Pre-hospital triage of suspected acute stroke patients in a mobile stroke unit in the rural Alberta.

Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU) expedites the delivery of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke patients. We further evaluated the functional outcome of patients shipped to a tertiary care centre or repatriated to local hospitals after triage by MSU in acute stroke syndrome in rural northern Alberta. Consecutive patients with suspected acute stroke syndrome were included. On the basis of neurology consultation and, Computed Tomography findings, patients, who were thrombolysed or needed advanced care were transported to the Comprehensive stroke center (CSC) (Triage to CSC group). Other patients were repatriated to local hospital care (Triage to LHC group). A total of 156 patients were assessed in MSU, 73 (46.8%) were female and the mean age was 66.6 ± 15 years. One hundred and eight (69.2%) patients, including 41 (26.3%) treated with thrombolysis were transported to the CSC (Triage to CSC group) and 48 (30.8%) were repatriated to local hospital care. The diagnosis made in MSU and final diagnosis were matching in 88% (95) and 91.7% (44, p = 0.39) in Triage to CSC and Triage to LHC groups respectively. Prehospital triage by MSU of acute stroke syndrome can reliably repatriate patients to the home hospital. The proposed model has the potential to triage patients according to their medical needs by enabling treatment in home hospitals whenever reasonable.

Successful dabigatran reversal after subdural hemorrhage using idarucizumab in a mobile stroke unit: A case report.

RATIONALE: Idarucizumab is a specific reversal agent for patients with bleeding related to the anticoagulant dabigatran. There are no prior descriptions of Idarucizumab administration in the prehospital setting for intracranial hemorrhage. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 82-year-old woman treated with dabigatran for atrial fibrillation developed acute focal weakness. This led to activation of emergency medical services and assessment in the mobile stroke unit (MSU). DIAGNOSIS: Computed tomography of the brain performed in the MSU revealed an acute subdural hematoma. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with Idarucizumab in the MSU. OUTCOMES: The subdural hematoma was treated with a burr hole evacuation and the patient was discharged to a rehabilitation facility without residual focal neurological deficits. LESSONS: Idarucizumab can be used safely and effectively to treat dabigatran-associated intracranial hemorrhage in the prehospital setting.

Early Dabigatran Treatment After Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Ischemic Stroke Does Not Result in Hemorrhagic Transformation.

OBJECTIVES: The optimal timing of anticoagulation after ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is unknown. Our aim was to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of initiating dabigatran therapy within 14 days of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke in AF patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, multi-center registry (NCT02415855) in patients with AF treated with dabigatran within 14 days of acute ischemic stroke/TIA (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≤ 3) onset. Baseline and follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans were assessed for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and graded by using European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study criteria. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients, with a mean age of 72.4 ± 11.5 years, were enrolled. Median infarct volume was 0 ml. Median time from index event onset to dabigatran initiation was 2 days, and median baseline NIHSS was 1. Pre-treatment HT was present in seven patients. No patients developed symptomatic HT. On the day 7 CT scan, HT was present in six patients (one progressing from baseline hemorrhagic infarction type 1). Infarct volume was a predictor of incident HT (odds ratio = 1.063 [1.020-1.107], p < 0.003). All six (100%) patients with new/progressive HT were functionally independent (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) = 0-2) at 30 days, which was similar to those without HT (90%, p = 0.422). Recurrent ischemic events occurred within 30 days in four patients, two of which were associated with severe disability and death (mRS 5 and 6, respectively). CONCLUSION: Early dabigatran treatment did not precipitate symptomatic HT after minor stroke. Asymptomatic HT was associated with larger baseline infarct volumes. Early recurrent ischemic events may be clinically more important.

