Epithelial salivary gland tumors in pediatric patients: An international collaborative study.

OBJECTIVE: Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are a diverse group of uncommon neoplasms that are rare in pediatric patients. This study aimed to characterize the clinicopathological profile of pediatric patients affected by SGT from a large case series derived from an international group of academic centers. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with SGT (0-19 years old) diagnosed between 2000 and 2021 from Brazil, South Africa, and the United Kingdom was performed. SPSS Statistics for Windows was used for a quantitative analysis of the data, with a descriptive analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics and the association between clinical variables and diagnoses. RESULTS: A total of 203 cases of epithelial SGT were included. Females were slightly more commonly (56.5%), with a mean age of 14.1 years. The palate was the most common site (43.5%), followed by the parotid gland (29%), lip (10%), and submandibular gland (7.5%). The predominant clinical presentation was a flesh-colored, smooth, and painless nodule. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) was the most frequently diagnosed SGT (58.6%), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (26.6%). Surgery (90.8%) was the favored treatment option. CONCLUSIONS: Benign SGT in pediatric patients are more commonly benign than malignant tumors. Clinicians should keep PA and MEC in mind when assessing nodular lesions of possible salivary gland origin in pediatric patients.

Adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid is molecularly different from ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors.

BACKGROUND: Adenoid ameloblastoma is a rare epithelial neoplasm, histologically characterized by the presence of ameloblastoma-like features, duct-like structures, epithelial whorls, and cribriform architecture. Dentinoid material is usually present. Some advocate adenoid ameloblastoma is an ameloblastoma variant. However, there are overlapping features not only with ameloblastoma, but also with adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Most ameloblastomas are characterized by the presence of BRAF p.V600E mutations and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors harbor signature KRAS mutations. The molecular features of adenoid ameloblastoma remain unknown. METHODS: Nine adenoid ameloblastoma cases were screened by TaqMan allele-specific qPCR to assess BRAF p.V600E, ameloblastoma signature mutation, and KRAS p.G12V and p.G12R, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor signature mutations. RESULTS: BRAF and KRAS mutations were not detected in any of the adenoid ameloblastoma cases. CONCLUSION: The molecular results support adenoid ameloblastoma as an entity distinct from adenomatoid odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma.

An audit of cytopathology in the oral and maxillofacial region: 18 years of experience.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to perform an audit of oral and maxillofacial specimens submitted for cytological diagnosis to verify the importance of this complementary examination. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of our institutional cytopathology database was performed over an 18-year period. Clinical information and cytological data were collected. Associations between independent variables and outcomes were assessed using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's test, with a 5% significance level. When available, the histological diagnosis was compared with cytological diagnosis to identify the percentage of agreement and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of cytology in identifying malignant neoplasms. RESULTS: A total of 1082 cases were identified, which included 65 different cytological diagnoses. Exfoliative cytology (EC) was performed in 312 cases (29.1%) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in 770 cases (70.9%). EC was mainly employed to diagnose oral infectious diseases (P < 0.001) and FNAC to diagnose neoplasms, cystic, reactive and miscellaneous lesions (P < 0.001). Cell-block was performed in 555 FNAC cases (51.3%). Panoptic, Papanicolaou and haematoxylin-eosin staining were performed in FNAC and periodic acid-Schiff in EC (P < 0.001). In 211 cases (19.5%), the histological diagnosis was available and the percentage agreement with the cytological diagnosis was 41.2%. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy to identify malignant neoplasms were 84.6%, 100%, 100%, 77.8% and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EC was mainly performed for diagnosis of infectious diseases and FNAC for diagnosis of salivary gland tumours, odontogenic lesions, reactive lesions and cervical metastasis.

Effects of subcutaneous injection of ozone during wound healing in rats.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) regulates the wound repair process and it is secreted by inflammatory and endothelial cells, and by myofibroblasts. This study aimed to establish the expression patterns of FGF2 and myofibroblastic differentiation during wound healing in rats treated with subcutaneous ozone injection. We created full-thickness excisional wounds in rats, and the healing process was analyzed through morphometric analyses and digital quantification of immunoreactivity of smooth muscle actin and FGF2. Ozone therapy-treated wounds presented granulation tissue with a reduced number of inflammatory cells and greater dermal cellularity, and intense collagen deposition. FGF2 immunoreactivity, microvessel density, and amount of myofibroblasts were significantly higher in treated wounds compared to controls. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that subcutaneous injections of ozone accelerate and ameliorate wound repairing process. Moreover, injectable ozone therapy's action mechanism may be associated with FGF2 overexpression.

