Correction: Enhancing antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite by low electric current-assisted sonic agitation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183895.].

Enhancing antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite by low electric current-assisted sonic agitation.

BACKGROUND: This research focused on the effects of low electric current (µE)-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite on Enterococcus faecalis infected human root dentin. METHODS: Extracted human canine roots were instrumented, sterilized, and experimentally contaminated with E. faecalis. After incubation for 21 days, the presence of the biofilm was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3). Roots were randomly divided into seven groups according to decontamination procedures: G1: no treatment; G2: sterile saline; G3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; G4: passive ultrasonic irrigation; G5: EndoActivator (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) agitation (EA); G6: µE agitation; and G7: µE-assisted sonic agitation. Fixed µE amperage and intensities were applied in G6 and G7. Following microbial sampling, bacterial colonies were counted using the direct plating method. RESULTS: Biofilm was not eradicated in any sample. The µE-assisted sonic agitation of sodium hypochlorite revealed the lowest cfu values (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences among the passive ultrasonic irrigation, EndoActivator and µE agitation alone (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on available evidence, the following conclusions were drawn: The µE-assisted sonic agitation increased the antibiofilm efficiency of sodium hypochlorite than passive ultrasonic irrigation and EndoActivator. The µE-assisted sonic agitation on 5.25% sodium hypochlorite is not capable to eradicate biofilms at 10mA energy level in 60s.

Effects of selenium and L-carnitine on oxidative stress in blood of rat induced by 2.45-GHz radiation from wireless devices.

The levels of blood lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and vitamin C were used to follow the level of oxidative damage caused by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation in rats. The possible protective effects of selenium and L-carnitine were also tested and compared to untreated controls. Thirty male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into five groups, namely Groups A1 and A2: controls and sham controls, respectively; Group B: EMR; Group C: EMR + selenium, Group D: EMR + L-carnitine. Groups B­D were exposed to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation during 60 min/ day for 28 days. The lipid peroxidation levels in plasma and erythrocytes were significantly higher in group B than in groups A1 and A2 (p<0.05), although the reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase values were slightly lower in erythrocytes of group B compared to groups A1 and A2. The plasma lipid peroxidation level in group A2 was significantly lower than in group B (p<0.05). Erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels (p<0.01) in group B; erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in group A2 (p<0.05), group B (p<0.001), and group C (p<0.05) were found to be lower than in group D. In conclusion, 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation caused oxidative stress in blood of rat. L-carnitine seems to have protective effects on the 2.45-GHz-induced blood toxicity by inhibiting free radical supporting antioxidant redox system although selenium has no effect on the investigated values.