Chemical Exposure of Synthetic Pyrethroid on Deltamethrin Under the Selection Pressure over the Generations: A Reproductive Potential Study of Anopheles stephensi.

Biochemical synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin are presently used insecticides for the control of mosquito vector-borne diseases in worldwide. Mosquito re-emergence with diseases becoming a serious problem due to development of insecticide resistance. The comprehensive knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of resistance against deltamethrin is required for implementation of an efficient vector control programme. The assessment of the biological fitness of a mosquito strain exposed to insecticide pressure is extremely vital because it provides information on the development of resistance. In the present study, the adult stage of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, was designated for the study of deltamethrin resistance (F40 generations). The non-blood-fed, laboratory-reared females to sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin (0.004%, 0.005%, 0.007%, or 0.01%) exposed to every generation for up to F40. The adult mosquito susceptibility was performed by WHO standard method for evaluation. After 24 h, mortality was recorded in both treated and control groups. Therefore, the biological fitness characteristics such as feeding, fecundity, hatchability, egg retention, immature duration, adult emergence, and adult life span were studied to assess the exposed deltamethrin under selection pressure as compared to the unexposed (control) population. The laboratory selection of An. stephensi exposed deltamethrin over the generations were diminished its biological fitness. Information on biological fitness including reproductive potential of mosquito strain under selection pressure against deltamethrin is incredibly necessary because it would facilitate in resistance management. Baseline information gives in this experiment will guide for future studies on the susceptibilities of wild malaria mosquito populations in India.

Genotypic-Phenotypic Analysis, Metabolic Profiling and Clinical Correlations in Parkinson's Disease Patients from Tamil Nadu Population, India.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an ageing disorder caused by dopaminergic neuron depletion with age. Growing research in the field of metabolomics is expected to play a major role in PD diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development. In this study, we looked at how SNCA and GBA1 gene mutations, as well as metabolomic abnormalities of kynurenine and cholesterol metabolites, were linked to alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and clinical characteristics in three different PD age groups. In all three age groups, a metabolomics analysis revealed an increased amount of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and a lower level of kynurenic acid (KYNA). The effect of 27-OHC on SNCA and GBA1 modifications was shown to be significant (P < 0.05) only in the A53T variant of the SNCA gene in late-onset and early-onset PD groups, whereas GBA1 variants were not. Based on the findings, we observed that the increase in 27-OHC would have elevated α-syn expression, which triggered the changes in the SNCA gene but not in the GBA1 gene. Missense variations in the SNCA and GBA1 genes were investigated using the sequencing technique. SNCA mutation A53T has been linked to increased PD symptoms, but there is no phenotypic link between GBA1 and PD. As a result of the data, we hypothesise that cholesterol and kynurenine metabolites play an important role in PD, with the metabolite 27-OHC potentially serving as a PD biomarker. These findings will aid in the investigation of pathogenic causes as well as the development of therapeutic and preventative measures for PD.

Exosomal mediated signal transduction through artificial microRNA (amiRNA): A potential target for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.

Exosome trans-membrane signals provide cellular communication between the cells through transport and/or receiving the signal by molecule, change the functional metabolism, and stimulate and/or inhibit receptor signal complexes. COVID19 genetic transformations are varied in different geographic positions, and single nucleotide polymorphic lineages were reported in the second waves due to the fast mutational rate and adaptation. Several vaccines were developed and in treatment practice, but effective control has yet to reach in cent presence. It was initially a narrow immune-modulating protein target. Controlling these diverse viral strains may inhibit their transuding mechanisms primarily to target RNA genes responsible for COVID19 transcription. Exosomal miRNAs are the main sources of transmembrane signals, and trans-located miRNAs can directly target COVID19 mRNA transcription. This review discussed targeted viral transcription by delivering the artificial miRNA (amiRNA) mediated exosomes in the infected cells and significant resources of exosome and their efficacy.

Biosurfactants and anti-inflammatory activity: A potential new approach towards COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has grown to be global public health emergency. The biosurfactants (BSs) are surface-active biomolecules with unique properties and wide applications. Several microbes synthesize secondary metabolites with surface-active properties, which have a wide range of anti-inflammatory and anti-viral roles. The monocytes and neutrophils are activated by bacteria, which subsequently result in high secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, Il-18 and IL-1ß) and toll-like receptors-2 (TLR-2). Following the inflammatory response, BSs induce the production of cationic proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysozyme, and thus can be used for therapeutic purposes. This article provides recent advances in the anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of BSs and discusses the potential use of these compounds against COVID-19, highlighting the need for in-vitro and in-vivo approaches to confirm this hypothesis. This suggestion is necessary because there are still no studies that have focused on the use of BSs against COVID-19.

