Probucol-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Otic Formulations: Stability and In Vitro Assessments for Hearing Loss Treatment.

Targeted drug delivery is an ongoing aspect of scientific research that is expanding through the design of micro- and nanoparticles. In this paper, we focus on spray dried microparticles as carriers for a repurposed lipophilic antioxidant (probucol). We characterise the microparticles and quantify probucol prior to assessing cytotoxicity on both control and cisplatin treated hair cells (known as House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1; HEI-OC1). The addition of water-soluble polymers to 2% ß-cyclodextrin resulted in a stable probucol formulation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) used as formulation excipient increases probucol miscibility and microparticle drug content. Formulation characterisations reveals spray drying results in spherical UDCA-drug microparticles with a mean size distribution of ∼5-12 µm. Probucol microparticles show stable short-term storage conditions accounting for only ∼10% loss over seven days. By mimicking cell culture conditions, both UDCA-probucol (67%) and probucol only (82%) microparticles show drug release in the initial two hours. Furthermore, probucol formulations with or without UDCA preserve cell viability and reduce cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. Mitochondrial bioenergetics results in lower basal respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration, with higher maximal respiration, spare capacity, ATP production and proton leak within cisplatin challenged UDCA-probucol groups. Overall, we present a facile method for incorporating lipophilic antioxidant carriers in polymer-based particles that are tolerated by HEI-OC1 cells and show stable drug release, sufficient in reducing cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation.

Size Distributions of Microplastics in the St Louis Estuary and Western Lake Superior.

Identifying the sources and fate of microplastics in natural systems has garnered a great deal of attention because of their implications for ecosystem health. This work characterizes the size fraction, morphology, color, and polymer composition of microplastics in western Lake Superior and its adjacent harbor sampled in August and September 2021. The results reveal that the overall microplastic counts are similar, with the harbor stations ranging from 0.62 to 3.32 microplastics per liter and the lake stations ranged from 0.83 to 1.4 microplastics per liter. However, meaningful differences between the sample locations can be seen in the size fraction trends and polymer composition. Namely, the harbor samples had relatively larger amounts of the largest size fraction and more diversity of polymer types, which can be attributed to the urbanized activity and shorter water residence time. Power law size distribution modeling reveals deviations that help in the understanding of potential sources and removal mechanisms, although it significantly underpredicts microplastic counts for smaller-sized particles (5-45 µm), as determined by comparison with concurrently collected microplastic samples enumerated by Nile Red staining and flow cytometry.

Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors with Depressive Symptoms and Mood Disturbance Throughout Pregnancy.

Purpose: Mental health is critical for a healthy pregnancy, yet few studies have evaluated its associations with best practice, objectively measured moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) or sedentary behavior (SED). This study evaluated associations of MVPA and SED with mental health across pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Two cohort studies (total n = 125, mean [standard deviation] 31 [5] years, and 14.4% Black) measured MVPA (waist-worn ActiGraph GT3X) and SED (thigh-mounted activPAL) as well as self-reported depressive symptoms and mood disturbance in each trimester. Associations of group-based trajectories of MVPA and SED with depressive symptoms and mood disturbance were analyzed using regression analyses, both overall and by trimester. Results: Overall, the medium versus low trajectory of MVPA was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (B = -1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.97 to -0.68). In the second trimester, women in either the medium or high MVPA trajectories had lower levels of depressive symptoms compared with women in the low MVPA trajectory (B = -8.73, 95% CI -15.74 to -1.71; and B = -2.18, 95% CI -3.80 to -0.56). SED trajectories were not associated with depressive symptoms. Higher trajectories of MVPA and lower trajectories of SED were associated with lower total mood disturbance, with significant associations in the second trimester for MVPA and the first and second trimesters for SED. Higher MVPA trajectories were associated with higher tension, fatigue, and confusion subscales, while higher SED trajectories were associated with higher anger and fatigue and lower esteem and vigor subscales. Conclusions: MVPA and SED levels appear to affect mental health during pregnancy, although larger prospective studies are warranted. Clinical Trail Registration Number: NCT03084302.

Bile Acid Application in Cell-Targeting for Molecular Receptors in Relation to Hearing: A Comprehensive Review.