FGF-2 and FGFR-1 might be independent prognostic factors in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

AIMS: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 are associated with tumour invasiveness, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aims of this study were to investigate FGF-2 expression and FGFR-1 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), and their correlation with OTSCC patients' prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-seven cases were retrospectively selected, including 85 surgical specimens of patients with OTSCC, 46 incisional biopsies of OTSCC, and 36 incisional biopsies of OED. Tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for FGF-2 and FGFR-1, and digitally scored. Elevated scores of FGF-2 and FGFR-1 immunostaining were associated with high-grade OEDs. FGF-2 positivity in the stroma was associated with vascular invasion and a worse prognosis, in both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) analyses, in univariate and multivariate models. FGFR-1 positivity in the stroma was correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. FGFR-1 expression in either the malignant cells or the stroma was strongly correlated with shorter OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that increased FGF-2 expression and increased FGFR-1 expression are associated with high-grade OEDs, and are correlated with the presence of metastasis and adverse outcomes in OTSCC patients.

Distribution of oral and maxillofacial lesions in pediatric patients from a Brazilian southeastern population.

OBJECTIVES: Oral lesions affecting infants account for approximately 10% of all samples from diagnostic services and studies investigating the distribution of these lesions in pediatrics from different geographic areas are desired to improve the diagnostic knowledge of clinicians. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the distribution of oral lesions in a southeastern Brazilian population. METHODS: The oral pathology files of the University of Campinas was retrospectively reviewed for all cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 affecting patients 16-years-old and younger. Data on gender and diagnosis were retrieved from patients' oral pathology reports and included in a Microsoft Excel® database. RESULTS: Out of 34,138 cases, 2539 affected pediatric patients (7.4%) with a higher incidence in those with 13-16 years-old. Salivary gland disease was the most common group of lesions (37.1%), followed by mucosal pathology (13.6%) and odontogenic cysts (11.3%). Mucous extravasation cyst was the most common lesion (36.3%), followed by fibrous hyperplasia (5.6%) and dental follicle (5.2%). Dental lesions were uncommon (7.9%) and malignancies rare (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results were similar to previous studies and the small differences observed were more likely result of methodological variability and characteristics of the service of origin from where samples were collected.

Increased number of Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify the presence of Langerhans cells (LC) in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL), comparing them with normal epithelium. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-six patients with biopsy-proven OLP or OLL were selected for the study, as well as 23 control subjects free of inflammatory conditions. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed using the streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method with CD1a and CD83 primary antibodies. Densities were compared between groups and correlated with microscopic findings. RESULTS: Patients with lichenoid conditions (OLP + OLL) presented higher densities of CD1a(+) cells than the control subjects (P = .03). Higher densities of CD1a were associated with a thinner layer of inflammatory cells (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that OLP and OLL are characterized by the recruitment of LC, which may play a significant role on its pathogenesis.

Fibroma ossificante periférico associado a defeito de furca Classe II em molar superior: relato de caso clínico / Peripheral ossifying fibroma associated with a Class II furcation defect in maxillary molar: a clinical case report Abstract

Introdução: fibroma ossificante periférico (FOP) é uma reação hiperplásica que ocorre exclusivamente na gengiva e afeta frequentemente mulheres. Recorrência não é incomum e a presença de periodontite severa aumenta o risco de recidiva porque os sítios com envolvimento de furca ou defeitos ósseos podem dificultar a completa excisão da lesão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de FOP associado a um defeito de furca Classe II em uma paciente com periodontite. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos de idade, com recorrência de lesão hiperplásica do tecido gengival, que havia sido excisada há 6 meses e diagnosticada como FOP. A lesão apresentava-se como uma massa nodular assintomática na maxila posterior, não-ulcerada, eritematosa, séssil, de consistência firme e endurecida. O exame clínico também mostrou presença de periodontite como manifestação de doença sistêmica. No local da lesão estava presente profundidade de sondagem de 9mm, sangramento à sondagem e defeito de furca Classe II. Ressecção cirúrgica e meticulosa raspagem e alisamento radicular foram realizadas, tomando-se cuidado de remover completamente a lesão. Não houve recidiva da lesão após um ano de acompanhamento, com melhora nos parâmetros clínicos de saúde, tais como redução na profundidade de sondagem para 3mm, ausência de sangramento à sondagem, ganho de inserção clínica e fechamento da furca. Conclusão: dentro dos limites deste relato de caso, pode-se concluir que a ocorrência concomitante do FOP a um envolvimento de furca, devido às características anatômicas desta região, representa um desafio para os clínicos e aumenta o risco de recorrência.

