Opioid-related xylazine toxicity manifesting as myonecrosis, rhabdomyolysis, multifocal ischemic cerebral infarcts, and cerebral edema.

This article provides a report of a case of organ dysfunction, myonecrosis, rhabdomyolysis, multifocal ischemic cerebral infarcts, and cerebral edema after a patient's use of xylazine and fentanyl. Within the US opioid epidemic, xylazine is emerging as a troubling national sub-story. The prevalence of xylazine within illicitly manufactured opioids and the proportion of opioid-involved overdose deaths with detected xylazine are rising dramatically, the latter increasing 276% between 2019 and 2022. A 27-year-old woman with opioid use disorder, active intravenous drug use, and prior bacteremia presented to our institution's emergency department (ED) with left lower extremity pain and associated weakness, new acute bilateral hearing loss, multiple electrolyte derangements, and cerebral infarcts followed by cerebral edema, leading to an emergent sub-occipital decompressive craniectomy and placement of an external ventricular drain. A definitive mechanism was not determined; however, we hypothesized that xylazine toxicity played a role in her clinical presentation, which could have future clinical implications, including the possibility to incorporate xylazine as part of toxicology screens.

Variability in Diagnosis and Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neurocritical Care Patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical approach to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the neurocritical care unit (NCCU) varies widely among physicians despite training and validated criteria. METHODS: Prospective observational study of all mechanically ventilated patients with suspected VAP over 18 months in an academic NCCU. Patients meeting VAP criteria by a surveillance program (SurvVAP) were compared to treated patients who did not meet surveillance criteria (ClinVAPonly). We identified appropriate/potentially inappropriate antibiotic treatment and factors associated with excessive antibiotic days (EAD). RESULTS: Of 622 ventilated patients, 83 cases were treated as VAP. Of these, 26 (31.3 %) had VAP by CDC criteria (SurvVAP) (VAP rate = 7.3 cases/1,000 ventilator days). Clinical features significantly more prevalent in SurvVAP cases (vs. ClinVAPonly) were change in sputum character, tachypnea, oxygen desaturation, persistent infiltrate on chest X-ray and higher clinical pulmonary infection score, but not positive sputum culture. Treatment with pneumonia-targeted antibiotics for >8 days was significantly more common in ClinVAPonly versus SurvVAP patients (73.7 vs. 30.8 %, p < 0.001) even after excluding patients with other infections (p = 0.001). Based on current guidelines, the ClinVAPonly group contributed 225 EAD, including 38 vancomycin days, 70 piperacillin-tazobactam days and 85 cephalosporin days with cost figure over four times that of EAD in SurvVAP group. No pre-specified factors were associated with continued VAP treatment beyond 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Incongruency between clinically and surveillance-defined VAP is common in acute neurological disease although outcomes did not differ between groups. Clinician behaviors rather than clinical factors may contribute to prolonged prescribing.

Brain code and coma recovery: aggressive management of cerebral herniation.

Cerebral herniation occurs due to lateral or vertical shifts in brain tissue as a complication of an intra- or extra-axial nervous system pathology. Midline shift of midline brain structures has been independently associated with poor outcome in a variety of neurologic injuries. Herniation may present as a subacute phenomenon constituting mild and progressive alteration of consciousness or as a hyperacute scenario wherein there is rapid decompensation of intracranial compliance. If left uncontrolled, cerebral herniation will lead to destruction of arousal mechanisms and result in a comatose state. A protocol-based approach for the management of herniation has the potential to minimize or reverse these shifts and in conjunction with clinical examination, radiologic data and neuromonitoring techniques offer the option of preventing a second catastrophe. In this article, the authors discuss the mechanisms that lead to coma in brain-herniating patients and the treatment choices that have been successfully used in this patient population.

Early prognostication in acute brain damage: where is the evidence?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early prognostication in acute brain damage remains a challenge in the realm of critical care. There remains controversy over the most optimal methods that can be utilized to predict outcome. The utility of recently reported prognostic biomarkers and clinical methods will be reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent guidelines touch upon prognostication techniques as part of management recommendations. In addition to novel laboratory values, there have been few reports on the use of clinical parameters, diagnostic imaging techniques, and electrophysiological techniques to assist in prognostication. SUMMARY: Although encouraging, newer markers are not capable of providing accurate estimates on outcomes in acute injuries of the central nervous system. Traditional markers of prognostication may not be applicable in the light of newer and effective therapies (i.e. hypothermia). Substantial research in the field of outcome determination is in progress, but these studies need to be interpreted with caution.