The Mediating Effect of Professional Values on the Relationship Between Self-Leadership and Compassion Competence of Community Mental Health Nurses.

BACKGROUND: Compassion competence is a core nursing skill that is significant in understanding and alleviating the physical and mental distress of individuals. Self-leadership and nursing professional values are also reported as important factors in improving the clinical care practices of nurses and may have a positive effect on improving the compassion competence of nurses. However, there are few studies examining the relationship between these variables in community mental health nurses. AIM: This study investigated the mediating effect of professional values on the relationship between self-leadership and compassion competence of community mental health nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 121 community mental health nurses from 30 mental health welfare centers in South Korea. Participants completed self-report scales on self-leadership, nursing professional values, and compassion competence. Baron and Kenny's regression method and the Sobel test revealed significant mediating effects of nursing professional values on the relationship between self-leadership and compassion competence. FINDINGS: Participants' mean compassion competence scores were 3.57 (SD = 0.45) on a 5-point scale. Compassion competence positively correlated with self-leadership (r = 0.67, P < .001) and nursing professional values (r = 0.60, P < .001). Nursing professional values played a partial mediating role in the relationship between self-leadership and compassion competence (Z = 3.23, P = .001). CONCLUSION: Compassion competence of community mental health nurses can be improved by promoting self-leadership and nursing professional values.

Influence of Gratitude and Sense of Meaning in Life on Caregiving Self-Efficacy of Family Caregivers of Persons With Mental Illness.

Caregiving self-efficacy is a major factor in mitigating mental health issues and improving care satisfaction and care behavior in caregivers. This study investigated gratitude and sense of meaning in life's influence on caregiving self-efficacy of family caregivers of persons with mental illness. We collected data from 142 family caregivers using the Korean self-reporting scale of gratitude, meaning in life, and caregiving self-efficacy. Data analysis was performed using hierarchical regression analysis. Gratitude and the presence of meaning were significant factors in boosting caregiving self-efficacy. Therefore, these factors must be promoted to enhance the caregiving self-efficacy of family caregivers of persons with mental illness.

Digital Citizenship and Life Satisfaction in South Korean Adolescents: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Poverty.

This study examined the moderated mediation effect of poverty on the paths between enactive mastery experience in digital life and life satisfaction mediated by digital citizenship and digital life among Korean adolescents using structural equation modelling. This cross-sectional study involved a secondary data analysis of 2020 national data in The Report on the Digital Divide provided by the National Information Society Agency (NIA) of Korea. Data from 1084 Korean adolescents were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro. The results demonstrated a significant moderated mediation effect of poverty. Enactive mastery experience, which encompasses the self-knowledge, perceived task difficulty, and contextual factors of adolescents living in poverty, was associated with digital life and life satisfaction through the mediation of digital citizenship. For adolescents living in poverty, in contrast to their non-poor counterparts, enactive mastery experience in digital life and digital citizenship are two critical factors in life satisfaction. Therefore, institutional support enabling adolescents and their communities to forge partnerships is necessary to foster these two factors.

The Mediating Role of Positive Thinking on the Relationship Between Depression and Functional Recovery in Community-Dwelling People With Schizophrenia.

Functional recovery as a consumer-centered approach is critical to recovery for community-dwelling people with schizophrenia. The current study investigated the mediating role of positive thinking in the relationship between depression and functional recovery in community-dwelling people with schizophrenia in South Korea. Depression, positive thinking, and functional recovery measures were completed by 158 people with schizophrenia in the community with self-reported questionnaires. Depression had a significantly negative influence on functional recovery. Positive thinking fully mediated the relationship between depression and functional recovery. An effective intervention strategy for functional recovery in this population may reinforce positive thinking and depression management. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(2), 44-52.].

Character Strength and Mental Health Problems among Children from Low-Income Families in South Korea.

This study was conducted to understand the association between character strength and mental health problems among children in early adolescence from low-income families in South Korea. This study used a cross-sectional and descriptive study design with 214 fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school children from low-income families enrolled in 20 community centers and receiving government financial assistance. A bivariate probit model was used to examine the association between character strength and mental health problems in the children. We found that character strength lowers the likelihood of developing hyperactivity-inattention and emotional symptoms among children from low-income families. Additionally, adverse life events were associated with increased mental health problems, whereas adverse life events were not significantly correlated with character strength in the current study. Specific interventions should be developed to cultivate character strength among children in early adolescence from low-income families who are at a high risk of mental health problems under cumulative adverse life events.

Effect of compassion competence on cultural competence in student nurses: Mediating effect of professional nursing values.

