Temporary abdominal closure in oncological patients: Surgical characteristics and implications.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In critically ill patients, temporary abdominal closure (TAC) is utilized for conditions like abdominal compartment syndrome risk, gross abdominal contamination, and intestinal loop viability doubts. TAC techniques aim to safeguard abdominal contents, drain intraperitoneal fluids, and minimize fascia and skin damage. Our goal is to outline clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in oncological patients undergoing peritoneostomy. METHODS: Patients undergoing TAC with vacuum therapy at a tertiary oncological center were studied, with data sourced from an institutional database. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (54.3% female), with an average age of 63.1 ± 12.3 years, were included in the study. The primary tumor site was predominantly gastrointestinal (78.2%). Patients presented systemic signs of chronic disease, reflected by a mean body mass index of 18.2 ± 7.6 kg/m², hemoglobin level of 9.2 ± 1.8 g/dL, and albumin level of 2.3 ± 0.6 g/dL. Additionally, most patients had a low-performance status (53% Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 1/2, 44.8% Karnofsky score ≤80, and 61.2% Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥6). Emergency surgical complications were the main reasons for initial surgery (68%), with the majority attributed to fecal peritonitis (65.9%). Only 14.8% of patients achieved complete abdominal closure with an average of 24.8 days until closure. The in-hospital mortality rate was 85.2%. CONCLUSION: TAC is an alternative for oncological patients with surgical complications, but it carries a high mortality rate due to the compromised conditions of the patients.

Bowel preparation for elective colectomy in Crohn's disease: results from a global cohort study using the NSQIP database.

AIM: The role of bowel preparation before colectomy in Crohn's disease patients remains controversial. This retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes associated with mechanical and antibiotic colon preparation in patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease undergoing elective colectomy. METHOD: Data were collected from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participant user files from 2016 to 2021. A total of 6244 patients with Crohn's disease who underwent elective colectomy were included. The patients were categorized into two groups: those who received combined colon preparation (mechanical and antibiotic) and those who did not receive any form of bowel preparation. The primary outcomes assessed were the rate of anastomotic leak and the occurrence of deep organ infection. Secondary outcomes included all-cause short-term mortality, clinical-related morbidity, ostomy creation, unplanned reoperation, operative time, hospital length of stay and ileus. RESULTS: Combined colon preparation was associated with significantly reduced risks of anastomotic leak (relative risk 0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.95, P = 0.021) and deep organ infection (relative risk 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.83, P < 0.001). Additionally, patients who underwent colon preparation had lower rates of ostomy creation, shorter hospital stays and a decreased incidence of ileus. However, there was no significant difference in all-cause short-term mortality or the need for unplanned reoperation between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study shows that mechanical and antibiotic colon preparation may have clinical benefits for patients with Crohn's disease undergoing elective colectomy.

Exploring the use of the GLIM criteria to diagnose malnutrition in cancer inpatients.

OBJECTIVES: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria establish a diagnosis of malnutrition based on the presence of at least one phenotypic and one etiologic criterion. This study aimed to assess the concurrent and predictive validity of the GLIM criteria in hospitalized cancer patients. METHODS: This is an observational retrospective study, including 885 cancer patients, ages >18 y, admitted to a medical oncology inpatient unit between 2019 and 2020. All patients at risk for malnutrition according to the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 score were assessed by the subjective global assessment (SGA) and 14 different combinations of the GLIM criteria. The SGA was considered the gold standard for assessing the concurrent validity of the GLIM combinations. For a subsample of patients with data available on inflammatory markers (n = 198), the serum albumin and C-reactive protein were included in the combinations as etiologic criteria. The predictive validity of the different combinations was tested using the occurrence of surgical complications as the clinical outcome. The sensitivity and specificity values were calculated to assess the concurrent validity, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to test predictive validity. Adequate concurrent and predictive validity were determined as sensitivity and specificity values >80% and odds ratio values ≥2.0, respectively. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 61.0 y (interquartile range = 51.0-70.0). Head and neck cancer was the prevailing diagnosis and 375 patients were at nutritional risk. According to the SGA, 173 (26.1%) patients were malnourished (SGA categories B or C) and the prevalence of malnutrition ranged from 3.9% to 30.0%, according to the GLIM combinations. None of the tested combinations reached adequate concurrent validity; however, the presence of malnutrition according to four combinations independently predicted surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive validity of the GLIM was satisfactory in surgical cancer patients.