Bile acids play important roles in the human body, and changes in their pool can be used as markers for various liver pathologies. In addition to their functional effects in modulating inflammatory responses and cellular survivability, the unconjugated or conjugated, secondary, or primary nature of bile acids accounts for their various ligand effects. The common hydrophilic bile acids have been used successfully as local treatment to resolve drug-induced cell damage or to ameliorate hearing loss. From various literature references, bile acids show concentration and tissue-dependent effects. Some hydrophobic bile acids act as ligands modulating vitamin D receptors, muscarinic receptors, and calcium-activated potassium channels, important proteins in the inner ear system. Currently, there are limited resources investigating the therapeutic effects of bile acid on hearing loss and little to no information on detecting bile acids in the remote ear system, let alone baseline bile acid levels and their prevalence in healthy and disease conditions. This review presents both hydrophilic and hydrophobic human bile acids and their tissue-specific effects in modulating cellular integrity, thus considering the possible effects and extended therapeutic applicability of bile acids to the inner ear tissue.

UV Light Degradation of Polylactic Acid Kickstarts Enzymatic Hydrolysis.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and bioplastics alike have a designed degradability to avoid the environmental buildup that petroplastics have created. Yet, this designed biotic-degradation has typically been characterized in ideal conditions. This study seeks to relate the abiotic to the biotic degradation of PLA to accurately represent the degradation pathways bioplastics will encounter, supposing their improper disposal in the environment. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to study the biodegradation of PLA with varying stages of photoaging. Utilizing a fluorescent tag to follow enzyme hydrolysis, it was determined that increasing the amount of irradiation yielded greater amounts of total enzymatic hydrolysis by proteinase K after 8 h of enzyme incubation. While photoaging of the polymers causes minimal changes in chemistry and increasing amounts of crystallinity, the trends in biotic degradation appear to primarily be driven by photoinduced reduction in molecular weight. The relationship between photoaging and enzyme hydrolysis appears to be independent of enzyme type, though commercial product degradation may be impacted by the presence of additives. Overall, this work reveals the importance of characterizing biodegradation with relevant samples that ultimately can inform optimization of production and disposal.

Study Design and Protocol of the Multisite Pregnancy 24/7 Cohort Study.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and other adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are associated with an increased risk of future maternal cardiovascular disease. Physical activity during pregnancy reduces the risk of these APOs, yet few meet physical activity guidelines during pregnancy. Little is known about the role of sedentary behavior or sleep in APOs, a critical gap in knowledge given these behaviors comprise the majority of a 24-hour day. To address this knowledge gap, the Pregnancy 24/7 cohort study (2020-2025) uses 2 devices for 24-hour activity assessment in each trimester of pregnancy to examine associations of sedentary behavior, sleep, and the 24-hour activity cycle (composition of sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep) with hypertensive disorders and other APOs. Participants (n = 500) are recruited from the University of Iowa, University of Pittsburgh, and West Virginia University in early pregnancy and followed through delivery. The activPAL3 micro and Actiwatch Spectrum Plus are worn in each trimester for 7 days of 24-hour wear to assess the 24-hour activity cycle. APOs are abstracted from medical charts. This study will provide critical data to fuel future research examining how modifying the 24-hour activity cycle in pregnancy can improve maternal health.

Quantification of Polymer Surface Degradation Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

One solution to minimizing plastic pollution is to improve reuse and recycling strategies. Recycling, however, is limited by the overall degradation of plastics being used, and current techniques for monitoring this plastic degradation fail to observe this in its early stages, which is key for optimizing reusability. This research seeks to develop an inexpensive, reproducible, and nondestructive technique for monitoring degradation of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) materials using Nile red as a fluorescent probe. Changes in Nile red's fluorescence spectra were observed upon exposure to stained, aged PE and PP samples. As the surface hydrophobicity of the plastic decreases, Nile red's fluorescence signal undergoes a corresponding signal shift to longer wavelengths (lower energy). The trends seen in the fluorescent profile were related to more commonly used measurements of plastic degradation, namely, the carbonyl index from infrared spectroscopy and bulk crystallinity from calorimetry. Results demonstrate clear trends in fluorescence spectra shifts as related to the chemical and physical changes to the plastics, with trends dependent on the polymer type but independent of polymer film thickness. The strength of this technique is divided into two defined fits of the fluorescence signal; one fit characterizes the degradation throughout the whole range of degradative oxidation and the other is tailored to provide insight into the early stages of degradation. Overall, this work establishes a characterization tool that assesses the extent of plastics' degradation, which may ultimately impact our ability to recover plastics and minimize plastic waste.

Sewage sludge induces changes in the surface chemistry and crystallinity of polylactic acid and polyethylene films.