BACKGROUND: Cultural competence is an essential component of nursing care in today's multicultural era. However, the research on nursing students' cultural competence and its related factors is very limited. AIM: This study investigated the mediating effect of professional nursing values on the relationship between compassion competence and cultural competence among nursing students. METHODS: A cross-sectional and correlational research design was used. Participants were 146 nursing students recruited from three 4-year baccalaureate nursing programs, who completed the self-report scales of compassion competence, professional nursing values, and cultural competence. Baron and Kenny's regression method and the Sobel test were used to analyse the mediating effects of professional nursing values on the association between compassion competence and cultural competence. RESULTS: Professional nursing values exerted a partial mediating effect on the relationship between compassion competence and cultural competence. CONCLUSION: Nursing educators should recognize that the cultural competence of nursing students can be improved by incorporating professional nursing values and compassion competence in the nursing curriculum.

The significant mediators between depression and mental health recovery among community-dwelling people with a diagnosed mental disorder.

To investigate the mediating roles of community integration and positive thinking on the relationship between depression and mental health recovery among community dwelling people with mental disorders in South Korea. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was utilized. Data were collected from 167 community-dwelling people with mental disorders who did not use the day program at community mental health centers. Data were collected from November 20, 2018, to February 15, 2019. Both community integration and positive thinking were found to mediate the effects of depression on mental health recovery. The mediating effect of positive thinking was significantly greater than that of community integration. This study added evidence for a significant multiple mediating effect of community integration and positive thinking on the relationship between depression and mental health recovery in community-dwelling people with mental disorders. Although the consumer-centered recovery paradigm of people with mental health difficulties is of global importance, little research has been conducted on mental health recovery among community-dwelling people with mental disorders who do not use the day program at community mental health centers. It was found that community integration and positive thinking mediated the effects of depression on mental health recovery, with positive thinking mediating this relationship the most. Thus, these results suggest a specific direction of community mental health services to promote mental health recovery for people with mental disorders who do not have access to community mental health services.

The effect of gratitude and self-encouragement on depression in psychiatric inpatients in Korea.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of gratitude and self-encouragement on depression in psychiatric inpatients in South Korea. A cross-sectional and correlational research design was used. The participants were 112 psychiatric inpatients recruited from the psychiatric units of four general hospitals in South Korea. Data were collected using the Korean version of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the Self-Encouragement Inventory, and the Korean version of Beck's Depression Inventory II. Data were analyzed using two-stage hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that emotional self-encouragement (ß = -0.43, p = .004) and gratitude (ß = -0.22, p = .029) were factors significantly influencing depression. The regression model explained 28.0% of depression. Therefore, it is recommended that mental health nurses provide intervention to psychiatric inpatients to help them foster gratitude and emotional self-encouragement so that they can decrease depression.

Effects of an Extracurricular Anger Self-Control Program for Nursing Students.

Nursing students often experience anger in response to stress and suppress their anger instead of actively controlling it. Therefore, the anger self-control programs that can manage nursing students' anger level and dysfunctional anger expression are needed. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of an anger self-control program on trait anger, anger expression style, grateful disposition, and depression among nursing students. The study used a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group and a non-synchronized design. Participants were 29 nursing students who were assigned to intervention and control groups. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed significantly decreased mean scores for the trait anger, anger-in, and anger-out anger expression styles, and increased mean scores for the anger-control anger expression style and grateful disposition. Anger self-control programs might be usefully applied as extracurricular anger-management programs for nursing students.

The Mediating Effect of Depression on the Relationship between Social Support, Spirituality and Burnout in Family Members of Patients with Cancer.

When the treatment process of cancer patients changes to outpatient treatment, the burden on family members increases and they often experience burnout. Burnout not only effects the family members themselves but may also have a negative effect on the health of the cancer patient. Therefore, healthcare providers should evaluate burnout in the family members of cancer patients and actively make efforts towards their burnout management. This study investigated the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between social support, spirituality, and burnout in family members of patients with cancer. Participants were 151 family members of patients with cancer who were receiving chemotherapy as outpatients at a single university hospital in Korea. Data was collected from 2 March to 31 May 2016, using self-reported questionnaires. Collected data was analyzed with t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlations, Baron and Kenny's three-step regression method, and the Sobel test. The participants' mean burnout was below the median. The participants' depression partially mediated the relationship of both social support and spirituality on burnout. Strategies to assess depression and strengthen social support and spirituality should be developed to manage burnout in family members'.