The impact of sarcopenia on esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy is the gold-standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer but has high morbimortality rates. Sarcopenia is a common comorbidity in cancer patients. The exact burden of sarcopenia in esophagectomy outcomes remains unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to establish the impact of sarcopenia on postoperative outcomes of esophagectomy for cancer. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing sarcopenic with non-sarcopenic patients before esophagectomy for cancer (Registration number: CRD42021270332). An electronic search was conducted on Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and LILACS, alongside a manual search of the references. The inclusion criteria were cohorts, case series, and clinical trials; adult patients; studies evaluating patients with sarcopenia undergoing esophagectomy or gastroesophagectomy for cancer; and studies that analyze relevant outcomes. The exclusion criteria were letters, editorials, congress abstracts, case reports, reviews, cross-sectional studies, patients undergoing surgery for benign conditions, and animal studies. The meta-analysis was synthesized with forest plots. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 40 studies. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with increased postoperative complications (RD: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.14), severe complications (RD: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.19), and pneumonia (RD: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.18). Patients with sarcopenia had a lower probability of survival at a 3-year follow-up (RD: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.23 to -0.10). CONCLUSION: Preoperative sarcopenia imposes a higher risk for overall complications and severe complications. Besides, patients with sarcopenia had a lower chance of long-term survival.

Robotic-assisted compared with laparoscopic incisional hernia repair following oncologic surgery: short- and long-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with abdominal site cancer are at risk for incisional hernia after open surgery. This study aimed to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of robotic-assisted (RVIHR) with the laparoscopic incisional hernia repair (LVIHR) in an oncologic institute. METHODS: This is a single-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: RVIHR and LVIHR. RESULTS: Groups have similar baseline characteristics (LVIHR: N = 19; RVIHR: N = 18). No difference was noted in the length of hospital stay (RVIHR: 3.67 ± 1.78 days; LVIHR: 3.95 ± 2.66 days) and postoperative complications (16.7 versus 10.5%; p = 0.94). The mean operating time for RVIHR was significantly longer than LVIHR (RVIHR was 355.6 versus 293.5 min for LVIHR; p = 0.04). Recurrence was seen in three patients in LVIHR and two in RVIHR at 24-month follow-up, with no significant difference. (p > 0.99). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted incisional hernia repair show similar short- and long-term outcomes for cancer patients.

Indocyanine green imaging to guide lymphadenectomy in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy - With vídeo.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is considered the standard surgical treatment. Adequate lymph node dissection is necessary for patients' prognosis, but D2 lymphadenectomy is technically demanding due to the complexity of anatomy, even more so if performed laparoscopically. The learning curve requires a high degree of training with a considerable number of cases and standardization of the technique. Recently, Indocyanine Green (ICG) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Fluorescence Imaging have been presented as promising image-guided surgery techniques, providing real-time anatomy assessment and intra-operative visualization of blood flow, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. ICG fluorescence imaging has been studied in GC surgery, especially for real-time lymphatic mapping. At present, we are conducting a prospective, open-label, single-arm clinical trial (Clinical trial - NCT03021200) to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of ICG and NIR Fluorescence Imaging in GC surgery. In this technical note, we present one approach to the use of this technique to guide lymphadenectomy in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.

Predictive factors of recurrence in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction in the multimodal era.

