Incivility experiences of racially minoritised hospital staff, consequences for them and implications for patient care: An international scoping review.

Workplace incivility is a pervasive complex problem within health care. Incivility manifests as subtle disrespectful behaviours, which seem inconsequential. However, evidence demonstrates that incivility can be harmful to targets and witnesses through negative emotions, poorer mental health, reduced job satisfaction, diminished performance and compromised patient care. It is unclear to what extent existing research critically explores how ethnicity, culture and racism influence how hospital staff experience incivility. This global scoping review systematically analysed existing research exploring the specific ways incivility manifests and impacts racially minoritised hospital workers. Of 2636 academic and 101 grey literature articles, 32 were included. Incivility experiences were categorised into four themes: (1) Cultural control, (2) Rejection of work contributions, (3) Disempowerment at work and (4) Managerial indifference. The included articles highlighted detrimental consequences, such as negative emotions, silencing, withdrawal and reduced support-seeking behaviours. Few studies presented evidence regarding the negative impacts of incivility on patient care. Racialisation and racial dynamics are a significant factor for hospital-based incivility. Currently we do not know the extent to which racialised incivility is associated directly or, perhaps either via burnout or disengagement, indirectly with poorer care. This knowledge can inform the creation of comprehensive, evidence-based interventions to address this important issue.

Maternal Weight Intervention in the Perinatal Period Improves Liver Health in the Offspring of Mothers with Obesity.

Early-life exposure to maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to determine if peripartum weight loss, either through dietary intervention or pharmacological intervention, improved adverse liver health outcomes in the offspring of mothers with obesity. C57Bl/6 dams were fed a chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. HFD-fed mice either continued HFD, transitioned to a chow diet, or were administered liraglutide for 4 weeks. Pregnancy was induced following a one-week washout of liraglutide during which all animals remained on their respective diets. A proportion of HFD-fed mice transitioned to a chow diet during pregnancy. All offspring were weaned to the HFD. Offspring anthropometric, metabolic, and hepatic outcomes were assessed at postnatal week 12. The offspring of mothers with obesity had phenotypic changes consistent with MAFLD. The offspring of mothers that had weight loss with perinatal dietary intervention had reduced insulin resistance (p < 0.001) and hepatic expression of markers of inflammation (p < 0.001), oxidative stress (p < 0.05), and fibrosis (p < 0.05). A similar phenotype was observed in the offspring of mothers with pre-pregnancy weight loss via liraglutide despite ongoing consumption of the HFD during pregnancy. All methods and timing of maternal weight intervention were effective at ameliorating adverse liver effects in the offspring.

Born in Bradford Age of Wonder cohort: A protocol for qualitative longitudinal research.

Bradford is multi-ethnic and one of the most deprived districts in the United Kingdom where around a quarter of children live in low-income families. Born in Bradford (BiB) has followed the lives of 13,776 children born in the district between 2007 and 2011. Children in the birth cohort are now entering adolescence, and the next phase of the research - Age of Wonder (AoW) - will be a whole city cohort capturing the experiences of 30,000 adolescents progressing into young adulthood. This protocol focuses on one component of the AoW programme: qualitative longitudinal research (QLR). The study will gather in depth and detailed accounts from a sub-sample of 100 young people across four major research priorities: personal life; social and community life; growing up with difference, and growing up in Bradford. As well as using traditional qualitative methods such as interviews, focus group discussions, and ethnography, we are adopting innovative creative methods including expressions through art, activism, online and digital content, portraits, and critical events. The process of engaging in and co-producing QLR potentially provides a route to empowering young people to shape the narrative of their own lives as well as informing intervention development.

Understanding Healthcare Students' Experiences of Racial Bias: A Narrative Review of the Role of Implicit Bias and Potential Interventions in Educational Settings.

Implicit racial bias is a persistent and pervasive challenge within healthcare education and training settings. A recent systematic review reported that 84% of included studies (31 out of 37) showed evidence of slight to strong pro-white or light skin tone bias amongst healthcare students and professionals. However, there remains a need to improve understanding about its impact on healthcare students and how they can be better supported. This narrative review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the role of implicit racial bias within healthcare education, considering trends, factors that contribute to bias, and possible interventions. Current evidence suggests that biases held by students remain consistent and may increase during healthcare education. Sources that contribute to the formation and maintenance of implicit racial bias include peers, educators, the curriculum, and placements within healthcare settings. Experiences of implicit racial bias can lead to psychosomatic symptoms, high attrition rates, and reduced diversity within the healthcare workforce. Interventions to address implicit racial bias include an organizational commitment to reducing bias in hiring, retention, and promotion processes, and by addressing misrepresentation of race in the curriculum. We conclude that future research should identify, discuss, and critically reflect on how implicit racial biases are enacted and sustained through the hidden curriculum and can have detrimental consequences for racial and ethnic minority healthcare students.