Lower Blood Pressure Is Not Associated With Decreased Arterial Spin Labeling Estimates of Perfusion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background Subacute ischemic lesions in intracerebral hemorrhage ( ICH ) have been hypothesized to result from hypoperfusion. Although studies of cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) indicate modest hypoperfusion in ICH , these investigations have been limited to early time points. Arterial spin labeling ( ASL ), a magnetic resonance imaging technique, can be used to measure CBF without a contrast agent. We assessed CBF in patients with ICH using ASL and tested the hypothesis that CBF is related to systolic blood pressure ( SBP ). Methods and Results In this cross-sectional study, patients with ICH were assessed with ASL at 48 hours, 7 days, and/or 30 days after onset. Relative CBF ( rCBF ; ratio of ipsilateral/contralateral perfusion) was measured in the perihematomal regions, hemispheres, border zones, and the perilesional area in patients with diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintensities. Twenty-patients (65% men; mean± SD age, 68.5±12.7 years) underwent imaging with ASL at 48 hours (N=12), day 7 (N=6), and day 30 (N=11). Median (interquartile range) hematoma volume was 13.1 (6.3-19.3) mL. Mean± SD baseline SBP was 185.4±25.5 mm Hg. Mean perihematomal rCBF was 0.9±0.2 at 48 hours at all time points. Baseline SBP and other SBP measurements were not associated with a decrease in rCBF in any of the regions of interest ( P≥0.111). r CBF did not differ among time points in any of the regions of interest ( P≥0.097). Mean perilesional rCBF was 1.04±0.65 and was unrelated to baseline SBP ( P=0.105). Conclusions ASL can be used to measure rCBF in patients with acute and subacute ICH . Perihematomal CBF was not associated with SBP changes at any time point. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00963976.

Ultrasound assessment of carotid arteries: Current concepts, methodologies, diagnostic criteria, and technological advancements.

Following cardiac disease and cancer, stroke continues to be the third leading cause of death and disability due to chronic disease in the developed world. Appropriate screening tools are integral to early detection and prevention of major cardiovascular events. In a carotid artery, the presence of increased intima-media thickness, plaque, or stenosis is associated with increased risk of a transient ischemic attack or a stroke. Carotid artery ultrasound remains a long-standing and reliable tool in the current armamentarium of diagnostic modalities used to assess vascular morbidity at an early stage. The procedure has, over the last two decades, undergone considerable upgrades in technology, approach, and utility. This review examines in detail the current state and usage of this integrally important means of extracranial cerebrovascular assessment.

Comparison of Carotid Doppler Ultrasound to Other Angiographic Modalities in the Measurement of Carotid Artery Stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare Doppler ultrasound (DUS) to other angiographic modalities: computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). METHODS: All DUS studies performed at Stroke Prevention Clinic (SPC) from 2011 to 2013 and referred for further angiographic modalities were included. Patients were excluded if the corresponding angiographic modality was not performed within 6 months of DUS. Patients were also excluded if they underwent interventions before DUS or between the time of DUS and the corresponding angiographic modality. The degree of stenosis was classified as mild (<50%), moderate (50-69%), severe (70-99%), or occlusion (100%). RESULTS: In total, 245 patients were identified. Nine patients were excluded (3.7%). Overall 472 Doppler studies of single ICAs from 236 patients were included in our analysis. Age was 65 ± 13 years and 136 patients were males (57.6%). There was an excellent agreement between DUS and CTA (kappa = .9 [P < .001], n = 274), good agreement with MRA (kappa = .8 [P < .001], n = 242), and excellent agreement with DSA (kappa = .92 [P < .001], n = 18). There was excellent agreement between CTA and MRA (kappa = .87, n = 46). CONCLUSION: Doppler ultrasound performed in a dedicated SPC by an experienced sonographer and reviewed by a certified stroke neurologist serves as a reliable initial screening tool in determining carotid artery stenosis.

Three-Dimensional and Conventional Carotid Ultrasound for Assessment of Carotid Plaque in a Stroke Patient: A Simple Way to Validate Findings.

Single-sweep automated 3-D ultrasound is a new imaging modality for the assessment of carotid plaque. Its most important application is the measurement of the plaque volume. To our knowledge, to date there is not a widely accepted "gold standard" to validate 3-D plaque volume measurement. We compared the findings of 2-dimensional and 3-D carotid ultrasound imaging with those of postsurgical plaque specimen using a simple method.

