Effect And Predictive Value Of Routine Preoperative Laboratory Testing For Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Several studies and guidelines are questioning routine preoperative laboratory tests in surgical and endoscopic procedures. Their effect in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is not currently known. This study was carried out to evaluate the risk of adverse effects in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and their association with preoperative lab tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, prospective observational study on all 956 patients undergoing 1196 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies in the Endoscopy Unit of Helsinki University Central Hospital from 1 March 2012 to 28 February 2013. Routine preoperative laboratory test results (basic blood count, creatinine, potassium, sodium, international normalized ratio/thromboplastin time, and amylase), health status, medication, and demographic information of all patients were analyzed in relation to adverse effects related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and procedural sedation. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (43 cases, 3.6%) to have no association with abnormal routine preoperative laboratory tests. Respiratory depression caused by sedation (128 cases, 11%) was not associated with abnormal routine preoperative laboratory tests, and anemia was found to be a slightly protecting factor. Cardiovascular depression caused by sedation was associated with thrombocytopenia (odds ratio = 1.87, p = 0.025) and, in male patients, hyponatremia (odds ratio = 3.66, p < 0.001). Incidence of other adverse effects was too low for statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: Routine universal preoperative lab testing was not found to be successful in predicting adverse effects in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures. Laboratory testing should be done focusing on each patient's individual needs.

Finnish Dentists Find Smoking Cessation Important but Seldom Offer Practical Support for Their Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate Finnish dentists' smoking cessation related attitudes, consultation practices and familiarity with the local treatment guideline on smoking cessation. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: An online questionnaire was sent to 1740 dentists, which corresponds to 39% of dentists in Finland. A total of 456 dentists responded (response rate 26%), of whom 435 (95%) were clinicians. The dentists' smoking cessation practices were also compared to ones reported in a previous study in Finnish physicians. RESULTS: Dentists found smoking cessation important and often discussed and recommended quitting to the patients, but concrete withdrawal actions were seldom provided. The local treatment guideline on smoking cessation was actively utilized by 36% of the dentists. Adherence to the guideline was associated with higher rates of smoking cessation activities and success in them. Smoking cessation activity among dentists was significantly lower than in Finnish physicians. In accordance with the literature, among dentists, the most common barriers for smoking cessation were lack of time (44%) and education (42%). CONCLUSION: Although smoking cessation is discussed with patients, dentists are less active in taking concrete actions to support the patient on withdrawal. Adherence to the local treatment guideline was associated with better capabilities in dealing with tobacco withdrawal and a more active role in smoking cessation. The results suggest that more education on the local smoking cessation treatment guideline and cessation intervention is needed in order to overcome the remaining barriers to promoting effective smoking cessation in dental practice.

