RESUMEN
Evidently proven medicinal benefits of Tinospora cordifolia and the growing demand of functional foods have created scientific interest in the functional beverage. Therefore, an attempt was made to prepare probiotic Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 supplemented herbal wine having the benefits of both phytochemical and probiotic. Experimentally, fermentation of Tinospora cordifolia stem was found to be the most effective with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, isoleucine, and thiamine that yielded maximum ethanol (6.8 to 10%), total phenol (419 to 791.5 µg/ml), and antioxidants capacity (98.2 to 160.4 µmol/ml) after optimizing physical parameters, i.e., 20° Brix total soluble solid, pH 4.5, temperature 30 °C, and 10% (v/v) inoculum. Further, prepared herbal wine was supplemented separately with seven different probiotic strains and among these Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 had the highest 88.6% survival rate compared with other probiotics and was safe showing 100% survivability of HEK-293 and THP-1 cells. Both herbal- and probiotic-supplemented herbal wine showed the antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as probiotic-supplemented herbal wine had 19-21 mm inhibition zone compared with 18-19 mm with herbal wine. LC-MS analysis of the probiotic-supplemented herbal wine revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactone, glycoside, steroids having anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential. This is the first ever such study to demonstrate the antibacterial, antioxidant potential and safety of probiotic supplemented herbal wine in vitro.
RESUMEN
The present study was designed to envisage the antigiardial efficacy of killed probiotic and probiotic protein (PP) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in murine giardiasis. Experimentally, it was observed that animal administered either with probiotic protein emulsified with adjuvant (PP(E) + Giardia) or killed probiotic (killed probiotic (i/p) + Giardia) had significantly reduced Giardia cycle with respect to observed severity and duration of giardiasis compared with Giardia-infected mice. Further, it was found that animals belonging to PP(E) + Giardia and killed probiotic (i/p) + Giardia had significantly high levels of antigiardial IgA antibody and nitric oxide both in serum and in intestinal fluid compared with Giardia-infected and counter control mice. Histopathologyically, also animals belonging to PP(E) + Giardia and killed probiotic (i/p) + Giardia animals had intact mucosal epithelium lining, basal crypts, and normal villi along with increased goblet cells compared with severe microvillus atrophy, vacuolated epithelial cells, and ileitis in Giardia-infected mice. This is the first-ever study to demonstrate that prior administration of either killed probiotics or probiotic protein of effective probiotic reduced both the severity and the duration of giardiasis mainly by modulating the gut microbiome and morphology along with mucosal immunity, but animals belonging to PP(E) + Giardia had better response than killed probiotic (i/p) + Giardia suggesting that probiotic components do have adjuvant potential and may be used as the vaccine candidate for gastrointestinal diseases.