Mental health recovery among hospitalized patients with mental disorder: Associations with anger expression mode and meaning in life.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of anger expression mode and meaning in life on mental health recovery among hospitalized patients with mental disorder in South Korea. Data were collected from 141 such patients using the Korean version of anger expression mode, meaning in life, and mental health recovery. Date were as analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Significant predictors of mental health recovery included presence of meaning, search for meaning, and anger control. The regression model explained 48.2% of mental health recovery. Interventions for fostering meaning in life and beneficial anger expression techniques may increase mental health recovery in this clinical population.

The relationship between community integration and mental health recovery in people with mental health issues living in the community: A quantitative study.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Mental health treatments have become patient-centred. Evaluating recovery in people with mental health difficulties living in the community can help to develop better client-centred services. Community integration is critical to recovery in patients with mental health difficulties. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This is the first study to use a single integrated measure of mental health recovery to evaluate the effect of community integration. Physical community integration was the easiest goal for most to reach. Developing independence/self-actualization was harder. In mental health recovery, most people were able to overcome stuckness. Developing abilities for basic functioning was harder. Participating in mental health centre day programmes promoted mental health recovery in people with mental health difficulties living in the community. Independence/self-actualization, psychological integration and social support improved mental health recovery in people with mental health difficulties living in the community. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: There is a need to develop and actively promote programmes that attract people with mental health difficulties living in the community so that they will actively use mental health centre services. Offering systematic social skills training and occupational rehabilitation therapy to people with mental health difficulties living in the community may help them function independently. Mental health service programmes should provide volunteer opportunities for people with mental health difficulties living in the community to facilitate a sense of belonging. Mental health nurses should serve as a social support resource for people with mental health difficulties living in the community by providing education to family and friends on how to support patients' recovery, and invigorating integration projects such as "making healthy friends." Abstract Introduction Although community integration of people with mental health difficulties and a consumer-centred recovery paradigm are of global importance, little research has been conducted on community integration factors that directly affect mental health recovery. Aim This study investigated the relationship between community integration and mental health recovery in people with mental health difficulties living in the community in South Korea. Method Data were collected from 155 people with mental health difficulties living in the community, using the Self-Reporting Scale of Community Integration and the Mental Health Recovery Measure (Korean version), and analysed using hierarchical regression analysis. Results Among the community integration subscales, independence/self-actualization, psychological integration and social support were significant factors in mental health recovery, explaining 47.3% of the variance. Discussion An effective intervention strategy for mental health recovery of people with mental health difficulties living in the community may reinforce community integration by carefully considering independence/self-actualization, psychological integration and social support. Implications for practice Mental health nurses should provide intervention to people with mental health difficulties living in the community to help them develop strategies for functioning independently, experiencing a sense of achievement and developing a sense belonging in the community.

The Mediating Effects of Social Support and a Grateful Disposition on the Relationship between Life Stress and Anger in Korean Nursing Students.

PURPOSE: Anger management is a very important issue for nursing education. However, there is a lack of research identifying related factors. This study examined the mediating effects of social support and a grateful disposition on the relationship between life stress and anger in nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 172 nursing students recruited from two universities in cities in South Korea. Baron and Kenny's regression method and the Sobel test were used to analyze the mediating effects of social support and a grateful disposition on the association between life stress and anger. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between life stress, social support, a grateful disposition, and anger. In addition, social support and a grateful disposition exerted full mediating effects on the relationship between life stress and anger. CONCLUSION: Based on this study's results, enhancing social support and grateful disposition could help nursing students who experience anger resulting from life stress to manage their anger effectively. This finding suggests that, as specific strategies for anger management, nursing educators should encourage nursing students to use sources of social support and to engage in various gratitude activities.

Comparing anger, anger expression, life stress and social support between Korean female nursing and general university students.

AIMS: To compare anger, anger expression, life stress and social support among female students at a nursing university and a general university and to examine factors affecting anger in each group. BACKGROUND: University students typically experience constant stress resulting from factors like academic requirements, personal relationships and career decisions; this tends to promote anger. Particularly, nursing students' anger can negatively affect the quality of care that they provide, and also their mental health. Therefore, anger management of nursing students is very important in the training and development of future nurses. Nursing education needs to confirm factors associated with anger of nursing students compared with general university students to develop specific intervention programs for decreasing their anger levels. DESIGN: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. METHODS: Participants were 286 female students (146 from a nursing university and 140 from a general university); they completed self-report surveys examining anger, anger expression, life stress and social support. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to identify factors affecting anger. Data were collected from 15 May-10 June 2016. RESULTS/FINDINGS: In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, we entered three anger expression factors, eight life stress factors and social support as explanatory variables; factors affecting anger among nursing students were anger-out and same-sex peer relationship stress. In general university students, anger-out, anger-control and anger-in were identified as factors affecting anger. CONCLUSION: Becoming proficient in beneficial anger expression techniques and reducing stress from same-sex peer relationships will reduce anger among female nursing students.