Overweight and obese but not normal weight women with PCOS are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus-a prospective, population-based cohort study.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the respective roles of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), long-term weight gain and obesity for the development of prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by age 46 years? SUMMARY ANSWER: The risk of T2DM in women with PCOS is mainly due to overweight and obesity, although these two factors have a synergistic effect on the development of T2DM. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: PCOS is associated with an increased risk of prediabetes and T2DM. However, the respective roles of PCOS per se and BMI for the development of T2DM have remained unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: In a prospective, general population-based follow-up birth cohort 1966 (n = 5889), postal questionnaires were sent at ages 14 (95% answered), 31 (80% answered) and 46 years (72% answered). Questions about oligoamenorrhoea and hirsutism were asked at age 31 years, and a question about PCOS diagnosis at 46 years. Clinical examination and blood sampling were performed at 31 years in 3127 women, and at 46 years in 3280 women. A 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at 46 years of age in 2780 women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Women reporting both oligoamenorrhoea and hirsutism at age 31 years and/or diagnosis of PCOS by 46 years were considered as women with PCOS (n = 279). Women without any symptoms at 31 years and without PCOS diagnosis by 46 years were considered as controls (n = 1577). The level of glucose metabolism was classified according to the results of the OGTT and previous information of glucose metabolism status from the national drug and hospital discharge registers. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: PCOS per se significantly increased the risk of T2DM in overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) women with PCOS when compared to overweight/obese controls (odds ratio: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.28-4.67). Normal weight women with PCOS did not present with an increased risk of prediabetes or T2DM. The increase in weight between ages 14, 31 and 46 years was significantly greater in women with PCOS developing T2DM than in women with PCOS and normal glucose tolerance, with the most significant increase occurring in early adulthood (between 14 and 31 years: median with [25%; 75% quartiles]: 27.25 kg [20.43; 34.78] versus 13.80 kg [8.55; 20.20], P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The diagnosis of PCOS was based on self-reporting, and the questionnaire at 46 years did not distinguish between polycystic ovaries only in ultrasonography and the syndrome. Ovarian ultrasonography was not available to aid the diagnosis of PCOS. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: These results emphasize weight management already during adolescence and early adulthood to prevent the development of T2DM in women with PCOS, as the period between 14 and 31 years seems to be a crucial time-window during which the women with PCOS who are destined to develop T2DM by 46 years of age experience a dramatic weight gain. Furthermore, our results support the view that, particularly in times of limited sources of healthcare systems, OGTT screening should be targeted to overweight/obese women with PCOS rather than to all women with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: Finnish Medical Foundation; North Ostrobothnia Regional Fund; Academy of Finland (project grants 104781, 120315, 129269, 1114194, 24300796, Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE); Sigrid Juselius Foundation; Biocenter Oulu; University Hospital Oulu and University of Oulu (75617); Medical Research Center Oulu; National Institute for Health Research (UK); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant 5R01HL087679-02) through the STAMPEED program (1RL1MH083268-01); National Institute of Health/National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH63706:02); ENGAGE project and grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413; EU FP7 EurHEALTHAgeing-277849 European Commission and Medical Research Council, UK (G0500539, G0600705, G1002319, PrevMetSyn/SALVE) and Medical Research Center, Centenary Early Career Award. The authors have no conflicts of interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with aerobic fitness of offspring in young adulthood: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and maternal smoking with aerobic fitness in young men aged 19-20 years. DESIGN: A 19-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) and the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade, Finland, in 2005-6. POPULATION: Mothers and the 508 offspring in the NFBC 1986 who entered military service at the Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade in 2005. METHODS: Associations of weight, 12-minute running test (Cooper test), and muscle fitness index (MFI) of offspring on entry to military service were evaluated with antenatal factors, including maternal smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, and GWG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Aerobic and muscle fitness of the offspring were evaluated by the Cooper test and MFI. RESULTS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower aerobic fitness of male adolescents, measured by the Cooper test (2356 m; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 2265-2446 m), compared with the offspring of mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (2537 m, 95% CI 2499-2574 m). This association was independent of the BMIs of both the mother and the offspring, GWG, and the smoking and physical activity of offspring (regression coefficient -140.6 m, 95% CI -273.1 to -8.0 m). High maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG were also associated with lower aerobic fitness of the offspring; however, this association was mediated via the weight of the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy may have a negative impact on the aerobic fitness of the offspring. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Study shows that young men have lower aerobic fitness if their mothers smoked during pregnancy.

Changes in glucose metabolism in people with different glucose metabolism disorders at baseline: follow-up results of a Finnish national diabetes prevention programme.