"We are not hard to reach, but we may find it hard to trust" . Involving and engaging 'seldom listened to' community voices in clinical translational health research: a social innovation approach.

BACKGROUND: Public involvement in clinical translational research is increasingly recognised as essential for relevant and reliable research. Public involvement must be diverse and inclusive to enable research that has the potential to reach those that stand to benefit from it the most, and thus address issues of health equity. Several recent reports, however, indicate that public involvement is exclusive, including in its interactions with ethnic groups. This paper outlines a novel community-led methodology - a community sandpit - to address the inclusion of ethnic groups in public involvement in research, reports on its evaluation, findings, legacy and impact. METHODS: Through detailed planning - thinking through and taking into account all stakeholders perspectives in the planning and design of the sandpit, relationship-building, co-design and co-delivery between the Public Programmes team based at Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust and the Greater Manchester Black and Minority Ethnic Network - the community sandpit was held in July 2018. RESULTS: Fifteen community organisations took part in the two-day event, as well as six researchers, and six creative practitioners. Six community-based partnership projects were seed-funded; four of these received additional funding from other sources also. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the sandpit showed the format to be well-received by all: it levelled power relationships between community organisations, health researchers and research infrastructure; it developed capacity amongst researchers about the accessibility, role and potential of community organisations. Described as "not another community seed fund" by community partners, the sandpit offered community partners, equitable avenues for collaboration within Greater Manchester translational research and led to the formation of the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Research Advisory Group (BRAG Vocal Website information, - https://www.wearevocal.org/opportunities/black-asian-and-minority-ethnic-research-advisory-group-brag/ , 2021). The method has the potential to be replicated elsewhere to support inclusive public involvement in research and inclusive research.

Public involvement in "bench to bedside" research (from laboratory-based research to clinical practice) is increasingly recognised as essential for relevant and reliable research. To enable the findings from health research to meet the needs of those who stand to benefit from it the most and to ensure that differences in health and disease are reduced as much as possible, public involvement must be diverse and inclusive. Recent reports, however, indicate that public involvement is exclusive, including in its interactions with racially minoritised groups. This paper outlines a novel community-led methodology ­ a community sandpit ­ to address the inclusion of ethnic groups in public involvement in research, reports on its evaluation, findings, legacy and impact.Through detailed planning ­ thinking through and taking into account all stakeholders perspectives in the planning and design of the sandpit, relationship-building, co-design and co-delivery between the Public Programmes Team (now Vocal) based at Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust worked with the Greater Manchester Black and Minority Ethnic Network - the community sandpit was held in July 2018. Fifteen community organisations took part in the two-day event, as well as six researchers, and six creative practitioners (artists with experience of working with the public on socially engaged projects to engage them in areas such as science). Six community-based partnership projects were seed-funded; four of these received additional funding from other sources. Evaluation of the sandpit showed the format to be well-received by all: it levelled power relationships between community organisations, health researchers and research infrastructure; it increased researchers knowledge and insights about the accessibility of community organisations and of how they might work effectively with them. Described as "not another community seed fund" by community partners, the sandpit began the process of levelling the playing field for collaboration between Greater Manchester translational research and local community organisations and led to the formation of the Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Research Advisory Group (BRAG) (Vocal Website information, - https://www.wearevocal.org/opportunities/black-asian-and-minority-ethnic-research-advisory-group-brag/ , 2021). The method has the potential to be repeated elsewhere to support inclusive public involvement in research and inclusive research.

Innovating public engagement and patient involvement through strategic collaboration and practice.

BACKGROUND: Patient and public involvement and engagement is an important and expected component of health-related research activity in the UK. Specifically within the health research sphere, public engagement (usually defined as raising awareness of research) and patient involvement (usually defined as actively involving people in research) have traditionally been seen as separate but have much to gain from working together towards a common goal of better health outcomes for all. METHODS: This paper describes a unique approach taken by the Public Programmes Team: a small interdisciplinary team of public engagement specialists, with backgrounds in science, community development, public engagement and involvement, policy, ethics, communications, industry, museums and creative practice, embedded within translational research infrastructure and delivery in Manchester in the North West of England. We propose a new model of professional practice - a 'cycle' of engagement and involvement - innovating across the complementary fields of public engagement and patient involvement, and working inclusively and in partnership with people in health research. Further, our approach capitalises on strategic collaboration offering economies of scale and a joined up way of working. Our ambition is to boldly experiment, learn and reflect, responsibly and based on evidence and partnerships, using methods of engagement that address issues of social justice. RESULTS: Here, we report on preliminary case studies exemplifying the impact of our approach, and data relating to achievements and learning between April 2017 and March 2018. Informed by our findings, we propose that our approach has the potential to be replicated elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS: Our practice and the beginning of its evaluation lead us to believe that our way of working and model of professional practice - the 'cycle' of engagement and involvement - is effective in: addressing our vision of making health research relevant and inclusive for everyone; and embedding and joining up public involvement in a busy and fertile translational health research ecosystem.