INTRODUCTION: Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEGJ) represents a poor prognostic tumor. We evaluated the recurrence pattern and risk factors associated with recurrence in patients undergoing surgical resection by AEJG. METHODS: Recurrences were categorized as locoregional, peritoneal, or distant. These three recurrence groups and a non-recurrence group were compared, and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for each one was obtained. RESULTS: We analyzed 188 patients with curative surgical treatment. Recurrence was observed in 72 (38.3%) patients. Locoregional recurrence was observed in 17 (23.6%); 20 (27.8%) peritoneal recurrence and 35 (48.6%) distant metastasis. DFS was 9, 5, and 8 months, and OS was 21.8, 13.2, and 20.8, respectively. Tumors larger than 5 cm are risk factors for peritoneal recurrence (OR:2.88, p = 0.012). Positive lymph nodes were related to distant metastasis (OR:9.15, p = 0.040), and lymphatic invasion for locoregional recurrence (OR:3.81, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: AEGJ is associated with high rates of early recurrence.

Prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography metabolic parameters measured in the primary tumor and suspicious lymph nodes before neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) metabolic parameters are prognostic indicators in several neoplasms. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the maximum and average standardized uptake value (SUVmax and SUVavg), metabolic tumor value (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) measured in the primary tumor and suspicious lymph nodes preneoadjuvant therapy in patients submitted to surgical resection for esophageal cancer. METHODS: A cohort of 113 patients with esophageal cancer who performed 18F-FDG PET/CT preneoadjuvant therapy was assessed. The association of the SUV, MTV, and TLG measured in the primary tumor and in the suspicious lymph nodes with the overall survival was assessed. It was also analyzed other potentially confounding variables such as age, sex, clinical stage, and histologic subtype. The analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier curve, log-rank test, and Cox regression. RESULTS: The univariate analyses showed that the MTV and TLG in the primary tumor, the SUV in the suspicious lymph nodes, the age, the histologic subtype, and the clinical stage were associated with survival after surgery (P ≤ 0.05). In the Cox regression multivariate analyses, all variables identified in the univariate analyses but the clinical stage were associated with survival after surgery (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: In esophageal cancer patients, some of the 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters measured in the primary tumor and in the suspicious lymph nodes before the neoadjuvant therapy are independent indicators of overall survival and appear to be more important than the clinical stage in the prognostic definition of this group of patients.

Esophagectomy in a patient with pulmonary histoplasmosis: A case report of surgical aspects and complications (with video).

INTRODUCTION: Esophagectomy is a challenging procedure associated with considerable morbidity. Previous pulmonary diseases, such as histoplasmosis fungal infection, may interfere in operative and postoperative outcomes after esophagectomy. Anastomotic leakage is one of the most feared complications after esophagectomy. However, new therapies developed such as vacuum procedure and esophageal prosthesis have been provenly beneficial. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present a case with squamous cell carcinoma of the mid esophagus portion on a young patient with a pulmonary histoplasmosis history. After a multidisciplinary board, the patient underwent transhiatal esophagectomy with gastric-pull up and cervical anastomosis due to pulmonary disease. The patient later developed an anastomotic leak with mediastinal abscess. We describe this complication's management via an endoscopic vacuum system, esophageal prosthesis, and exhibit a video illustrating the technique. DISCUSSION: We illustrate the management of esophageal cancer associated with previous pulmonary disease. Histoplasmosis may misunderstand the esophageal cancer staging, and it can contribute to anastomotic leakage occurrence. An endoscopic vacuum system is an excellent tool for treating esophagogastric anastomosis fistula after esophagectomy, even when the drainage is accumulated in the mediastinum. The esophageal prosthesis may be used after mediastinal abscess resolution. CONCLUSION: Treatment of the association of esophageal cancer and histoplasmosis is feasible. However, care should be taken to avoid highly potential postoperative complications.