AIM: To examine changes in glucose metabolism (fasting and 2-h glucose) during follow-up in people with impaired fasting glucose in comparison with changes in people with isolated impaired glucose tolerance, people with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance combined and people with screening-detected Type 2 diabetes at baseline, among those who participated in a diabetes prevention programme conducted in Finland. METHODS: A total of 10 149 people at high risk of Type 2 diabetes took part in baseline examination. Of 5351 individuals with follow-up ≥ 9 months, 1727 had impaired glucose metabolism at baseline and completed at least one lifestyle intervention visit. Most of them (94.6%) were overweight/ obese. RESULTS: Fasting glucose decreased during follow-up among overweight/obese people in the combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance group (P = 0.044), as did 2-h glucose in people in the isolated impaired glucose tolerance group (P = 0.0014) after adjustment for age, sex, medication and weight at baseline, follow-up time and changes in weight, physical activity and diet. When comparing changes in glucose metabolism among people with different degrees of glucose metabolism impairment, fasting glucose concentration was found to have increased in those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance (0.12 mmol/l, 95% Cl 0.05 to 0.19) and it decreased to a greater extent in those with screening-detected Type 2 diabetes (-0.54 mmol/l, 95% Cl -0.69 to -0.39) compared with those with impaired fasting glucose (-0.21 mmol/l, 95% Cl -0.27 to -0.15). Furthermore, 2-h glucose concentration decreased in the isolated impaired glucose tolerance group (-0.82 mmol/l, 95% Cl -1.04 to -0.60), in the combined impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance group (-0.82 mmol/l, 95% Cl -1.07 to -0.58) and in the screening-detected Type 2 diabetes group (-1.52, 95% Cl -1.96 to -1.08) compared with those in the impaired fasting glucose group (0.26 mmol/l, 95% Cl 0.10 to 0.43). Results were statistically significant even after adjustment for covariates (P < 0.001 in all models). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in glucose metabolism differ in people with impaired fasting glucose from those in people with isolated impaired glucose tolerance, people with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance combined and people with screening-detected Type 2 diabetes.

Increasing incidence of bullous pemphigoid in Northern Finland: a retrospective database study in Oulu University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease of elderly people. Some studies have suggested that the incidence of BP has increased, but the diagnostic accuracy and methodology of studies have varied considerably. OBJECTIVES: To examine the incidence of BP in Northern Finland, and whether the incidence has changed over time. METHODS: This was a retrospective database study of all BP cases diagnosed in the Oulu University Hospital, Finland between 1985 and 2009. The diagnostic criteria were clinical features characteristic of BP (all patients) and positive direct or indirect immunofluorescence in the skin biopsy. The age-standardized incidences were calculated by the direct standardization method. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated by the Poisson regression model. To derive adjusted IRRs, age and sex were used as potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The crude incidence of BP was 17 per 1 million person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 15-20] between 1985 and 2009. Using the general European population as a reference, the age-standardized incidence was 14 per 1 million person-years (95% CI 12-17). The incidence of BP increased 1·8-fold (IRR 1·8, 95% CI 1·3-2·6; P < 0·001) in 2005-09 compared with the mean incidence of BP between 1985 and 2004, but after the adjustment for age and sex the increase was 1·4-fold (IRR 1·4, 95% CI 1·0-2·0; P = 0·043). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study with immunohistologically verified BP diagnoses that reports the increase in the incidence of BP in age- and sex-adjusted populations.

Light physical activity determined by a motion sensor decreases insulin resistance, improves lipid homeostasis and reduces visceral fat in high-risk subjects: PreDiabEx study RCT.