Identification of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 Inhibitors Through Similarity-Based Screening.

Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is a promising target for development of inhibitors to help control pain and inflammation. In this work, computer-based docking (DOCK6 program) was employed to screen ∼2 M commercially available compounds to FABP5 based on an X-ray structure complexed with the small molecule inhibitor SBFI-26 previously identified by our group (also through virtual screening). The goal was discovery of additional chemotypes. The screen resulted in the purchase of 78 candidates, which led to the identification of a new inhibitor scaffold (STK-0) with micromolar affinity and apparent selectivity for FABP5 over FABP3. A second similarity-based screen resulted in three additional hits (STK-15, STK-21, STK-22) from which preliminary SAR could be derived. Notably, STK-15 showed comparable activity to the SBFI-26 reference under the same assay conditions (1.40 vs 0.86 µM). Additional molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations, and structural analysis (starting from DOCK-generated poses) revealed that R enantiomers (dihydropyrrole scaffold) of STK-15 and STK-22 have a more optimal composition of functional groups to facilitate additional H-bonds with Arg109 of FABP5. This observation suggests enantiomerically pure compounds could show enhanced activity. Overall, our study highlights the utility of using similarity-based screening methods to discover new inhibitor chemotypes, and the identified FABP5 hits provide a strong starting point for future efforts geared to improve activity.

FABP1 controls hepatic transport and biotransformation of Δ9-THC.

The increasing use of medical marijuana highlights the importance of developing a better understanding of cannabinoid metabolism. Phytocannabinoids, including ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are metabolized and inactivated by cytochrome P450 enzymes primarily within the liver. The lipophilic nature of cannabinoids necessitates mechanism(s) to facilitate their intracellular transport to metabolic enzymes. Here, we test the central hypothesis that liver-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) mediates phytocannabinoid transport and subsequent inactivation. Using X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, and in vitro binding approaches we demonstrate that FABP1 accommodates one molecule of THC within its ligand binding pocket. Consistent with its role as a THC carrier, biotransformation of THC was reduced in primary hepatocytes obtained from FABP1-knockout (FABP1-KO) mice. Compared to their wild-type littermates, administration of THC to male and female FABP1-KO mice potentiated the physiological and behavioral effects of THC. The stark pharmacodynamic differences were confirmed upon pharmacokinetic analyses which revealed that FABP1-KO mice exhibit reduced rates of THC biotransformation. Collectively, these data position FABP1 as a hepatic THC transport protein and a critical mediator of cannabinoid inactivation. Since commonly used medications bind to FABP1 with comparable affinities to THC, our results further suggest that FABP1 could serve a previously unrecognized site of drug-drug interactions.

SAR studies on truxillic acid mono esters as a new class of antinociceptive agents targeting fatty acid binding proteins.

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) serve as critical modulators of endocannabinoid signaling by facilitating the intracellular transport of anandamide and whose inhibition potentiates anandamide signaling. Our previous work has identified a novel small-molecule FABP inhibitor, α-truxillic acid 1-naphthyl monoester (SB-FI-26, 3) that has shown efficacy as an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent in rodent models. In the present work, we have performed an extensive SAR study on a series of 3-analogs as novel FABP inhibitors based on computer-aided inhibitor drug design and docking analysis, chemical synthesis and biological evaluations. The prediction of binding affinity of these analogs to target FABP3, 5 and 7 isoforms was performed using the AutoDock 4.2 program, using the recently determined co-crystal structures of 3 with FABP5 and FABP7. The compounds with high docking scores were synthesized and evaluated for their activities using a fluorescence displacement assay against FABP3, 5 and 7. During lead optimization, compound 3l emerged as a promising compound with the Ki value of 0.21 µM for FABP 5, 4-fold more potent than 3 (Ki, 0.81 µM). Nine compounds exhibit similar or better binding affinity than 3, including compounds 4b (Ki, 0.55 µM) and 4e (Ki, 0.68 µM). Twelve compounds are selective for FABP5 and 7 with >10 µM Ki values for FABP3, indicating a safe profile to avoid potential cardiotoxicity concerns. Compounds 4f, 4j and 4k showed excellent selectivity for FABP5 and would serve as other new lead compounds. Compound 3a possessed high affinity and high selectivity for FABP7. Compounds with moderate to high affinity for FABP5 displayed antinociceptive effects in mice while compounds with low FABP5 affinity lacked in vivo efficacy. In vivo pain model studies in mice revealed that exceeding hydrophobicity significantly affects the efficacy. Thus, among the compounds with high affinity to FABP5 in vitro, the compounds with moderate hydrophobicity were identified as promising new lead compounds for the next round of optimization, including compounds 4b and 4j. For select cases, computational analysis of the observed SAR, especially the selectivity of new inhibitors to particular FABP isoforms, by comparing docking poses, interaction map, and docking energy scores has provided useful insights.