Plastic pollution is a major threat facing our environment. To understand the full effects, we must first characterize how plastics break down in environmental systems. Heretofore, there has been little work examining how exposure to sewage sludge facilitates the degradation of plastics, particularly of plastics that have been previously weathered. Herein, we characterize how the crystallinity, surface chemistry, and morphology of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene (PE) films change due to sludge exposure. In this work, sludge-induced changes in carbonyl index were found to depend on the level of prior exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The carbonyl indices of un-irradiated films increased while those of UV-aged films decreased after 35 days of sludge exposure. In addition, the carbon­oxygen and hydroxyl bond indices of PE films increased with sludge exposure, suggesting the surface oxidation of PE. As for PLA, crystallinity was found to increase with sludge exposure, consistent with a chain scission mechanism. This work will help to predict the behavior of plastic films after transfer from wastewater to sewage sludge.

Brachial-femoral pulse wave velocity in 2-4-year-old children: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression occurs across the lifespan. However, available measures of CVD risk in young children are limited. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is a gold-standard, noninvasive measure of CVD risk that has been studied in children ages 6-18 years. Yet, cfPWV has been measured to a lesser extent in younger children, a population whose temperament or attention span may pose unique challenges. Brachial-femoral PWV (bfPWV) may be feasible, more acceptable, and could provide similar CVD risk assessment to cfPWV in younger children. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of bfPWV measurement in children ages 2-4 years including assessment of comparability of bfPWV to cfPWV normative data. METHODS: In 10 children (mean 2.9 ± 0.5 years), oscillometric cuffs were placed on the upper thigh and upper arm. Following a 5-min rest, cuffs were inflated to a subdiastolic pressure three times, and waveforms were captured. Procedures were repeated after a 15-min rest. Measured values were compared to age-predicted cfPWV extrapolated from published normative data in children 6-18 years of age. RESULTS: We successfully obtained at least one acceptable quality bfPWV scan in all participants. Among the subset with a repeated measurement ( n = 5), mean (SD) difference between measurements was 0.013 (0.28) m/s. Mean bfPWV was slightly higher than age-predicted cfPWV (observed: 4.55 m/s; predicted: 3.99 m/s; P = 0.012) with larger residuals among younger children and those not reclined in a chair during measurement. CONCLUSION: bfPWV appears to be feasible tool for noninvasive CVD risk assessment in children ages 2-4 years.

Photodegradation of polyolefin thin films in simulated freshwater conditions.

Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are commonly used polyolefins in a variety of applications, which have resulted in their accumulation in the environment. Once in the environment, these polymers undergo various chemical and physical transformations as the result of environmental stressors such as sunlight. While photodegradation has been studied for decades, there are key gaps in knowledge on the phototransformations of polyolefins that occur under aqueous conditions. Therefore, the goal of this study is to characterize the phototransformations of PP and PE in simulated freshwater conditions. Polymer thin films were irradiated with 254 nm and 350 nm UV light in air, ultra-pure water, and solutions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to simulate natural systems. Irradiated plastics were evaluated for oxidation and chain scission. It was observed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that oxidation in aqueous environments happened at a slower rate compared to oxidations in air. However, photo-oxidation was accelerated in the presence of DOM compared to ultrapure water, with singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical causing varied amounts of degradation depending on the polymer. The vinyl characteristic, a chain scission product, revealed an increased yield but the reaction rate showed that these photoproducts were more likely to occur when oxidation is less favorable. Compared to naturally weathered samples, lab observed transformations were on par with naturally degraded samples and support the importance of the in-lab measurements. This work quantifies the extent and rate of photodegradation pathways in PP and PE to demonstrate the importance of photodegradation in aquatic systems.

Concurrent Agreement Between ActiGraph and activPAL for Measuring Physical Activity in Pregnant Women and Office Workers.

