Haemostatic effects of latex from Croton sparsiflorus Morang, in vitro, in vivo, in silico approaches.

The present investigations are phytochemical screening of Latex aqueous (Laq) extract of C. sparsiflorus and study its role in homeostasis. It is being traditionally used for fresh cuts to stop bleeding immediately. To know the contents of extract, the quantitative phytochemical analysis were performed it showed the contents such as saponins (15.2%), alkaloids (7.61%), phenols (0.62%), tannins (1.1%), and flavonoids (0.224%). The in vitro and in vivo blood clotting mechanism was observed in Wister albino rats to understand the blood clotting activity. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed by 3T3L1 cell lines evaluated by Laq extract of C. sparsiflorus to determine the toxic effects of the extract. The gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic mass spectra (GCMS and LCMS) were observed there were three compounds obtained namely, 1) methyl-hexafuranoside, 2) cumarandione, and 3) crotonosine, in addition to that the NMR (1H and 13C) elemental analysis, FT-IR (4000-400 cm-1) and UV-vis (800-200 nm) spectra were also recorded in aqueous solution. The molecular docking studies performed, in which the blood clotting factors have a potential interaction with crotonosine. This in-silico study demonstrates the interactions of active components of C. sparsiflorus with blood clotting factors. Furthermore, since the crotonosine compound has more blood clotting factor the molecular structure was treated with density functional theory calculation (DFT) to understand the optimized geometry, vibrational behaviour and electronic excitation states.

Modulatory Role of Shorea robusta Bark on Glucose-metabolizing Enzymes in Diethylnitrosamine Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: The modulations of glucose-metabolizing enzyme activities play a vital rolein the depletion of energy metabolism and leads to inhibition of cancer growth. OBJECTIVE: To find the effect of shorearobusta bark extract on glucose-metbolizing enzymes in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biochemical evaluation of glucose metabolizing enzyme were done in before and after shorearobusta bark extract (500mg/kg) treatment in DEN induced rats. RESULTS: A significant increasein the activities of the key glycolytic enzymes viz., hexokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase, with a significant decrease in the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatasewere observed in HCC bearing rats, when compared with the control. Administration of shorearobusta extract caused a significant decrease in theactivities of glycolytic enzymes and an increase in the gluconeogenic enzymes activities to near normal values. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that the S. robusta extract has a definite modulating role on the key enzymes ofglucose-metabolism in HCC. The modulatory effect may be due to the phytoactive constituents present in the extract of S. robusta. SUMMARY: Administration of shorea robusta bark extract caused a significant decrease in the activities of glycolytic enzymes and an increase in the gluconeogenic enzymes activities to near normal values. The S. robusta extract has modulatory activity on the carbohydrate metabolism in DEN-induced HCC bearing rats through a mechanism that which does not provoke any acute biochemical disturbances in the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The modulatory effect of S. robusta extract may be attributed to the presence of active compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids. Abbreviations used: HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, SRBE: Shorearobusta bark extract; HEX: Hexokinase; PGI: Phosphoglucoisomerase; DEN: Diethylnitrosamine.

Investigations on the fluorescence quenching of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene by certain flavonoids.

The fluorescence quenching of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO) by seven flavonoids namely flavone, flavanone, quercetin, rutin, genistein, diadzein and chrysin has been investigated in acetonitrile and dichloromethane solvents. The bimolecular quenching rate constants lie in the range of 0.09-5.75 x 10(9)M(-1)s(-1) and are explained in terms of structure of the flavonoids studied. The reactivity of flavonoids are in the order: quercetin>rutin>genistein>diadzein>chrysin>flavone>flavanone. The quenching rate constants (k(q)) increase with increase in the number of -OH groups. The endergonic thermodynamic values of DeltaG(et) reveal that electron transfer quenching mechanism can be ruled out. Bond dissociation enthalpy calculations reveal that the position of -OH is important. Further in vitro-antioxidant activities of flavonoids were evaluated with rat liver catalase by gel electrophoresis. The deuterium isotope effect thus observed in this work provides evidence for hydrogen abstraction involved in the quenching process of singlet excited DBO by flavonoids. The data suggest the involvement of direct hydrogen atom transfer (radical scavenging) in the fluorescence quenching of DBO. Bond dissociation enthalpy calculation performed at B3LYP/6-31G(p')//B3LYP/3-21G level are in excellent agreement with the above observations and further reveal that the number OH groups and position of them decide the quenching ability of the flavonoids.