Analysis of the genetic phylogeny of multifocal prostate cancer identifies multiple independent clonal expansions in neoplastic and morphologically normal prostate tissue.

Genome-wide DNA sequencing was used to decrypt the phylogeny of multiple samples from distinct areas of cancer and morphologically normal tissue taken from the prostates of three men. Mutations were present at high levels in morphologically normal tissue distant from the cancer, reflecting clonal expansions, and the underlying mutational processes at work in morphologically normal tissue were also at work in cancer. Our observations demonstrate the existence of ongoing abnormal mutational processes, consistent with field effects, underlying carcinogenesis. This mechanism gives rise to extensive branching evolution and cancer clone mixing, as exemplified by the coexistence of multiple cancer lineages harboring distinct ERG fusions within a single cancer nodule. Subsets of mutations were shared either by morphologically normal and malignant tissues or between different ERG lineages, indicating earlier or separate clonal cell expansions. Our observations inform on the origin of multifocal disease and have implications for prostate cancer therapy in individual cases.

Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Changes in gene dosage are a major driver of cancer, known to be caused by a finite, but increasingly well annotated, repertoire of mutational mechanisms. This can potentially generate correlated copy-number alterations across hundreds of linked genes, as exemplified by the 2% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with recurrent amplification of megabase regions of chromosome 21 (iAMP21). We used genomic, cytogenetic and transcriptional analysis, coupled with novel bioinformatic approaches, to reconstruct the evolution of iAMP21 ALL. Here we show that individuals born with the rare constitutional Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 15 and 21, rob(15;21)(q10;q10)c, have approximately 2,700-fold increased risk of developing iAMP21 ALL compared to the general population. In such cases, amplification is initiated by a chromothripsis event involving both sister chromatids of the Robertsonian chromosome, a novel mechanism for cancer predisposition. In sporadic iAMP21, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles are typically the initiating event, often followed by chromothripsis. In both sporadic and rob(15;21)c-associated iAMP21, the final stages frequently involve duplications of the entire abnormal chromosome. The end-product is a derivative of chromosome 21 or the rob(15;21)c chromosome with gene dosage optimized for leukaemic potential, showing constrained copy-number levels over multiple linked genes. Thus, dicentric chromosomes may be an important precipitant of chromothripsis, as we show rob(15;21)c to be constitutionally dicentric and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles generate dicentric chromosomes somatically. Furthermore, our data illustrate that several cancer-specific mutational processes, applied sequentially, can coordinate to fashion copy-number profiles over large genomic scales, incrementally refining the fitness benefits of aggregated gene dosage changes.

Recurrent PTPRB and PLCG1 mutations in angiosarcoma.

Angiosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy that arises spontaneously or secondarily to ionizing radiation or chronic lymphoedema. Previous work has identified aberrant angiogenesis, including occasional somatic mutations in angiogenesis signaling genes, as a key driver of angiosarcoma. Here we employed whole-genome, whole-exome and targeted sequencing to study the somatic changes underpinning primary and secondary angiosarcoma. We identified recurrent mutations in two genes, PTPRB and PLCG1, which are intimately linked to angiogenesis. The endothelial phosphatase PTPRB, a negative regulator of vascular growth factor tyrosine kinases, harbored predominantly truncating mutations in 10 of 39 tumors (26%). PLCG1, a signal transducer of tyrosine kinases, encoded a recurrent, likely activating p.Arg707Gln missense variant in 3 of 34 cases (9%). Overall, 15 of 39 tumors (38%) harbored at least one driver mutation in angiogenesis signaling genes. Our findings inform and reinforce current therapeutic efforts to target angiogenesis signaling in angiosarcoma.