Introduction: Current best practice for objective measurement of sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) requires two separate devices. This study assessed concurrent agreement between the ActiGraph GT3X and the activPAL3 micro for measuring MVPA to determine if activPAL can accurately measure MVPA in addition to its known capacity to measure sedentary behavior. Methods: Forty participants from two studies, including pregnant women (n = 20) and desk workers (n = 20), provided objective measurement of MVPA from waist-worn ActiGraph GT3X and thigh-worn activPAL micro3. MVPA from the GT3X was compared with MVPA from the activPAL using metabolic equivalents of task (MET)- and step-based data across three epochs. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analyses, overall and by study sample, compared MVPA minutes per day across methods. Results: Mean estimates of activPAL MVPA ranged from 22.7 to 35.2 (MET based) and 19.7 to 25.8 (step based) minutes per day, compared with 31.4 min/day (GT3X). MET-based MVPA had high agreement with GT3X, intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from .831 to .875. Bland-Altman analyses revealed minimal bias between 15- and 30-s MET-based MVPA and GT3X MVPA (-3.77 to 8.63 min/day, p > .10) but with wide limits of agreement (greater than ±27 min). Step-based MVPA had moderate to high agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient: .681-.810), but consistently underestimated GT3X MVPA (bias: 5.62-11.74 min/day, p < .02). For all methods, activPAL appears to better estimate GT3X at lower quantities of MVPA. Results were similar when repeated separately by pregnant women and desk workers. Conclusion: activPAL can measure MVPA in addition to sedentary behavior, providing an option for concurrent, single device monitoring. MET-based MVPA using 30-s activPAL epochs provided the best estimate of GT3X MVPA in pregnant women and desk workers.

Priority Areas for Child Diaper Access: Low-Income Neighborhoods with Limited Retail Access to the Basic Need of Diapers.

Introduction: Although a requirement for the health and hygiene of young children, millions of US families with low-incomes have unmet needs for diapers. The present study explored retail options in Durham County, NC for purchasing diapers in low-income neighborhoods in effort to increase our understanding of the overall context of diaper need. Methods: During June 2018, we visited 63 retailers selling 2460 child diaper products in 29 census tracts with a median household income ≤200% of the federal poverty guideline. Corner stores were the only retailers to sell products without original packaging, including one corner store selling loose diapers for $1.49 each. Next, we calculated bus routes to determine accessibility of the retailer with the lowest prices and greatest selection. One-way bus travel from all other census tracts to a big-box store required taking two buses combined with an average of 11 min walking for an average travel time of 43 min. We deemed census tracts as "priority areas for diaper access" when they were characterized as: (1) low income and (2) low access with no retailer selling all of the 10 most common child diaper sizes. Results: Nearly half (n=13) of the census tracts in our sample met our criteria for priority areas. We compared neighborhood characteristics of priority areas with all other county census tracts. Families living in priority areas were statistically significantly more likely to: identify as Black or African American, face challenges affording housing costs, have homes or automobiles in need of repair, experience neighborhood violence, and have less educational attainment.

Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a single-arm, remotely-delivered health coaching intervention to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behavior concurrently in pregnancy may be an ideal strategy to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications. We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a single-arm, remotely-delivered health coaching intervention to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in pregnancy. METHODS: Women (n = 34) between 8 and 12 weeks gestation were recruited to take part in the INcreasing Steps in PREgnancy (INSPiRE) study. Participants were given an activity tracker (Fitbit Inspire) and met virtually with their health coach throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Feasibility was based on enrollment, retention, and adherence rates. Acceptance was assessed using a process evaluation survey. Intervention efficacy was based on activPAL data obtained at baseline and the end of the second trimester. RESULTS: Feasibility objectives were met, with greater than 70% enrollment, 97% retention, and 99% adherence. All participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. ActivPAL data indicated statistically significant increases in daily steps (+ 1715.8 steps/day, Cohen's d = 0.97), stepping time (+ 1.9%, d = 0.75), standing time (+ 2.3%, d = 0.29), and decreases in total sedentary time (- 4.2%, d = 0.43) and sedentary bouts of 30 minutes (- 4.1%, d = 0.36) from baseline to the end of the second trimester, all p < 0.05. Decreases were also observed in sedentary bouts of 60 minutes (- 3.9%, d = 0.40), but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The INSPiRE study demonstrated feasibility, high acceptability, and preliminary efficacy for improving movement behaviors in women during pregnancy, supporting future testing in a randomized controlled trial.

Patterns in Prenatal Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Associations With Blood Pressure and Placental Features in the MoMHealth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SED) are associated with blood pressure (BP) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The authors investigated associations of prenatal MVPA and SED patterns with BP and with placental malperfusion features. METHODS: Women enrolled in this prospective cohort study in the first trimester. MVPA, SED, and BP were measured objectively each trimester. MVPA and SED trajectories were constructed. Placental examinations were conducted in a subset. Associations of trajectories with BPs were assessed with linear regression adjusted for age, race, education, prepregnancy body mass index, and gestational age. Associations with placental malperfusion lesions and weight were adjusted for key covariates. RESULTS: One hundred eleven participants were included; placental exams were available in 50. Participants with high (vs low) SED were younger and more likely to have adverse pregnancy outcomes. High SED (vs low) was associated with higher first trimester systolic (ß = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.0 to 10.6) and diastolic (ß = 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 8.6) and higher second trimester diastolic (ß = 4.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 8.2) BP. Medium and high MVPA groups were associated with lower postpartum diastolic BP. Trajectories were not associated with placental malperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: MVPA and SED patterns were differentially associated with prenatal and postpartum BP. Encouraging favorable levels of both might help women achieve lower BP during and after pregnancy.

Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior before and during pregnancy and cardiometabolic outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how physical activity and sedentary behavior change from pre-pregnancy to pregnancy, and if pre-pregnancy and pregnancy physical activity and sedentary behavior are related to gestational weight gain, blood pressure, or blood glucose across pregnancy. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of two prospective cohort studies. SETTING: Prenatal research centers in Pittsburgh, PA and Iowa City, IA. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant individuals (n=131), 18-45 years old, of any BMI, with no medical condition limiting physical activity or use of hypertension/diabetes medications. METHODS: Participants self-reported physical activity and sedentary behavior pre-pregnancy and in each trimester using validated questionnaires. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and weight were obtained from study visits and/or electronic medical records. Multivariable regression examined associations between pre-pregnancy, trimester-specific, and changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior with weight gain and blood pressure outcomes in each trimester, and blood glucose in the second trimester. RESULTS: Compared to pre-pregnancy, physical activity was lower in each trimester, and sedentary behavior was higher in each trimester (p<0.05). Increasing physical activity from pre-pregnancy levels was associated with lower first trimester SBP (p<0.05). Unexpectedly, higher pre-pregnancy physical activity was associated with higher SBP in the first trimester (p=0.02) and higher weight gain in the third trimester (p=0.02). Higher and increasing sedentary behavior was associated with greater weight gain in the third trimester (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Future research should investigate the opportune time (before or during pregnancy) to deliver behavior modification interventions that could prevent excessive gestational weight gain or elevated blood pressure to improve maternal health outcomes.

Maternal Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity across Pregnancy and Early Childhood Growth.

Background: Evidence suggests in utero exposures are related to lifespan health of the offspring. Whether maternal activity profile during pregnancy impacts offspring health remains unknown. Methods: This follow-up study recruited mothers with objectively measured sedentary behavior (SED) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) from a previous cohort study. Maternal activity was analyzed across pregnancy (trajectory groups) and continuously by trimester. Offspring anthropometrics up to 24 months were abstracted from medical records (n = 62). Outcomes included childhood growth rate (incremental rate of BMI z-score change up to 24 months) and rapid growth (increased BMI z-score >0.67 at 12 months). Associations of maternal activity with growth rate were examined using mixed linear models and rapid growth using generalized linear models. Results: Forty percent of participants were in the high SED and 20% in the high MVPA trajectories during pregnancy. Higher SED, across pregnancy [slope (95% confidence interval; CI): 0.080 (0.024-0.061) ΔBMI z-score/month] and in the first trimester [standardized beta; std ß (95% CI): 0.017 (0.007-0.026)], was related to accelerated growth rate. Higher MVPA, in the second and third trimesters, was associated with accelerated growth rate [std ß (95% CI): trimester 2: 0.013 (0.002-0.024) and trimester 3:0.011 (0.003-0.020)] and greater risk of rapid growth [risk ratio (95% CI): trimester 2: 1.25 (1.009-1.555) and trimester 3: 1.25 (1.056-1.475)]. Conclusions: These findings add to growing evidence on the deleterious effects of high SED during pregnancy. The increased risk for accelerated growth with higher MVPA elicits further investigation. Overall, maternal activity profile shows promise as a modifiable behavior to improve intergenerational health.