Bio Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticle from Argemone mexicana for the Control of Aedes albopictus and their Antimicrobial Activity.

BACKGROUND: Plant synthesized silver nanoparticles give rapid control on mosquito larvae of dengue vector, Aedes albopictus. AgNPs synthesized from the plant, Argemone mexicana for the control of larvae and these nanoparticles inhibit the growth of microbes are broad spectrum of nanoparticle activities. METHODS: Nanoparticles were subjected to analysis by UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, laboratory evaluation of plant mediated nano-particle carried out lethal toxicity on Aedes albopictus. The characterization studies confirmed the spherical shape and size (5-50 nm) of silver nano-particles. RESULTS: The efficacy of AgNPs was tested at concentration of 2 to 10 ppm against L1 to L4 larval instar of A. albopictus. The LC50 followed by LC90 values were (L1) 5.24, 8.66; (L2) 5.56, 8.85; (L3) 6.20, 10.01 and (L4) 7.04, 10.92 at 10 ppm of silver nanoparticle, whereas LC50 (LC90) values of (L1) 7.63, 11.58; (L2) 8.17, 11.88; 8.80, 12.82 and 8.94, 12.26 at 10 ppm of plant extract alone treated larvae, respectively. The mortality rates were positively correlated with the concentration of AgNPs. Significant (P<0.05) high square value changes in the larval mortality were also recorded between the period of exposure against all larval instar of A. albopictus. Silver nanoparticles were also tested for antimicrobial activity and significant toxicity inhibition was observed against the gram positive microbes and it exhibited mild toxicity against P. aeroginosa. CONCLUSION: Plant, A. mexicana synthesized silver nano-particles are rapid and potential mosquito larvicidal as well as antimicrobial agents. Finding of our results support that silver nanoparticles can be prepared in a simple and cost-effective manner and are suitable for bio-formulation against mosquitoes and microbes.

Larvicidal efficacy of Jatropha curcas and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, against lymphatic filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae).

The present study explored the effects of Jatropha curcas leaf extract and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis larvicidal activity against the lymphatic filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Wights were selected for investigating the larvicidal potential against the first to fourth instar larvae of the laboratory-reared mosquito species, C. quinquefasciatus Say, in which the major lymphatic filariasis was used. The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electric blender. From the powder, 100 g of the plant materials was extracted with 300 ml of organic solvents of methanol for 8 h, using a Soxhlet apparatus, and filtered. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The plant extract showed larvicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval mortality was found in the leaf extract of methanol J. curcas against the first to fourth instar larvae of values LC(50) = 1.200%, 1.290%, 1.358%, and 1.448% and LC(90) = 2.094%, 2.323%, 2.444%, and 2.544% and B. thuringiensis israelensis against the first to fourth instar larvae of values LC(50) = 9.332%, 9.832%, 10.212%, 10.622% and LC(90) = 15.225%, 15.508%, 15.887%, and 15.986% larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. No mortality was observed in the control. These results suggest methanol extracts of J. curcas and B. thuringiensis israelensis have potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the major lymphatic filarial vector, C. quinquefasciatus.

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract phytochemicals: toxicity to the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

An ethanolic extract of Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves was tested for biological activity against the eggs, larvae, and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Significant mortality effects were observed in each life stage. In eggs, these effects ranged from 7% to 14% at the 0.013-0.040% concentrations, respectively. In larvae, the same concentration range induced, respectively, 30-95% and 23-88% mortality in first to fourth instars. In pupae, 0.013-0.040% concentrations of leaf extract induced between 18% and 42% mortality. Fitted probit-mortality curves for larvae indicated the median and 90% lethal concentrations (LC(50)/LC(90)) of extract for instars 1-4 to be 0.024/0.042, 0.025/0.043, 0.026/0.045, and 0.028/0.047, respectively. Qualitative analyses of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, and steroids but the absence of alkaloids, glycosides, resins, saponins, and tannins. The results indicate that Pe. tithymaloides leaf extract exhibits significant biological activity against immature stages of Cx. quinquefasciatus and warrants further study for development and use as a natural product-based biocide in disease vector control.