Early Rivaroxaban Use After Cardioembolic Stroke May Not Result in Hemorrhagic Transformation: A Prospective Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early anticoagulation after cardioembolic stroke remains controversial because of the potential for hemorrhagic transformation (HT). We tested the safety and feasibility of initiating rivaroxaban ≤14 days after cardioembolic stroke/transient ischemic attack. METHODS: A prospective, open-label study of patients with atrial fibrillation treated with rivaroxaban ≤14 days of transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale <9). All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging <24 hours of rivaroxaban initiation and day 7. The primary end point was symptomatic HT at day 7. RESULTS: Sixty patients (mean±SD age 71±19 years, 82% stroke/18% transient ischemic attack) were enrolled. Median (interquartile range) time from onset to rivaroxaban was 3 (5) days. At treatment initiation, median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale was 2 (4), and median diffusion-weighted imaging volume was 7.9 (13.7) mL. At baseline, HT was present in 25 (42%) patients (hemorrhagic infarct [HI]1=19, HI2=6). On follow-up magnetic resonance imaging, no patients developed symptomatic HT. New asymptomatic HI1 developed in 3 patients, and asymptomatic progression from HI1 to HI2 occurred in 5 patients; otherwise, HT remained unchanged at day 7. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the safety of rivaroxaban initiation ≤14 days of mild-moderate cardioembolic stroke/transient ischemic attack. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of petechial HT, which is common, does not appear to increase the risk of symptomatic HT.

Left ventricular relative wall thickness versus left ventricular mass index in non-cardioembolic stroke patients.

In non-cardioembolic stroke patients, the cardiac manifestations of high blood pressure are of particular interest. Emerging data suggest that echocardiographically determined left ventricular hypertrophy is independently associated with risk of ischemic stroke.The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of different patterns of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and hypertrophy in a group of consecutive patients admitted with non-cardioembolic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). In particular, we were interested in how often the relative wall thickness (RWT) was abnormal in patients with normal LV mass index (LVMI). As both abnormal RWT and LVMI indicate altered LV remodeling, the secondary objective of this research was to study whether a significant number of patients would be missing the diagnosis of LV remodeling if the RWT is not measured.All patients were referred within 48 hours after a stroke or a TIA for a clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiogram. The echocardiographic findings of consecutive patients with non-cardioembolic stroke or TIA were analyzed.All necessary measurements were performed in 368 patients, who were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 63.7 ±â€Š12.5 years, 64.4% men. Concentric remodeling carried the highest frequency, 49.2%, followed by concentric hypertrophy, 30.7%, normal pattern, 15.5%, and eccentric hypertrophy, 4.1%. The frequency of abnormal left ventricular RWT (80.4%) was significantly higher than that of abnormal LVMI (35.3%), (McNemar P < 0.05).In this group of non-cardioembolic stroke patients, abnormal LV remodeling as assessed by relative wall thickness is very frequent. As RWT was often found without increased LV mass, the abnormal left ventricular geometry may be missed if RWT is not measured or reported.

Single sweep three-dimensional carotid ultrasound: reproducibility in plaque and artery volume measurements.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for non-invasive and accurate techniques for assessment of severity of atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries. Recently an automated single sweep three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) technique became available. The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of the automated single sweep method in a cohort of patients undergoing clinically indicated carotid ultrasound. METHODS: Consecutive patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and having a plaque in the internal carotid artery (ICA) were recruited for this study. Imaging was performed using a Philips iU 22 ultrasound system equipped with the single sweep volumetric transducer vL 13-5. Analysis was performed offline with software provided by the manufacturer. Two independent observers performed all measurements. RESULTS: Of 137 arteries studied (from 79 patients), plaque and artery volumes could be measured in 106 (77%). Reproducibility of plaque volume measurements was assessed in 82 arteries. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good inter-observer reproducibility with limits of agreement -0.06 to +0.07 ml. The mean percentage difference between two observers was 5.6% ± 6.0%. Reproducibility of artery volume measurement was assessed in 31 cases. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated limits of agreement from -0.15 to +0.15 ml. The mean percentage difference was 6.4 ± 5.9%. CONCLUSION: The new automated single sweep 3D ultrasound is feasible in the majority of patients. Good reproducibility in plaque and artery volume measurements makes this technique suitable for serial assessment of carotid plaques.