Associations of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time with pregnancy-specific health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE: To examine associations of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SED) with pregnancy-specific health-related quality of life (QoL) across pregnancy trimesters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women (N=131, mean age 30.9 years ± 4.9) were recruited from two large health care systems in the United States. MVPA and SED were estimated using a waist-worn ActiGraph GT3X and thigh-worn activPAL3 micro, respectively, for seven days in each trimester of pregnancy. Questionnaires were administered in each trimester to assess pregnancy-specific health-related QoL using the Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy Specific health Related Quality of Life (NVPQoL) questionnaire. Mixed effects linear regression examined associations of MVPA and SED with the NVPQoL total score and domain-specific scores (physical symptoms, fatigue, emotions, and limitations) across trimesters. RESULTS: The NVPQoL total score and domain-specific scores significantly varied across trimesters, with highest scores (indicating worse QoL) observed in the first trimester and lowest scores (indicating better QoL) in the second trimester. A 1-standard deviation (SD) increment in MVPA (16.0 min/day or 1.8%) was associated with better QoL as indicated by the lower NVPQoL total score (ß=-4.06, p=0.024) and limitations score (ß = -2.80, p<0.001). A 1-SD increment in SED (1.5 hr/day or 10.0%) was associated with worse QoL as indicated by the higher fatigue score (ß = 0.82, p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy-specific health-related QoL varies across trimesters. Both lower SED, and to a greater extent higher MVPA are potential behavioral targets for improving pregnancy-specific health-related QoL.

Measurement of Barriers, Attitudes, and Expectations for Sitting Less in Pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop, validate, and describe findings from an instrument to measure barriers, attitudes, and outcome expectations of sitting less in pregnant women. METHODS: This validation (sub-study 1) and descriptive study (sub-study 2) evaluated a new questionnaire measuring sedentary time in pregnant women (N=131) in each trimester. RESULTS: In sub-study 1, construct validity was supported by associations between device-measured sedentary time and questionnaire scores. An optimized questionnaire removed infrequently reported and non-correlated items. The original and optimized questionnaires with scoring instructions are provided. In sub-study 2, physical symptoms and work were most commonly reported as major reasons for sitting in pregnancy, followed by leisure, family, and social activities. Some women reported limiting sitting due to boredom/restlessness, to improve energy or health, and to control weight. In the third trimester, some women reported sitting more/less due to pain and encouragement from family, friends, and co-workers. Few women reported household chores or pregnancy risks as reasons to sit, felt sitting was healthy or necessary during pregnancy, or were encouraged to sit by healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: The developed questionnaire demonstrated validity and identified barriers to and expectations of sitting less during pregnancy. Prenatal interventions to reduce sitting should address general and pregnancy-specific barriers.

Maternal Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity across Pregnancy and Early Childhood Motor Development.

Early childhood motor development is an important indicator of short- and long-term health. In utero exposures impact offspring health across the lifespan; however, whether maternal activity during pregnancy may impact early childhood motor development remains unknown. This prospective cohort study measured the motor development skills of n = 70 children born to mothers from a previously conducted cohort study which objectively measured activity profile, (sedentary behavior (SED) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), across pregnancy. Mothers reported the motor development of their child using the Early Motor Questionnaire (EMQ). Linear regression models examined associations between maternal activity profile and EMQ scores. Maternal SED and MVPA were analyzed in two ways: trimester-specific and across pregnancy using trajectory groups. Children were 12-30 months of age, majority white (82%), and 52% male. Maternal SED during pregnancy was not associated with any EMQ domains (gross motor, fine motor, and perception action). Higher maternal MVPA, across pregnancy by trajectory group and in the first and second trimesters, was significantly associated with moderate-sized effects of more advanced fine motor and perception action scores. Higher MVPA in early pregnancy appears to be related to more advanced early childhood motor development. Therefore, maternal MVPA may be a modifiable behavior by which short- and long-term offspring health may be impacted.

The effect of plastic additives on Shewanella oneidensis growth and function.

Plastic waste has the potential for significant consequences on various ecosystems; yet, there are gaps in our understanding of the interaction of bacteria with polymer additives. We studied the impact of representative additive molecules to the viability and cell function of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Specifically, we explored the toxicity of three bisphenols (bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and tetrabromo bisphenol A (TBBPA)) and two diesters (dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)) in order to evaluate the generalizability of toxicity based on similar molecular structures. TBBPA caused significant, dose-dependent decreases in viability for acute (4 h) exposures in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. While the other 4 additives showed no significant toxicity upon 4 h exposures, chronic (2 day) anaerobic exposures revealed a significant impact to growth. BPA and BPS cause a significant decrease in growth rates for all exposure doses (8-131 µM) while DBS and DIBP had decreases in growth for the lowest exposure concentrations, though recovered to growth rates similar to the control at the highest concentrations. This highlights that S. oneidensis may have the ability to use the diesters as a carbon source if present in high enough concentrations. Riboflavin secretion was monitored as a marker of cellular health. Most additives stimulated riboflavin secretion as a survival response. Yet, there was no generalizable trend observed for these molecules, indicating the importance of considering the nuances of molecular structure to toxicity responses and the need for further work to understand the consequences of plastic waste in our environment.