Background: Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a hyperplastic inflammatory reaction that occurs exclusively on gingiva and affects women. Recurrence is not uncommon and the presence of severe periodontitis increases the recurrence risk because sites with furcation involvement or bone defects may complicate the total lesion removal. This paper aims to report a case of POF associated to a class II furcation in a patient with periodontitis. Case report: female patient, 58 years old, with recurrence of gingival tissue growth, which had been excised 6 months earlier and diagnosed as POF. The lesion presented as an asymptomatic nodular mass in the posterior maxilla, non-ulcerated, erythematous, sessile, firm, and non-tender. Clinical examination also showed presence of periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases. At the lesion site was present probing depth of 9mm, bleeding on probing and Class II furcation defect. Surgical resection and meticulous scaling and root planing were performed, taking care to completely exscind the lesion. There was no recurrence of the lesion one year later, with improvement in health clinical parameters, such as reduction in probing depth to 3mm, no bleeding on probe, clinical attachment level gain and furcation closure. Conclusion: Within the limits of this case report, it can be concluded that when POF occurs concurrently with a furcation involvement, because of its anatomical features, it represents a challenge for clinicians and increases the recurrence risk.

HIV-1 anti-retroviral drug effect on the C. albicans hyphal growth rate by a Bio-Cell Tracer system

Declining incidence of oropharyngeal candidosis and opportunistic infections over recent years can be attributed to the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Infection with C. albicans generally involves adherence and colonization of superficial tissues. During this process, budding yeasts are able to transform to hyphae and penetrate into the deep tissue. Using the biocell tracer system, C. albicans hyphal growth was dynamically observed at the cellular level. Ritonavir was effective in the inhibition of hyphal growth with growth rate of 0.8 mum/min. This study showed the in vitro effect of HIV anti-retroviral drug on the growth rate of the C. albicans hyphae.

O declínio na incidência de candidose orofaríngea e infecções oportunistas associadas a infecção pelo HIV tem sido atribuído a introdução da terapia antiretroviral combinada (HAART). Infecção por C. albicans envolve aderência e colonização da mucosa superficial. Durante este processo leveduras são capazes de transformar-se na forma de hifas e penetrar nos tecidos mais profundos. Usando o sistema "Bio-Cell Tracer", o crescimento de hifas de C. albicans foi observado dinamicamente a nível celular. Ritonavir, inibidor de protease do HIV, foi efetivo na inibição do crescimento de hifas com media de 0.8 mim/min.O presente estudo demonstrou o efeito in vitro de um agente anti-retroviral HIV sobre o crescimento de hifas de C. albicans.

Clinical and histopathological findings of sialoliths

The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical and histopathological findings of 53 cases of sialoliths retrieved from the Oral Pathology Service, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, São Paulo. They were most frequently found in females and adult patients with mean age of 45 years. Submandibular gland was the more affected, followed by minor salivary and parotid glands. The sialoliths were most frequently described as a single (93.3%), nodule (92.3%) and hard consistency (65.2%). Microscopically, the sialoliths showed lamellated pattern of calcification in 84.9% of cases. Dilated pericalcular ducts were observed in 11 cases and squamous metaplasia was noted in 10 of them (90.9%). Areas of periductal chronic inflammation were observed in 81.8% of the cases. In 10 out of 53 cases salivary glands were available for analysis and the more common finding was mild chronic inflammation associated with acinar atrophy.

Paracoccidioidomycosis of the mouth: an emerging deep mycosis.

Oral fungal infections (mycoses) have come into particular prominence since the advent of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and recognition of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as the phenomenal increase in world travel with increased exposure to infections endemic in the tropics. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a rare mycosis worldwide but common in Brazil and some other areas in Latin America. It can be life-threatening and can manifest with a spectrum of clinical presentations, including frequent oral lesions. This paper reviews the more recent information on Paracoccidioidomycosis, emphasizing those areas most relevant in dental science.