Transhiatal laparoscopic esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy guided by green-indocyanine imaging for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEGJ) has been long-established, from resection margins to the extension of lymphadenectomy [1,2,4]. The addition of cyanine dye, namely indocyanine green (ICG), to identify suspicious lymph nodes (LN) and evaluate organ vascularization may improve results and outcomes [3]. VIDEO: A 58-year-old female patient with Siewert type II AEGJ was administered mFLOX neoadjuvant treatment. After three cycles, she underwent surgical treatment. The day before surgery, an upper endoscopy was performed to inject 0.2 ml ICG 0.5 cm from the proximal and distal tumor margins. The patient underwent laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy due to a 4 cm distal esophagus compromised margin. We describe the primary steps of the procedure and demonstrate the role of the ICG in the lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: Surgery was carried out laparoscopically with a cervical approach (McKeown access), and posterior mediastinal gastric tube reconstruction and cervical gastroplasty were performed. During the standard lymphadenectomy, we observed an ICG-positive LN in station 10, which was found positive in the subsequent pathology examination. After these findings, we performed an extended lymphadenectomy through the splenic hilum. The final pathologic assessment was T3N2 (two perigastric and one positive LN at station 10 among 60 retrieved LN). The operative time was 360 min. The patient started a liquid diet on the seventh postoperative day, and she was discharged on the tenth postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: ICG may be helpful to guide both extended lymphadenectomy and distal margin evaluation in transhiatal laparoscopic esophagectomy.

Induction Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC), and the role of induction chemotherapy (IC) remains unclear. We aimed to study if the addition of IC to standard treatment increases the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR). METHODS: We assembled a retrospective analysis of patients (pts) diagnosed with locally advanced EC and treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy (CRT+S), preceded or not by IC, between 2009 and 2017. Patients' characteristics, tumor variables, and treatment outcomes were evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival and the Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate prognostic factors. RESULTS: One hundred and three patients were studied, with a median age of 62 years (range 37-84). Seventy-five patients (73%) were male, 67 (65%) had squamous cell carcinoma, and 31 (30%) had adenocarcinoma. Forty-three patients (41.7%) received IC followed by CRT+S (IC+CRT+S). The most frequent IC consisted of paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy (90%), and the median number of cycles was 2. All patients received CRT+S. Concurrent chemotherapy was a combination of paclitaxel and platinum in 94 patients (91%). There was no statistically significant difference in pCR between the IC group and the standard CRT+S group. The pCR was 41.9% and 46.7% in the IC+CRT+S and CRT+S groups (p = 0.628), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, pCR was an independent prognostic factor for time to treatment failure (TTF) (HR 0.35, p = 0.021), but not for overall survival (OS) (p = 0.863). The factor that significantly affected OS in the multivariate analysis was positive lymph node (HR 5.9, 95%, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the addition of IC to standard CRT + S does not increase the pCR rate in locally advanced EC. No difference in OS was observed between pts. that received or not IC. Regardless of the treatment received, pts. achieving a pCR presented improved TTF.

Prognostic Value of Tumor Regression Grade Based on Ryan Score in Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of Esophagus.

PURPOSES: Tumor regression grade (TRG) of the primary tumor after neoadjuvant therapy is one of the most sensitive prognostic factors among patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, although no TRG system is fully accepted. The Ryan score was proposed in 2005 to evaluate TRG in rectal cancer and could be adaptable for pathological evaluation of esophageal cancer. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of the Ryan score for esophageal cancer in the setting of trimodal therapy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study in which patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, submitted to neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgical resection, were selected. One hundred thirty-four patients were selected. All tissue specimens were assessed as per the TRG system proposed by Ryan et al. Survival curves were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Chi-square test or likelihood-ratio test was used for absolute and relative variables. Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance tests were used to assess significant differences on a continuous dependent variable by a categorical independent variable. RESULTS: Of the 134 included patients, 94 (70.1%) had squamous cell carcinoma, and 40 (29.9%) adenocarcinoma. Ryan score was correlated with histological type (p < 0.001), and clinical (p = 0.044) and pathological (p < 0.001) staging. Mean follow-up was 31.1 months. Multivariate analysis showed that Ryan score can safely predict survival, and systemic and lymphatic recurrence (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ryan score is an effective system to evaluate TRG and can predict risk for lymph node or distant metastasis, overall survival, and disease-free survival.

Surgical Management of Malignant Intestinal Obstruction: Outcome and Prognostic Factors.