OBJECTIVE: To examine physical activity (PA) thresholds affecting glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations and body fat composition in high-risk patients for type 2 diabetes (T2D). INTERVENTION: A total of 113 subjects of both genders having abnormal glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test were contacted. A total of 78 subjects with age 58.8±10.4 years and body mass index 31.7±5.3 kg m(-2) were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. INTERVENTION consisted of a supervised walking (60 min three times weekly) for 3 months. All the subjects received standard care for PA and weight reduction and wore an accelerometer during the whole wakeful time. RESULTS: Over 80% of the daily steps clustered at an acceleration level of 0.3-0.7 g (2-3 km h(-1) of walking) and were 5870 in the intervention and 4434 in the control group (P<0.029). Between 0 and 3 months no significant changes were observed in fasting and 2-h glucose, body weight or maximal oxygen uptake. In contrast, changes in fasting and 2-h insulin (-3.4 mU l(-1), P=0.035 and -26.6, P=0.003, respectively), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-1.0, P=0.036), total cholesterol (-0.55 mmol l(-1), P=0.041), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-0.36 mmol l(-1), P=0.008) and visceral fat area (-5.5 cm(2), P=0.030) were significantly greater in the intervention than in control subjects. The overall effects of PA were analyzed by quartiles of daily steps of all subjects. There were significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol and visceral fat area between the highest (daily steps over 6520) and the lowest quartile (1780-2810 daily steps). The changes associated with PA remained significant after adjustments of baseline, sex, age and body weight change. CONCLUSION: Habitual and structured PAs with the acceleration levels of 0.3-0.7 g and daily steps over 6520, equivalent to walking at 2-3 km h(-1) for 90 min daily, standing for the relative PA intensity of 30-35% of the maximal oxygen uptake, are clinically beneficial for overweight/obese and physically inactive individuals with a high risk for T2D.

Family history of diabetes and effectiveness of lifestyle counselling on the cardio-metabolic risk profile in individuals at high risk of Type 2 diabetes: 1-year follow-up of the FIN-D2D project.

AIMS: To investigate whether a positive family history of diabetes is associated with the effectiveness of lifestyle counselling on cardio-metabolic risk factors and glucose tolerance status in a 1-year follow-up in a cohort of Finnish men and women at high risk for Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Altogether, 10,149 individuals who had high risk of Type 2 diabetes participated in the implementation programme of the national diabetes prevention programme at baseline. One-year follow-up data were available for 2798 individuals without diabetes. Family history of diabetes was based on self-report. Lifestyle interventions were individual or groups sessions on lifestyle changes. The effectiveness of lifestyle intervention was measured as changes in cardiovascular risk factors, glucose tolerance status and incidence of Type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Family history was associated with the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in men, but not in women. During the 1-year follow-up, body weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and score for 10-year risk for fatal cardiovascular disease (SCORE) decreased and glucose tolerance status improved more in men without a family history of diabetes than in men with a family history of diabetes. Of the participating men and women, 10% and 5% developed Type 2 diabetes, respectively. Family history was not related to the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in either gender. CONCLUSIONS: Men without a family history of diabetes were more successful in responding to lifestyle counselling with regard to cardio-metabolic measurements and glucose tolerance than those with a family history of diabetes. Similar results were not seen in women. In keeping with findings from earlier studies, the prevention of Type 2 diabetes is not influenced by a family history of diabetes.

The association between anxiety and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety frequently accompanies low-grade inflammation-associated conditions like depression, insulin resistance, coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. The association between anxiety and low-grade inflammation is, unlike between depression and low-grade inflammation, a very sparsely studied area in general populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether anxiety symptoms as well as comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with low-grade inflammation at population level. METHODS: The general population-based Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was followed until age 31 (n=2688 males and 2837 females), when the highly sensitive CRP concentrations were measured. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were defined by Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, logistic regression analyses showed that anxiety symptoms alone increased the probability for elevated hs-CRP levels (>3.0mg/L) in males over two-fold (2.19 CI 95% 1.08-4.46), while comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms caused a 1.7-fold (1.76 CI 95% 1.13-2.74) increase in the probability for elevated hs-CRP levels (1.0-3.0mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that anxiety as well as comorbid anxiety and depression can be associated with an increased risk for low-grade inflammation in males at population level.

Serum ghrelin and the prediction of the development of impaired glucose regulation and Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged subjects.

