Role and application of CRISPR-Cas9 in the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious health issue that has a significant social and economic impact worldwide. One of the key aetiological signs of the disease is a gradual reduction in cognitive function and irreversible neuronal death. According to a 2019 global report, more than 5.8 million people in the United States (USA) alone have received an AD diagnosis, with 45% of those people falling into the 75-84 years age range. According to the predictions, there will be 15 million affected people in the USA by 2050 due to the disease's steadily rising patient population. Cognitive function and memory formation steadily decline as a result of an irreversible neuron loss in AD, a chronic neurodegenerative illness. Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated Tau are produced and accumulate in large amounts, and glial cells are overactive. Additionally, weakened neurotrophin signalling and decreased synapse function are crucial aspects of AD. Memory loss, apathy, depression, and irritability are among the primary symptoms. The aetiology, pathophysiology, and causes of both cognitive decline and synaptic dysfunction are poorly understood despite extensive investigation. CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising gene-editing technique since it can fix certain gene sequences and has a lot of potential for treating AD and other human disorders. Regardless of hereditary considerations, an altered Aß metabolism is frequently seen in familial and sporadic AD. Therefore, since mutations in the PSEN-1, PSEN-2 and APP genes are a contributing factor to familial AD, CRISPR/Cas9 technology could address excessive Aß production or mutations in these genes. Overall, the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology outweighs it as currently the greatest gene-editing tool available for researching neurodegenerative diseases like AD.

Adrenaline, Takotsubo, Anaphylaxis, and Kounis Syndrome (ATAK) Complex Unveiled: Integrating Takotsubo and Kounis Syndromes in the Context of Chemotherapy-Related Anaphylaxis.

The convergence of takotsubo and Kounis syndromes, collectively referred to as the "ATAK complex" (short for adrenaline, takotsubo, anaphylaxis, and Kounis syndrome), poses a unique and challenging clinical scenario, especially in the context of chemotherapy-related anaphylaxis. We present a case report involving a 63-year-old woman undergoing chemotherapy for endometrial adenocarcinoma who experienced anaphylactic symptoms during treatment. Immediate administration of epinephrine was followed by the emergence of ST elevation, a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and wall motion abnormalities indicative of stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Detailed investigations revealed normal coronary arteries, prompting further exploration into the intricacies of the ATAK complex. Notably, the administration of intravenous rather than intramuscular epinephrine was identified as a contributing factor. This case underscores the critical importance of recognizing and managing the ATAK complex promptly, emphasizing the need for refined diagnostic and treatment guidelines. The interplay between adrenaline, takotsubo, anaphylaxis, and Kounis syndrome necessitates a nuanced approach, urging healthcare professionals to exercise caution and adhere to recommended administration routes. Increased awareness of the ATAK complex is imperative for optimizing patient outcomes and guiding therapeutic interventions in similar clinical scenarios. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and refine strategies for the effective management of this intricate syndrome.

Neurosarcoidosis and Transverse Myelitis: Life-Threatening Manifestations of Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous disorder, typically involves the lungs, skin, and lymph nodes. Neurological manifestations are diverse and may include longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), an uncommon inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord. We present a case of a 62-year-old female with LETM as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. The patient exhibited progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness, urinary retention, and sensory disturbances. Diagnostic workup revealed characteristic findings on spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and thoracic biopsy. Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and subsequent immunomodulatory therapy resulted in significant improvement. Our case highlights the importance of including sarcoidosis in the differentials of LETM, particularly in patients with no respiratory manifestations.

Role of Yoga as Adjunctive Therapy for Migraines: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Migraines are chronic, painful, and one of the most prevalent disabling primary headache disorders, mainly treated with pharmacological methods. Patients suffering from migraine suffer from a significantly reduced quality of life. The use of non-pharmacological methods to reduce the stress and anxiety associated with long-term chronic conditions can help improve quality of life, reduce disease burden, and subsequently alleviate the economic burden on the patient. This review aims to discuss the use of yoga in patients with migraine headaches as a non-pharmacological method. We discuss the most recently published literature discussing the use of yoga as an add-on therapy for patients with migraines in order to reduce the severity of their symptoms, anxiety, and stress. Despite the presence of limitations and the need for further studies, the current data suggest that yoga can be beneficial in helping patients suffering from migraine headaches by reducing their frequency, duration, and pain. Yoga has also demonstrated improvement in the headache impact severity migraine disability assessment test.

