Protective efficacy afforded by live Pasteurella multocida vaccines in chickens is independent of lipopolysaccharide outer core structure.

Pasteurella multocida is a major animal pathogen that causes a range of diseases including fowl cholera. P. multocida infections result in considerable losses to layer and breeder flocks in poultry industries worldwide. Both killed whole-cell and live-attenuated vaccines are available; these vaccines vary in their protective efficacy, particularly against heterologous strains. Moreover, until recently there was no knowledge of P. multocida LPS genetics and structure to determine precisely how LPS structure affects the protective capacity of these vaccines. In this study we show that defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutants presented as killed whole-cell vaccines elicited solid protective immunity only against P. multocida challenge strains expressing highly similar or identical LPS structures. This finding indicates that vaccination of commercial flocks with P. multocida killed cell formulations will not protect against strains producing an LPS structure different to that produced by strains included in the vaccine formulation. Conversely, protective immunity conferred by vaccination with live P. multocida strains was found to be largely independent of LPS structure. Birds vaccinated with a range of live mutants belonging to the L1 and L3 LPS genotypes, each expressing a specific truncated LPS structure, were protected against challenge with the parent strain. Moreover, birds vaccinated with any of the five LPS mutants belonging to the L1 LPS genotype were also protected against challenge with an unrelated strain and two of the five groups vaccinated with live LPS mutants belonging to the L3 genotype were protected against challenge with an unrelated strain. In summary, vaccination with live P. multocida aroA mutants producing full-length L1 or L3 LPS or vaccination with live strains producing shortened L1 LPS elicited strong protective immunity against both homologous and heterologous challenge.

Development of a rapid multiplex PCR assay to genotype Pasteurella multocida strains by use of the lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis locus.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases in many animal species, including humans. A widely used method for differentiation of P. multocida strains involves the Heddleston serotyping scheme. This scheme was developed in the early 1970s and classifies P. multocida strains into 16 somatic or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serovars using an agar gel diffusion precipitin test. However, this gel diffusion assay is problematic, with difficulties reported in accuracy, reproducibility, and the sourcing of quality serovar-specific antisera. Using our knowledge of the genetics of LPS biosynthesis in P. multocida, we have developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) that is able to differentiate strains based on the genetic organization of the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci. The accuracy of the LPS-mPCR was compared with classical Heddleston serotyping using LPS compositional data as the "gold standard." The LPS-mPCR correctly typed 57 of 58 isolates; Heddleston serotyping was able to correctly and unambiguously type only 20 of the 58 isolates. We conclude that our LPS-mPCR is a highly accurate LPS genotyping method that should replace the Heddleston serotyping scheme for the classification of P. multocida strains.

Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Pasteurella multocida serovars 6, 7 and 16: identification of lipopolysaccharide genotypes L4 and L8.

Pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary pathogen that produces a wide range of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures, many of which mimic host glycoproteins. In this study, we complete our analysis of the LPS produced by the P. multocida Heddleston serovars by reporting the LPS structure and the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci of the type strains representing Heddleston serovars 6, 7 and 16. Genetic analysis revealed that the type strains representing serovars 6 and 7 share the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus which we have designated LPS genotype L4. Comparative bioinformatic analysis revealed that although the serovar 16 type strain contained a different LPS locus, L8, there was a significant degree of nucleotide identity between the L4 and L8 loci. Structural analysis revealed that the LPS glycoforms produced by the L4 and L8 strains all contained the highly conserved inner core produced by all other P. multocida strains examined to date. The residues within the LPS outer core produced by the L4 and L8 strains were either Gal or derivatives of Gal; unlike all other P. multocida Heddleston type strains examined there are no heptosyltransferases encoded in the L4 and L8 outer core biosynthesis loci. The structure of the L4 LPS outer core produced by the serovar 6 type strain consisted of ß-Gal-(1-3)-ß-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-(1-4)-ß-GalNAc3OAc-(1-4)-α-GalNAc3OAc-(1-3)-ß-Gal, whereas the serovar 7 type strain produced a highly truncated LPS outer core containing only a single ß-Gal residue. The structure of the L8 LPS outer core produced by the serovar 16 type strain consisted of ß-Gal-(1-3)-ß-GalNAc-(1-4)-(α-GalNAc-(1-3)-)-α-GalNAc.

Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide produced by Heddleston serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and the identification of a new Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis locus, L6.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen classified into 16 serovars based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Previously, we have characterized the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci L1, L2, L3, L5 and L7, and have elucidated the full range of LPS structures associated with each. In this study, we have determined the LPS structures produced by the type strains representing the serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and characterized a new LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L6, common to all. The L6 outer core biosynthesis locus shares significant synteny with the L3 locus but due to nucleotide divergence, gene duplication and gene redundancy, the L6 and L3 LPS outer cores are structurally distinct. Using LPS structural and genetic differences identified in each L6 strain, we have predicted a role for most of the L6 glycosyltransferases in LPS assembly. Importantly, we have identified two glycosyltransferases, GctD and GatB, that differ by one amino acid, A162T, but use different donor sugars [uridine diphosphate (UDP)-Glc and UDP-Gal, respectively]. The longest outer core oligosaccharide, produced by the serovar 12 type strain, contained a terminal region consisting of ß-Gal-(1,4)-ß-GlcNAc-(1,3)-ß-Gal-(1,4)-ß-Glc that was identical in structure to the vertebrate glycosphingolipid, paragloboside. Mimicry of host glycosphingolipids has been observed previously in P. multocida strains belonging to L3 LPS genotype, which produce LPS similar in structure to the globo-series of glycosphingolipids. The expression of a paragloboside-like oligosaccharide on the LPS produced by the serovar 12 type strain indicates that strains belonging to the L6 LPS genotype may also engage in molecular mimicry.

Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serovar 3 and 4 strains share a common lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus but display both inter- and intrastrain lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity.

Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative multispecies pathogen and the causative agent of fowl cholera, a serious disease of poultry which can present in both acute and chronic forms. The major outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both an important virulence factor and a major immunogen. Our previous studies determined the LPS structures expressed by different P. multocida strains and revealed that a number of strains belonging to different serovars contain the same LPS biosynthesis locus but express different LPS structures due to mutations within glycosyltransferase genes. In this study, we report the full LPS structure of the serovar 4 type strain, P1662, and reveal that it shares the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L3, with the serovar 3 strains P1059 and Pm70. Using directed mutagenesis, the role of each glycosyltransferase gene in LPS outer core assembly was determined. LPS structural analysis of 23 Australian field isolates that contain the L3 locus revealed that at least six different LPS outer core structures can be produced as a result of mutations within the LPS glycosyltransferase genes. Moreover, some field isolates produce multiple but related LPS glycoforms simultaneously, and three LPS outer core structures are remarkably similar to the globo series of vertebrate glycosphingolipids. Our in-depth analysis showing the genetics and full range of P. multocida lipopolysaccharide structures will facilitate the improvement of typing systems and the prediction of the protective efficacy of vaccines.

Structure and biosynthetic locus of the lipopolysaccharide outer core produced by Pasteurella multocida serovars 8 and 13 and the identification of a novel phospho-glycero moiety.

Pasteurella multocida strains are classified into 16 Heddleston serovars on the basis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens expressed on the surface of the bacteria. The LPS structure and the corresponding LPS outer core biosynthesis loci of strains belonging to serovars 1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 14 have been characterized, revealing a clear structural basis for serovar classification. However, several of these serovars are genetically related, sharing the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, but producing different LPS molecules as a result of mutations within LPS assembly genes. In this article, we report that the P. multocida type strains belonging to serovars 8 and 13 share the same LPS outer core biosynthesis locus and produce structurally related LPS molecules. Structural analysis of the serovar 8 LPS revealed an inner core that is conserved among P. multocida strains and the following outer core structure: X-(1-6)-(1S)GalaNAC-(1-4-6)-α-Gal-(1-3)-ß-Gal(PEtn)-(1-4)-L,D-α-Hep-(1-6) where X is a unique phospho-glycero moiety, 1-((4-aminobutyl)amino)-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl hydrogen phosphate, attached to the sixth position of (1S)GalaNAc. For serovar 13, the LPS structure is the same except for the absence of the terminal phospho-glycero moiety. Analysis of the common outer core biosynthesis locus from the serovar 8 and 13 type strains identified three genes that we predict are involved in the biosynthesis of this terminal moiety. Furthermore, bioinformatic comparisons with the characterized LPS outer core glycosyltransferases from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 1, strain 4074, allowed us to assign a function for each of the glycosyltransferases encoded within the serovar 8/13 LPS outer core biosynthesis locus.

Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serovar 9: identification of a proposed bi-functional dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucose biosynthesis enzyme.