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin is a peptide hormone which has been shown to associate with obesity, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in cross-sectional studies. AIM: To study whether total ghrelin levels have predictive value for the incidence of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) or T2DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects of this prospective follow-up study (no.=201) belonged to a population-based cohort collected in Northern Finland. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and measurements of fasting serum total ghrelin, lipids, blood pressure and body mass index were performed at the beginning and at the end of the study. The mean follow-up time was 5.1 yr. The subjects had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at the beginning of the study. RESULTS: T2DM developed in 6 (3%), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in 6 (3%) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in 35 (17.4%) subjects. The baseline ghrelin concentrations did not differ between the two studied groups: median fasting serum total ghrelin concentration was 733 pg/ml (25th-75th percentiles: 571-961 pg/ml) among those who maintained NGT, and 661 pg/ml (25th-75th percentiles: 527- 878 pg/ml) among those who developed IGR (IFG and/or IGT) or T2DM (p=0.421). The baseline ghrelin concentrations did not explain the changes in the 0-h or 2-h blood glucose concentrations in regression models. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that fasting serum total ghrelin levels measured at one time point might not have predictive value for the development of abnormalities in glucose tolerance.

Despite evidence-based guidelines, systolic blood pressure remains inadequately controlled in older hypertensive adults.

We aimed to assess the trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Finnish men and women aged 60-74 years. Three independent cross-sectional population surveys were conducted in 1997, 2002 and 2007 in the province of North Karelia and the region of Helsinki-Vantaa. Random samples were selected from the national population register. The total number of participants was 3282. In 2007, the prevalence of hypertension was 79% in men and 78% in women. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) (in men, 151 mm Hg in 1997, 148 mm Hg in 2002 and 149 mm Hg in 2007; in women 150, 149 and 149 mm Hg, respectively) and prevalence of hypertension (77% in 1997, 74% in 2002 and 79% in 2007 in men; 75, 75 and 78% in women, respectively) remained stable. The mean diastolic blood pressure (BP) decreased in both genders. Awareness of hypertension increased from 60 to 71% in men (P<0.001 for trend) and from 66 to 76% (P=0.012) in women. The prevalence of antihypertensive drug treatment among hypertensive people increased from 35 to 56% in both genders (P<0.001). The proportion of treated hypertensive patients with adequately controlled BP increased from 16 to 32% in men (P<0.001) and from 16 to 30% in women (P=0.003). Hypertension care in older adults has improved in Finland during 1997 to 2007. The situation is not optimal: the main problem in this age group is high SBP.

Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms. METHOD: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a 7-year follow-up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program--Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle-aged population-based sample (n = 1294). RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5-fold risk (95% CI: 1.2-5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI >or=10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow-up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09-22.20). In men, there was no risk difference. CONCLUSION: The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS.

Left ventricular hypertrophy by Sokolow-Lyon voltage criterion predicts mortality in overweight hypertensive subjects.

In view of the low sensitivity of Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria in the assessment of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG LVH) in overweight subjects, we determined its clinical utility in 1840 lean and 3555 overweight subjects with hypertension. They were followed prospectively over an average of 11 years by the Department of Health and Social Security Hypertension Care Computer Project. LVH was determined at baseline using the Sokolow-Lyon criterion that is, the amplitude voltage SV1+(max RV5 or RV6) > or =3.5 mV. Overweight status was defined as body mass index (BMI) > or =25 kg m(-2). Prevalence of ECG LVH was 16% in lean and 12% in overweight women, 35 and 20% in lean and overweight men. For each 0.1 mV increase in ECG voltage as a continuous variable, the age and sex adjusted risk of stroke, coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality increased significantly by 3.0, 1.5 and 1.8% in overweight subjects and by 2.8, 1.8 and 2.4% in lean subjects. After additional adjustments for smoking, blood glucose and serum cholesterol concentration in a subgroup of 654 lean and 1281 overweight subjects with complete information on these variables, an increasing voltage still significantly predicted stroke and CVD mortality in overweight subjects. The excess high risk of dying was evident especially in women with LVH in the highest BMI quartiles. When ECG detects LVH in overweight subjects, it is a good predictor of mortality despite the lower sensitivity in this group.