A rare case of tumefactive demyelination of brain: A case report and literature review.

This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges encountered in a 30-year-old female presenting with fever followed by Wernicke's aphasia without right-sided weakness, ultimately diagnosed as tumefactive demyelination (TD). TD is a rare neurological condition often misidentified as brain tumors or inflammatory disorders. The case emphasizes the importance of precise differentiation through advanced magnetic resonance imaging, showing restricted diffusion at lesion edges and the absence of gadolinium enhancement. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for tailored treatment and prognostic assessment. This case contributes to our understanding of TD and underscores the need for continued research and collaboration in the field of rare neurological disorders.

Charting the Progress of Epilepsy Classification: Navigating a Shifting Landscape.

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, has witnessed a remarkable transformation in its classification paradigm, driven by advances in clinical understanding, neuroimaging, and molecular genetics. This narrative review navigates the dynamic landscape of epilepsy classification, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and the promising horizon. Historically, epilepsy classification relied heavily on clinical observations, categorizing seizures based on their phenomenology and presumed etiology. However, the field has profoundly shifted from a symptom-based approach to a more refined, multidimensional system. One pivotal aspect of this evolution is the integration of neuroimaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional imaging modalities. These tools have unveiled the intricate neural networks implicated in epilepsy, facilitating the identification of distinct brain abnormalities and the categorization of epilepsy subtypes based on structural and functional findings. Furthermore, the role of genetics has become increasingly prominent in epilepsy classification. Genetic discoveries have not only unraveled the molecular underpinnings of various epileptic syndromes but have also provided valuable diagnostic and prognostic insights. This narrative review delves into the expanding realm of genetic testing and its impact on tailoring treatment strategies to individual patients. As the classification landscape evolves, there are accompanying challenges. The narrative review underscores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning in epilepsy classification. These technologies hold promise in automating the analysis of complex neuroimaging and genetic data, offering enhanced accuracy and efficiency in epilepsy diagnosis and classification. In conclusion, navigating the shifting landscape of epilepsy classification is a journey marked by progress, complexity, and the prospect of improved patient care. We are charting a course toward more precise diagnoses and tailored treatments by embracing advanced neuroimaging, genetics, and innovative technologies. As the field continues to evolve, collaborative efforts and a holistic understanding of epilepsy's diverse manifestations will be instrumental in harnessing the full potential of this dynamic landscape.

Exploring Advancements in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Modalities and Future Prospects.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and incurable disease requiring a multidisciplinary treatment approach and a collaborative therapeutic effort. A combination of both upper and lower motor neuron degeneration ultimately leads to respiratory failure, similar to other dementia-type neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this paper is to pioneer current ALS research by carrying out a narrative literature review of the current treatment modalities of the disease. Through these efforts, we hope to condense the most pertinent information regarding current treatments and enhance the management of ALS patients as a whole, giving these patients a better quality of life as the search for a cure continues. We used a Pubmed search strategy and specific MeSH terms for the selection of the literature articles using the keywords "ALS," "new treatment," "treatment," and "symptomatic treatment." A combination of pharmaceutical interventions, psychological support, and physical rehabilitation has been most effective in enhancing the quality of life of patients with ALS (PALS). Among potential pharmacological therapies, only a few have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA) to be used to treat ALS and its symptoms. Other treatment modalities being considered include gene therapy, cellular therapy, psychological therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy, alongside robotics, alternative feeding methods, and communication devices.

Seizing the Connection: Exploring the Interplay Between Epilepsy and Glycemic Control in Diabetes Management.