The role of ego-resiliency in the relationship between social anxiety and problem solving ability among South Korean nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Problem-solving is a core ability that nursing students should develop during their education. There is a need to better understand the importance of problem-solving and the factors related to it among nursing students. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the role of ego-resiliency in the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving ability in Korean nursing students. METHODS: Data were collected from a total of 329 nursing students who were enrolled in three nursing programs in South Korea, using a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were mainly analyzed by Baron and Kenny's three-step regression analysis and the Sobel test. RESULTS: Ego-resiliency played a partial mediating role in the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving ability. Further, the Sobel test suggested a mediating effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between social anxiety and problem-solving (Z=-9.079, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To enhance problem-solving ability in nursing students, nursing educators should establish educational strategies that decrease social anxiety and improve ego-resiliency.

The mediating role of spirituality on professional values and self-efficacy: a study of senior nursing students.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the significance of spirituality in enhancing self-efficacy related to professional values in senior nursing students. BACKGROUND: Self-efficacy can predict job satisfaction and performance as professional nurses in clinical settings. Senior nursing students should have the level of self-efficacy that enables them to perform professional roles based on professional values, because they will enter clinical settings immediately after graduation. Spirituality may help senior nursing students during the transition to professional life to reflect on their skills, knowledge and situations to enhance self-efficacy based on professional values. DESIGN: An exploratory, cross-sectional design was used in this study. METHODS: A total of 194 senior nursing students in South Korea were recruited in 2014. They completed self-reported questionnaires consisting of demographic questions, Spiritual Assessment Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale and Nursing Professional Values inventory. A Sobel test was done to determine the mediating effect of spirituality on the relationship between nursing professional values and self-efficacy. RESULTS: The findings showed a positive correlation between professional values, spirituality and self-efficacy in nursing students. According to the Sobel test, spirituality had a mediating effect on the relationship between professional values and self-efficacy in senior nursing students. CONCLUSION: Spirituality can be a foundation that provides senior nursing students with higher self-efficacy so that they are able to perform their professional roles based on their professional values. The findings can guide nursing educators to include spiritual development of nursing students to enhance the self-efficacy of senior nursing students, the future of the nursing profession.

Effects of a suicide prevention programme for hospitalised patients with mental illness in South Korea.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of a suicide prevention programme on the levels of depression, self-esteem, suicidal ideation and spirituality in patients with mental illness. BACKGROUND: Instances of suicide have significant correlations with depression, low self-esteem, suicidal ideation and a low level of spirituality in the victims. Therefore, addressing depression, low self-esteem and suicidal ideation as suicide risk factors and increasing levels of spirituality can constitute an effective programme to prevent suicide among patients with mental illness. DESIGN: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group, nonsynchronised design. PARTICIPANTS: The study sample consisted of 45 patients with mental illness who had been admitted to the psychiatric unit in a university hospital in South Korea. The patients were assigned to control and experimental groups of 23 and 22 members, respectively. METHODS: The suicide prevention programme was conducted with the experimental group over four weeks and included eight sessions (two per week). The control group received only routine treatments in the hospital. RESULTS: The experimental group that participated in the programme had significantly decreased mean scores for depression and suicidal ideation compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the mean scores for self-esteem and spirituality between the groups. CONCLUSION: The suicide prevention programme might be usefully applied as a nursing intervention for patients hospitalised in psychiatric wards or clinics where the goals are to decrease depression and suicidal ideation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Typical treatments for hospitalised patients with mental illness are not enough to prevent suicide. Intervention for suicide prevention needs to apply an integrated approach. The suicide prevention programme using an integrated approach is more effective in reducing depression and suicidal ideation in patients with mental illness than applying routine treatments in the hospital.

Use of the 5E learning cycle model combined with problem-based learning for a fundamentals of nursing course.

The 5E learning cycle model has shown a positive effect on student learning in science education, particularly in courses with theory and practice components. Combining problem-based learning (PBL) with the 5E learning cycle was suggested as a better option for students' learning of theory and practice. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the traditional learning method with the 5E learning cycle model with PBL. The control group (n = 78) was subjected to a learning method that consisted of lecture and practice. The experimental group (n = 83) learned by using the 5E learning cycle model with PBL. The results showed that the experimental group had significantly improved self-efficacy, critical thinking, learning attitude, and learning satisfaction. Such an approach could be used in other countries to enhance students' learning of fundamental nursing.