Levels of adiponectin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist are associated with insulin sensitivity: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the relationship of insulin sensitivity (assessed with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, QUICKI) to adiponectin and pro-inflammatory markers, levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra). METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Study population (N=923, i.e 411 men and 512 women) included five different population-based age groups (born in 1942, 1947, 1952, 1957 and 1962), [mean age 46 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 26 kg/m(2)]. Study protocol included an interview and measurements of anthropometric parameters and glucose, insulin, adiponectin, hs-CRP and IL-1 Ra. RESULTS: Correlation (r) between QUICKI and adiponectin level was 0.334 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.275-0.392] and partial correlation adjusted for gender, BMI, smoking status, physical activity and age was 0.247 (95% CI, 0.185-0.308). There was negative correlation between QUICKI and IL-1 Ra (r= -0.385; 95% CI, -0.440 to -0.328) which remained statistically significant after the adjustment for confounding factors (r= -0.178; 95% CI, -0.240 to -0.113). Similarly, QUICKI was negatively correlated with hs-CRP (r= -0.241; 95% CI, -0.302 to -0.178), but after the adjustment it lost its statistical significance. There was a statistically significant gender difference (p=0.018) in correlation between QUICKI and IL-1 Ra levels (men: r= -0.348; 95% CI, -0.436 to - 0.261; women r= -0.500; 95% CI, -0.537 to -0.398). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that adiponectin level and markers of low-grade inflammation are related to insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin and IL-1 Ra levels might be better markers of the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes than hs-CRP.

Risk of dementia associated with the ApoE epsilon4 allele and falls causing head injury without explicit traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: Severe head injury (HI) and the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon4 allele are risk factors for dementia. The corresponding effect of falls causing HI without explicit traumatic brain injury (TBI) in association with the ApoE epsilon4 is not known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Altogether 134 persons aged 70 years or older constituted a retrospective population sample, who scored > or =26 in the MiniMental State Examination (MMSE) test at baseline and were clinically examined for dementia 9 years afterward. Fall-related HI causing superficial laceration or bruises or wounds that require suturing were prospectively recorded during the 9-year follow-up. We used Cox regression with age at the diagnosis of dementia as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (21%) subjects had falls causing HI without explicit TBI, the ApoE epsilon4 allele was seen in 44 (33%), and clinical dementia was diagnosed in 25 (19%). Adjusted for the baseline MMSE score, sex and educational status, the hazard ratio for subsequent dementia in subjects having falls with HI without explicit TBI and the ApoE epsilon4 allele as compared with those who do not possess these characteristics was 2.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-7.16). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this small retrospective study, falls with HI without explicit TBI in connection with the ApoE epsilon4 allele is associated with subsequent dementia among older adults.

Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort.

The association between insulin resistance (IR) and depression is a subject of growing research interest, especially as previous population-based studies have presented conflicting findings. The present study extends our understanding about the putative impact of the severity of depressive symptoms on this association and it provides further epidemiological evidence in support of earlier findings, suggesting that the association between IR and depression is present already in young adult males. To determine the impact of the severity of depressive symptoms on the putative association between IR and depression in young adult males, we were given access to the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort database. During the 31-year follow-up survey of this genetically homogeneous birth cohort, IR was assessed by 'Qualitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index' (QUICKI), and severity of depressive symptoms by 'Hopkins' Symptom Checklist-25' (HSCL-25). This study involved 2,609 male cohort members with complete variable information. In men, the means of the QUICKI-values decreased (i.e., IR increased) in line with the increased severity of depressive symptoms as assessed by HSCL-25 subgroups (analysis of covariance P-value for trend, P=0.003). In multivariate generalized logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for confounders, IR was positively associated with current severe depressive symptoms, the odds ratio (OR) being over threefold (adjusted OR 3.15, 95% confidence interval 1.48-6.68) and the value of OR increased in parallel with a tighter definition of IR (P-value for trend=0.007). The results indicate that in young males, a positive association exists specifically with severe depressive symptoms.