Pasteurella multocida strains are classified into 16 different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serovars using the Heddleston serotyping scheme. Ongoing studies in our laboratories on the LPS aim to determine the core oligosaccharide (OS) structures expressed by each of the Heddleston type strains and identify the genes and transferases required for the biosynthesis of the serovar-specific OSs. In this study, we have determined the core OS of the LPS expressed by the Heddleston serovar 9 type strain, P2095. Structural information was established by a combination of monosaccharide and methylation analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry revealing the following structure: . The serovar 9 OS contains an inner core that is conserved among P. multocida strains with an elaborate outer core extension containing rhamnose (Rha), a D-glycero-D-manno isomer of heptose, and the unusual deoxyamino sugar, 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucose (Qui3NAc). Genetic analyses of the LPS outer core biosynthesis locus revealed that in addition to the glycosyltransferases predicted to transfer the sugars to the nascent LPS molecule, the locus also contained the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar donors dTDP-Rha and dTDP-Qui3NAc. One of the genes identified as part of the dTDP-Qui3NAc biosynthesis pathway, qdtD, encodes a proposed bi-functional enzyme with N-terminal amino acid identity to dTDP-4-oxo-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3,4-oxoisomerase and C-terminal amino acid identity to dTDP-3-oxo-6-deoxy-α-D-glucose transacetylase.

Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serovars 1 and 14 express different lipopolysaccharide structures but share the same lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis outer core locus.

Pasteurella multocida strains are classified using the Heddleston lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serotyping scheme into 16 serovars. Understanding the structural and genetic basis for this LPS typing scheme is important because protection against infections caused by P. multocida is generally considered to be serovar specific. Here we show that the serovar 14 type strain P2225 and the serovar 1 strains X73 and VP161 express similar LPS structures. However, the serovar 14 LPS lacks the terminal phosphocholine (PCho) residues present on the serovar 1 LPS and contains the 1,4-linked ß-galactose but not the 1,6-linked ß-galactose. Sequencing analysis of the LPS biosynthesis outer core loci of P2225 and the serovar 1 type strain X73 showed that they were nearly identical. However, the phosphocholine biosynthesis gene, pcgA of P2225 contained a 19bp nucleotide deletion. Complementation of P2225 with an intact pcgA resulted in an LPS structure identical to that expressed by serovar 1 strain VP161 and highly similar to that expressed by strain X73, with a 1,6-linked ß-galactose and both terminal PCho residues. This study has shown unequivocally that strains belonging to serovar 1 and 14 share a common LPS outer core locus and that minor changes within this locus can dramatically alter the LPS structure expressed on the surface of P. multocida, and thus has implications into our understanding of the potential to generate cross-protective vaccines.

Structural and genetic basis for the serological differentiation of Pasteurella multocida Heddleston serotypes 2 and 5.

Pasteurella multocida is classified into 16 serotypes according to the Heddleston typing scheme. As part of a comprehensive study to define the structural and genetic basis of this scheme, we have determined the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by P. multocida strains M1404 (B:2) and P1702 (E:5), the type strains for serotypes 2 and 5, respectively. The only difference between the LPS structures made by these two strains was the absence of a phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) moiety at the 3 position of the second heptose (Hep II) in M1404. Analysis of the lpt-3 gene, required for the addition of this PEtn residue, revealed that the gene was intact in P1702 but contained a nonsense mutation in M1404. Expression of an intact copy of lpt-3 in M1404 resulted in the attachment of a PEtn residue to the 3 position of the Hep II residue, generating an LPS structure identical to that produced by P1702. We identified and characterized each of the glycosyltransferase genes required for assembly of the serotype 2 and 5 LPS outer core. Monoclonal antibodies raised against serotype 2 LPS recognized the serotype 2/5-specific outer core LPS structure, but recognition of this structure was inhibited by the PEtn residue on Hep II. These data indicate that the serological classification of strains into Heddleston serotypes 2 and 5 is dependent on the presence or absence of PEtn on Hep II.

Identification of novel glycosyltransferases required for assembly of the Pasteurella multocida A:1 lipopolysaccharide and their involvement in virulence.

We previously determined the structure of the Pasteurella multocida Heddleston type 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule and characterized some of the transferases essential for LPS biosynthesis. We also showed that P. multocida strains expressing truncated LPS display reduced virulence. Here, we have identified all of the remaining glycosyltransferases required for synthesis of the oligosaccharide extension of the P. multocida Heddleston type 1 LPS, including a novel alpha-1,6 glucosyltransferase, a beta-1,4 glucosyltransferase, a putative bifunctional galactosyltransferase, and two heptosyltransferases. In addition, we identified a novel oligosaccharide extension expressed only in a heptosyltransferase (hptE) mutant background. All of the analyzed mutants expressing LPS with a truncated main oligosaccharide extension displayed reduced virulence, but those expressing LPS with an intact heptose side chain were able to persist for long periods in muscle tissue. The hptC mutant, which expressed LPS with the shortest oligosaccharide extension and no heptose side chain, was unable to persist on the muscle or cause any disease. Furthermore, all of the mutants displayed increased sensitivity to the chicken antimicrobial peptide fowlicidin 1, with mutants expressing highly truncated LPS being the most sensitive.