variety of murine salivary gland tumors induced by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA).

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of diets varying in lipids and proteins on the histopathologic variety of murine salivary tumors induced by DMBA. 117 BALB/c mice were assigned to experiments one (E1: lipids, males) and two (E2: proteins, males and females), E1 comprising Soy oil (SO); Corn oil (CO, control); Fish oil (FO) and Olein (O) groups and E2, soy protein (SP) and casein (C) groups. Tumors were induced by DMBA and the animals were sacrificed at week 13- post-induction. Tumor volume was calculated. Tumor sections were stained with H-E for histopathologic evaluation. No significant association was found between tumor volume and dietary condition (p > 0.05). In E1, FO animals developed mainly carcinomas (C) (58.8%), the sarcomas (S) and carcinosarcomas (CS) being especially of high-grade type (tumors < 600 mm3). In E2, SP animals developed mainly C (55.6%). Although no significantly different (p > 0.05), S and C were more frequent in female and male mice, respectively. In both E1 and E2, the biggest tumors (> 600 mm3) were mainly high-grade S (87.5%-80%). Dietary fat and soy protein appear to influence the tumor histopathology and thus its prognosis.

Influence of diets varying in lipid and protein content on the histopathologic variety of murine salivary gland tumors induced by 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) / Influencia de dietas de diferente contenido lipídico y proteico sobre variantes histopatológicas de tumores de glándulas salivares murinos inducidos con 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzathraceno (DMBA)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of diets varying in lipids and proteins on the histopathologic variety of murine salivary tumors induced by DMBA. 117 BALB/c mice were assigned to experiments one (E1: lipids, males) and two (E2: proteins, males and females), E1 comprising Soy oil (SO); Corn oil (CO, control); Fish oil (FO) and Olein (O) groups and E2, soy protein (SP) and casein (C) groups. Tumors were induced by DMBA and the animals were sacrificed at week 13- post-induction. Tumor volume was calculated. Tumor sections were stained with H-E for histopathologic evaluation. No significant association was found between tumor volume and dietary condition (p > 0.05). In E1, FO animals developed mainly carcinomas (C) (58.8%), the sarcomas (S) and carcinosarcomas (CS) being especially of high-grade type (tumors < 600 mm3). In E2, SP animals developed mainly C (55.6%). Although no significantly different (p > 0.05), S and C were more frequent in female and male mice, respectively. In both E1 and E2, the biggest tumors (> 600 mm3) were mainly high-grade S (87.5%-80%). Dietary fat and soy protein appear to influence the tumor histopathology and thus its prognosis.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de dietas con diferente contenido de lípidos y proteínas sobre la variedad histopatológica de tumores salivares murinos inducidos por DMBA. Se asignaron 117 ratones BALB/c a los experimentos uno (E1: lípidos, machos) y dos (E2: proteínas, machos y hembras). E1 comprendió a los grupos aceite de soja (AS), aceite de maíz (AM, control), aceite de pescado (AP) y oleína (O), en tanto E2 incluyó a los grupos preteína de soja (PS) y caseína (C). Los tumores fueron inducidos por DMBA y los animales fueron sacrificados a la 13ª semana post-inducción. Se calculó el volumen tumoral. Los cortes de tumor fueron coloreados con Hematoxilina-Eosina para su evaluación histopatológica. No se encontró asociación entre volumen tumoral y condición dietaria (p>0.05). En E1, los animales del grupo AP desarrollaron principales carcinomas (C) (58,8%), en tanto que los sarcomas (S) y carcinosarcomas (CS) fueron de alto grado (tumores<600 mm³). En el E2, los animales del grupo PS desarrollaron principalmente C (55.6%). Aunque la diferencia no fue significativa (p>0.05), S y C fueron más frecuentes en ratones hembras y machos, respectivamente. Tanto el E1 com en E2, los tumores más voluminosos (> 600 mm³) fueron principalmente de alto grado (87.5%-80%) Los lípidos y la proteína de soja de la dieta parecen influenciar la histopatología de los tumores y, en consecuencia, su pronóstico.

Liberación de fluoruros de materiales utilizados como selladores (Un estudio in vitro) / Fluoride release from materials used as sealers (an in vitro study)

Este estudio de laboratorio evaluó el grado de liberación de fluoruro de diferentes materiales alternativos, utilizados como selladores de fisuras, en distintos periodos de tiempo. Dos selladores con base en resina, una resina compuesta fluida, dos compómeros y dos ionómeros vítreos convencionales fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se confeccionaron probetas en forma de disco que fueron sumergidas en 50 ml de agua destilada, a la cual se le agregaron 50 ml de solución buffer. Se usó un detector de ión flúor para leer la concentración de fluoruro en diferentes períodos de tiempo después de la inmersión. Los factores material y tiempo tuvieron influencia significativa sobre los resultados (p<0,0001). Las resinas compuestas mostraron la menor liberación de fluoruro con relación a los otros materiales experimentales. Se concluyó que el grado de liberación de fluoruro es variable en función del tiempo y las características particulares de cada material.

Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part I: an interdisciplinary long-term study.