Os avanços da biologia molecular e o câncer bucal / Progresses in molecular biology and oral cancer

Passaram-se alguns anos desde que uma revisäo foi publicada na Revista da APCD; nela, descrevíamos as inovadoras descobertas no campo das alteraçöes genéticas e no desenvolvimento do câncer bucal (Line et al., 1995). Como esse campo se desenvolveu nesses últimos anos? Como estäo sendo utilizados esses conhecimentos para o manejo e tratamento de pacientes com câncer bucal? Neste artigo, apresentamos uma breve revisäo sobre os avanços da biologia molecular que ocorreram nesses últimos anos, bem como suas aplicaçöes para o tratamento do carcinoma espinocelular, o principal tumor maligno da cavidade oral

Alteraçöes radiográficas da regiäo maxilo-mandibular em pacientes edêntulos / Radiographic alterations on the maxillary region in edentulous patients

Cem pacientes desdentados totais foram avaliados através de radiografias panorâmicas e periapicais antes da confecçäo de novas próteses totais duplas. Achados radiográficos foram encontrados em 86 por cento dos pacientes, sendo que 3,5 por cento destes pacientes necessitaram de tratamento antes da confecçäo das novas próteses totais. Estes dados confirmam a importância do exame radiográfico em pacientes desdentados totais, que väo confeccionar pela primeira vez ou que väo trocar próteses totais

Regional odontodysplasia: report of two cases / Odontodisplasia regional: relato de dois casos

Two cases of regional odontodysplasia in girls are reported; one affected the lower incisors, and the other the left maxilla. The first case was radiographically followed over a 6-year period, during which time the ghost teeth exhibited significant dentin formation, along with a resultant decrease in pulp size and relative normalization of the radicular anatomy. The second case involved the deciduous molars and the first permanent molar. In addition to tooth alterations, both cases exhibited many odontogenic epithelial islands and extensive areas of calcification in the mucosa. Diagnosis, causes, and treatment are discussed in the light of recent data

Expressäo de laminina no germe dental do primeiro molar de ratos em desenvolvimento / Expression of laminin in the germ of the first molar tooth of developing rats

A regulaçäo da diferenciaçäo e do desenvolvimento dos vários tecidos que formam o germe dental ainda näo está bem estabelecida. Tem-se atribuído à membrana basal e a seus componentes esse papel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a distribuiçäo de laminina no germe dental do primeiro molar de ratos, utilizando um anticorpo policlonal antilaminina. A análise imunohistoquímica mostrou que a lamina é expressa de forma contínua nas membranas basais dos epitélios interno e externo do orgäo do esmalte, nos pequenos vasos sangüíneos e nas fibrilas nervosas localizadas na papila e no folículo dentário de ratos recém-nascidos. Nas regiöes em que ocorreu diferenciaçäo de células mesenquimais em odontoblastos e de células do epitélio interno em ameloblastos, a expressäo de laminina näo foi mais observada. Essas mudanças sugerem que a expressäo de laminina na membrana basal está relacionada com a diferenciaçäo celular e com a secreçäo de matriz orgânica

As alteraçöes gênicas e o desenvolvimento do câncer bucal / Gene mutations and the development of oral cancer

A etiologia do câncer oral envolve múltiplos fatores ambientais e genéticos. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma revisäo sobre os principais fatores etiológicos e, especialmente, sobre os principais genes envolvidos na gênese do câncer bucal

Estomatite por prótese total: presença de bactérias e fungos / Denture stomatitis: presence of bacteria and yeasts

A presença de fungos e bactérias foi estudada em 26 pacientes portadores de estomatite e os resultados comparados com os obtidos de mucosa normal de pacientes desdentados, usuários ou näo de prótese total. O uso de prótese provocou aumento na quantidade de fungos, havendo correlaçäo com a severidade da estomatite. Em todos os grupos estudados, predominaram cocos e bacilos Gram positivos, sendo que na presença de estomatite houve aumento de filamentosos Gram positivos e de cocos e bacilos Gram negativos. Estes resultados sugerem que, além dos fungos, a modificaçäo da microbiota bacteriana pode ser relevante no desenvolvimento da estomatite provocada por prótese total superior