Effects of mouthwash on periodontal pathogens and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Periodontitis is known to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gargling with mouthwash is known to reduce the incidence of periodontitis by inhibiting periodontal pathogens. However, the effects of mouthwash on oral and systemic conditions in patients with T2DM remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of gargling with mouthwash on the number of red complex species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM. Patients were instructed to gargle with water for 6 months, followed by gargling with mouthwash containing chlorhexidine gluconate for the subsequent 6 months. At each clinic visit, saliva was collected and bacterial DNA was extracted to detect red complex species using the polymerase chain reaction technique. The HbA1c level was determined using a blood sample. The number of red complex species significantly decreased in younger or male patients who gargled with mouthwash. Furthermore, HbA1c levels significantly decreased in younger patients or patients with higher HbA1c levels who gargled with mouthwash. These results suggest that gargling with mouthwash reduces the number of red complex species and improves the hyperglycemic status in patients with T2DM, especially younger patients.

Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3-6 years.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of occlusal traits, oral habits, and nose and throat conditions by age and to assess the association between malocclusion and its environmental factors in Japanese preschool children. METHODS: A total of 503 Japanese children (258 boys and 245 girls aged 3-6 years) were recruited. Occlusal traits were assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Lip seal was recorded by an examiner, and oral habits (finger sucking, lip sucking or lip biting, nail biting, chin resting on a hand) and nose and throat conditions (tendency for nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis, palatine tonsil hypertrophy) were assessed by a questionnaire completed by the parents. The prevalence of each item was calculated, and binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to malocclusion. RESULTS: 62.0% of preschool children in the present study exhibited malocclusion, and 27.8% exhibited incompetent lip seal. Nail biting was the most frequent oral habit with a prevalence of 18.9%. Nasal obstruction was recorded in 30.4% of children. The results of binary logistic regression showed that incompetent lip seal was significantly related to malocclusion, and that nail biting was significantly negatively related. CONCLUSIONS: Incompetent lip seal is significantly associated with malocclusion, but nail biting may not necessarily be a deleterious habit for the occlusion in Japanese preschool children.

The number of erupted teeth as a risk factor for dental caries in eighteen-month-old children: a cross­sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, affecting lifelong as well as children. Therefore, it is important to clarify factors related to early childhood caries (ECC) in a younger population in terms of caries prevention. However, the prevalence of ECC is low in developed countries in the twenty-first century and a large-scale survey is needed to clarify the risk factors. Furthermore, earlier tooth eruption is not taken into consideration in most studies of ECC, even though it may be a factor of ECC. The present study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of dental caries in children aged 18 months in a core city of Japan. METHODS: Findings from a total of 7351 children aged 18 months were analyzed. Anthropometric measurements of height and weight, as well as an oral examination and a microbiological caries-risk test, were performed. Additionally, a structured interview sheet was provided to the parents or guardians. Findings of dental caries at 18 months of age were evaluated using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the enrolled children, 1.2% had experienced dental caries. Multivariable logistic regression analysis results indicated a significant association with dental caries at 18 months of age for the following factors: second child (OR = 1.78; 95% CI:1.08-2.93, P < 0.05), third and later child (OR = 2.08; 95% CI:1.12-3.89, P < 0.05), 12 or fewer erupted teeth (OR = 0.47; 95% CI:0.24-0.96, P < 0.05), 17 or more erupted teeth (OR = 4.37; 95% CI:1.63-11.7, P < 0.01), Cariostat score (+ + +) (OR = 3.99; 95% CI:1.29-12.31, P < 0.05), daily eating before bed (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.55-4.45, P < 0.001), three or more snacks per day (OR = 2.03; 95% CI:1.15-3.58, P < 0.05), and breastfeeding (OR = 3.30; 95% CI:2.00-5.44, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the number of erupted teeth, as well as birth order, eating habits, and breastfeeding, are significant factors in dental caries occurrence at 18 months of age.