This interdisciplinary long-term study examined the effects of recreational noise exposure on the hearing of adolescents. Boys and girls (aged 14-17 years) were examined during a four-year period. Audiological, psychosocial, and sound measurements were performed yearly to determine the hearing threshold level (HTL) of participants in the 250-16000 Hz range, their participation in recreational activities, and the sound levels at discos and through personal music player use. A tendency of the mean HTL to increase in both genders during the study was observed, especially at 14000 Hz and 16000 Hz. Boys had a higher mean HTL than girls. The participation in musical activities increased yearly, 'attendance at discos' being the favourite musical activity for both groups. In general, boys were more exposed to high sound levels than girls. The equivalent sound levels in discos ranged between 104.3 and 112.4 dBA, and between 75 and 105 dBA from personal music players.

Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part II: development of hearing disorders.

Part II, continuation of a previous paper, describes the significant hearing threshold shift found during the third year of the long-term study, which continued to be present in the fourth year, in a number of adolescents classified as Subgroup 2, who showed a higher mean HTL in the middle and especially in the high frequency ranges than the rest of the studied adolescents, classified as Subgroup 1. In both subgroups, the subjects showed high participation in recreational activities; nevertheless, the adolescents in Subgroup 2 showed higher participation in some of them in the last year of the study. From the beginning of the study, the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 2 was higher than the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 1. The exposure to high sound levels during leisure activities can be a cause of permanent hearing damage among young people with 'tender ears'.

Effects of soy oil on murine salivary tumorigenesis.

Dietary fat influences dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced tumorigenesis of several organs, including the salivary glands. There is not enough evidence to suggest that soy oil could also affect growth of salivary tumors. The main purpose of this work therefore was to study the effects of dietary soy oil on macroscopic parameters of chemically induced murine salivary gland tumors. Eighty BALB/c male mice were assigned to four groups: soy oil (SO), corn oil (CO, control), fish oil (FO) and olein (O). Two weeks later, tumors were induced by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA). At the 13th post-injection week, the animals were sacrificed. In vivo tumor diameter, gland volume (total resected mass), tumor volume (microscopically measured), tumor remission and tumor histopathology were analyzed. The initial in vivo tumor diameter, gland and tumor volume were significantly greater in soy oil than in fish oil group. 26.7% of animals on the soy oil diet showed tumor remission. Sarcomas were more often found in the SO group, carcinomas in FO and the mixed-type tumors both in SO and CO groups. This study shows that the soy oil treatment resulted in larger tumors, some of which later became undetectable. It is necessary to further investigate these divergent results.

[Proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice bearing salivary tumors induced by dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) and modulated by dietary lipids]. / Proliferación y apoptosis en epitelio lingual de ratones con tumores salivales inducidos por dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) y modulados por lípidos dietarios.

INTRODUCTION: According to the concept of field defects during the carcinogenesis process, excessive epithelial proliferation/apoptosis may exist in areas near tumors. Proliferation or apoptosis could be modified by dietary lipids. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to analyze proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice fed diets based on different lipids followed by induction of salivary tumors with DMBA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five days after weaning, ten BALB/c mice were assigned to two diets: corn oil (CO) and fish oil (cod liver, FO). Two weeks later, DMBA was injected in the submandibular area. Animals were sacrificed at the 13th post-injection week. Samples of tongue were fixed in formalin-ethanol and immunohistochemically stained for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bax). By light microscopy, the number of nuclei positive for these markers were counted out of three-hundred total interphase cells both in dorsal and in ventral tongue surfaces. Results were analyzed through Analysis of Variance and t Test. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was greater in dorsal than in ventral tongue surfaces (p < 0.0001) with no diet difference. Apoptosis was significantly greater in mice fed FO than CO, particularly in tongue dorsal epithelia (p < 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that FO diet induces higher levels of apoptosis in tongue epithelia suggesting a tissue defensive mechanism when exposed to a carcinogenic-tumoral agent.

Proliferación y apoptosis en epitelio lingual de ratones con tumores salivales inducidos por dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) y modulados por lípidos dietarios. / [Proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice bearing salivary tumors induced by dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) and modulated by dietary lipids]

INTRODUCTION: According to the concept of field defects during the carcinogenesis process, excessive epithelial proliferation/apoptosis may exist in areas near tumors. Proliferation or apoptosis could be modified by dietary lipids. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to analyze proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice fed diets based on different lipids followed by induction of salivary tumors with DMBA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five days after weaning, ten BALB/c mice were assigned to two diets: corn oil (CO) and fish oil (cod liver, FO). Two weeks later, DMBA was injected in the submandibular area. Animals were sacrificed at the 13th post-injection week. Samples of tongue were fixed in formalin-ethanol and immunohistochemically stained for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bax). By light microscopy, the number of nuclei positive for these markers were counted out of three-hundred total interphase cells both in dorsal and in ventral tongue surfaces. Results were analyzed through Analysis of Variance and t Test. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was greater in dorsal than in ventral tongue surfaces (p < 0.0001) with no diet difference. Apoptosis was significantly greater in mice fed FO than CO, particularly in tongue dorsal epithelia (p < 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that FO diet induces higher levels of apoptosis in tongue epithelia suggesting a tissue defensive mechanism when exposed to a carcinogenic-tumoral agent.