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, and diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired regulation of glucose levels, are two distinct conditions that may appear unrelated at first glance. Nevertheless, recent scholarly investigations have revealed these entities' intricate and ever-evolving interplay. This review initially delves into the intricate interplay between epilepsy and its potential ramifications on glycemic control. Seizures, particularly those accompanied by convulsive manifestations, have the potential to induce acute perturbations in blood glucose levels via diverse mechanisms, encompassing the liberation of stress hormones, the emergence of insulin resistance, and the dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. Comprehending these intricate mechanisms is paramount in customizing productive strategies for managing diabetes in individuals with epilepsy. On the contrary, it is worth noting that diabetes can substantially impact the trajectory and control of epilepsy. The correlation between hyperglycemia and an elevated susceptibility to seizures, as well as the potential for exacerbating the intensity of epilepsy, has been established. This narrative review offers a concise exposition of the intricate interplay between epilepsy and glycemic control within diabetes management. The objective of exploring reciprocal influences, underlying mechanisms, and common risk factors is to augment the clinical comprehension of this intricate interconnection. In essence, this acquired knowledge possesses the potential to serve as a guiding compass for healthcare professionals, enabling them to craft bespoke therapeutic approaches that enhance the holistic welfare of individuals grappling with the coexistence of epilepsy and diabetes.

Choices and Challenges With Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease affecting young women in their second and third decades, coinciding with their reproductive years. We aim to explore the choices and challenges in the treatment of MG in pregnancy. Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were the four databases systematically searched for studies with patients reporting pregnancy outcomes for women with MG during pregnancy using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) technique. Quality assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical tool (JBI, Adelaide, Australia) for methodological quality. From 2000 to 2023, 40 studies from database search results were considered. There is a substantial risk of complications with MG, especially if it appears during pregnancy. In particular, widespread weakness is a cause of severe, life-threatening disorders, but several treatment options are available.

Investigating the Impact of Epilepsy on Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review.

It has been noted that people who have epilepsy have an increased propensity for cognitive dysfunction. We explored 25 relevant articles on PubMed and Cochrane Library after implementing inclusion criteria. Different factors have been postulated and studied that may cause cognitive dysfunction in these patients; structural brain abnormalities, polypharmacy of antiepileptic medication, and neuropsychiatric disorders are the most common causes. Cognitive assessments such as Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) are the mainstay tools used to diagnose the degree of cognitive decline, and alterations in EEG (electroencephalogram) parameters have also been noted in people with cognitive decline. The mechanisms and treatments for cognitive decline are still being studied, while attention has also been directed toward preventive and predictive methods. Early detection and treatment of cognitive impairment can help minimize its impact on the patient's quality of life. Regular cognitive assessments are essential for epileptic patients, particularly those on multiple antiepileptic drugs. While proper management of epilepsy and related comorbidities would reduce cognitive decline and improve the overall quality of life for people with epilepsy.

Innovative Approaches and Therapies to Enhance Neuroplasticity and Promote Recovery in Patients With Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review.

Brain rehabilitation and recovery for people with neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegenerative diseases, depend mainly on neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to restructure and adapt. This literature review aims to look into cutting-edge methods and treatments that support neuroplasticity and recovery in these groups. A thorough search of electronic databases revealed a wide range of research and papers investigating several neuroplasticity-targeting methods, such as cognitive training, physical activity, non-invasive brain stimulation, and pharmaceutical interventions. The results indicate that these therapies can control neuroplasticity and improve motor, mental, and sensory function. In addition, cutting-edge approaches, such as virtual reality (VR) and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), promise to increase neuroplasticity and foster rehabilitation. However, many issues and restrictions still need to be resolved, including the demand for individualized treatments and the absence of defined standards. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the significance of neuroplasticity in brain rehabilitation. It identifies novel strategies and treatments that promise to enhance recovery in patients with neurological illnesses. Future studies should concentrate on improving these therapies and developing evidence-based standards to direct clinical practice and enhance outcomes for this vulnerable population.