Background: Malignant intestinal obstruction is a frequent complication in advanced stages cancer patients. The prognosis is poor, with mean survival rate beneath 3 months. Clinical treatment, endoscopic or surgical procedures are options for malignant intestinal obstruction management. There is no generally accepted management strategy. Objectives: To evaluate prognostic factors of patients with malignant intestinal obstruction who underwent surgical treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed including patients of a single institution with diagnosis of malignant intestinal obstruction. Demographic data, in-hospital stay, postoperative complications, and overall survival were assessed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associated prognostic factors. Results: Two hundred thirty-three surgeries were performed due to suspicion for malignant intestinal obstruction over a seven-year period. This diagnosis was confirmed in 210 operations (90.1%). The main causes of malignant obstruction were colorectal (49.5%) and gynecological cancer (21.9%). The rate of severe complications was 11.42%. In-hospital mortality rate was 40.95% (CI 95%: 34.16-47.74%). Functional status impairment,high serum urea, and low albumin levels were associated to higher mortality rate. Conclusion: Malignant intestinal obstruction implies poor prognosis, with high in-hospital mortality rate and severe postoperative complications. The decision regarding management of malignant intestinal obstruction must be multimodal and individualized, according to individual prognostic factors.

Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance to assess treatment response after neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of rectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for local restaging in patients with non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) using surgical histopathology of total mesorectal excision as the reference standard. METHODS: Ninety-five patients with LARC who underwent rectal MRI after CRT between January 2014 and December 2016 were included. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value for local staging regarding T-stage, N-stage, circumferential resection margin, and MRI tumor regression grade (ymriTRG) were calculated, and inter-test agreements were assessed. RESULTS: 22/95 (23.2%) patients had radiological complete response (rCR), whereas 20/95 (21.1%) had pathological complete response (pCR). Among the patients with pCR, 11/20 (55%) had rCR. Fair agreement was demonstrated between ymriTRG and pathological TRG (ypTRG) (κ = 0.255). The sensitivity and specificity for detection of pCR were 61.1% (95% CI 35.7-82.7) and 89.6% (95% CI 80.6-95.4). For the detection of ypTRG grades 1 and 2, the corresponding values were 67.2% (95% CI 54.3-78.4) and 51.6 (95% CI 33.1-69.8). The accuracy of ymriTRG was 24.2% (95% CI 15.6-32.8). Inter-test agreement in TRG between MRI and pathology was overall fair (κ = 0.255) and slight (κ = 0.179), if TRG 1 + 2. CONCLUSION: Qualitative assessment on MRI for diagnosing pCR showed moderate sensitivity and high specificity, whereas the diagnosis of TRG had moderate sensitivity and low specificity with slight to fair inter-test agreement when compared with pathological specimens.

Complications of gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Currently, gastrectomy and extended lymphadenectomy (LN) is the treatment of choice for gastric cancer. Although a survival rate benefit of D2 LN compared to D1 LN has been shown, the D2 LN procedure is not fully employed, due to possible higher morbidity and mortality rates. These higher rates are being questioned in more recent series, in which D1 and D2 LN complication rates have been similar. The aim of this study was to analyze the immediate postoperative complications of patients submitted to total or subtotal gastrectomy with D1 or D2 LN (according to the Japanese guidelines for gastric cancer) at the Gastrointestinal Surgery Division of the Medical School of São Paulo University, between January 2001 and April 2003. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients were studied; 61 were men and 39, women. Total gastrectomy was performed in 52 patients (13 with D1 LN and 39 with D2 LN), and subtotal gastrectomy was performed in 48 (11 with D1 LN and 37 with D2 LN). Total or subtotal gastrectomy with D1 or D2 LN was performed according to the tumor extent and histological classification (Lauren's diffuse or intestinal type), considering the patient's general condition and the gastric cancer stage. Roux-en-Y reconstruction was performed in almost all patients. RESULTS: No difference was observed regarding complications and mortality related to the extent of the gastrectomy. Although morbidity was higher in the D1 group, no significant difference was observed. Mortality was higher in the D1 group, and this was probably related to their poor surgical condition and more advanced tumors. CONCLUSION: According to these results, it appears that total or subtotal gastrectomy with D2 LN in gastric cancer treatment, performed according to the Japanese guidelines, can be considered a safe procedure, with acceptable morbidity and mortality, when performed by a trained surgical team.