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This study investigates the efficacy of rosemary extract (RE) in stabilizing structured lipids (SL) developed using perilla seed oil (PSO) and palmolein (PO) under accelerated storage conditions. The oil samples, comprising PSO, Blend, and SL formulations with and without RE (1500 ppm) and BHT (200 ppm), were studied for their storage stability during a 30 day storage period at 65 °C, with the analysis carried out at 6 day intervals. Oxidative properties were comprehensively assessed, including both physical attributes (color, viscosity, and refractive index) and chemical parameters (peroxide value, free fatty acid (FFA), p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, conjugated dienes, and trienes). The results demonstrated that RE-enriched oil samples exhibited significantly higher oxidative stability (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. SL added with 1500 ppm of RE exhibited notable enhancements in quality parameters, showcasing reductions in FFA, TOTOX value, conjugated diene, and triene value by 44.01%, 35.42, 39.03, and 47.36, respectively, when compared to SL without any antioxidant. The RE at 1500 ppm concentration showed a similar effect as the synthetic antioxidant BHT at 200 ppm. Also, the RE demonstrated potent inhibition of the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby contributing to the improved oxidative stability of the SLs. Furthermore, SL with RE also exhibited reduced degradation of the tocopherol content and total phenolic content during the storage period. Principal component analysis demonstrated that SL and blend followed similar oxidative characteristics as they fell within the same quadrant. These findings underscore RE as a potent source of antioxidants capable of scavenging free radicals and enhancing the oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid-rich SLs.
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A new Coronaviridae strain, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from Wuhan city of China and caused one of the substantial global health calamities in December 2019. Even though several vaccines and drugs have been developed worldwide since COVID-19, a cost-effective drug with the least side effects is still unavailable. Currently, plant-derived compounds are mostly preferred to develop antiviral therapeutics due to its less toxicity, easy access, and cost-effective characteristics. Therefore, in this study, 124 phytochemical compounds from plants of Lauraceae family with medicinal properties were virtually screened against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Identification of four phytomolecules, i.e., cassameridine, laetanine, litseferine and cassythicine, with docking scores -9.3, -8.8, -8.6, and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively, were undertaken by virtual screening, and molecular docking. Furthermore, the molecular dynamic simulation and essential dynamics analysis have contributed in understanding the stability and inhibitory effect of these selected compounds. These phytomolecules can be considered for further in vitro and in vivo experimental study to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics targeting the main protease (Mpro).
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Antivirales , COVID-19 , Humanos , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/química , SARS-CoV-2 , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , Simulación de Dinámica MolecularRESUMEN
Cereals and cereal-based products are primary sources of nutrition across the world. However, contamination of these foods with aflatoxins (AFs), secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species, has raised serious concerns. AF generation in innate substrates is influenced by several parameters, including the substrate type, fungus species, moisture content, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical injury to the kernels. Consumption of AF-contaminated cereals and cereal-based products can lead to both acute and chronic health issues related to physical and mental maturity, reproduction, and the nervous system. Therefore, the precise detection methods, detoxification, and management strategies of AFs in cereal and cereal-based products are crucial for food safety as well as consumer health. Hence, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, chemical characteristics, biosynthetic processes, health hazards, and detection techniques of AFs, along with a focus on detoxification and management strategies that could be implemented for food safety and security.
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Aflatoxinas , Humanos , Aflatoxinas/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , HumedadRESUMEN
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that infect a wide range of foods worldwide. Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene produced by numerous Fusarium species, has the ability to infect a variety of foods both in the field and during post-harvest handling and management. NIV is frequently found in cereal and cereal-based goods, and its strong cytotoxicity poses major concerns for both human and animal health. To address these issues, this review briefly overviews the sources, occurrence, chemistry and biosynthesis of NIV. Additionally, a brief overview of several sophisticated detection and management techniques is included, along with the implications of processing and environmental factors on the formation of NIV. This review's main goal is to offer trustworthy and current information on NIV as a mycotoxin concern in foods, with potential mitigation measures to assure food safety and security.
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Fusarium , Micotoxinas , Animales , Grano Comestible/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Fusarium/metabolismo , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análisis , TricotecenosRESUMEN
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
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Agricultura , Citrinina/química , Citrinina/toxicidad , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Hongos/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Citrinina/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMEN
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined.
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Fusarium , Micotoxinas , Tricotecenos , Animales , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análisis , Micotoxinas/toxicidad , Tricotecenos/análisis , Tricotecenos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Marijuana, or Cannabis sativa L., is a common psychoactive plant used for both recreational and medicinal purposes. In many countries, cannabis-based medicines have been legalized under certain conditions because of their immense prospects in medicinal applications. With a comprehensive insight into the prospects and challenges associated with the pharmacological use and global trade of C. sativa, this mini-review focuses on the medicinal importance of the plant and its legal status worldwide; the pharmacological compounds and its therapeutic potential along with the underlying public health concerns and future perspective are herein discussed. The existence of major compounds including Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC), cannabidiol, cannabinol, and cannabichromene contributes to the medicinal effects of the cannabis plant. These compounds are also involved in the treatment of various types of cancer, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease displaying several mechanisms of action. Cannabis sativa is a plant with significant pharmacological potential. However, several aspects of the plant need an in-depth understanding of the drug mechanism and its interaction with other drugs. Only after addressing these health concerns, legalization of cannabis could be utilized to its full potential as a future medicine.
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Cannabidiol , Cannabis , Cannabidiol/farmacología , DronabinolRESUMEN
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Malus , Patulina , Penicillium , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Frutas/química , Humanos , Patulina/toxicidadRESUMEN
Plants of the genus Brassica occupy the top place among vegetables in the world. This genus, which contains a group of six related species of a global economic significance, three of which are diploid: Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch, Brassica oleracea L., and Brassica rapa L. and three are amphidiploid species: Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., and Brassica napus L. These varieties are divided into oily, fodder, spice, and vegetable based on their morphological structure, chemical composition, and usefulness of plant organs. The present review provides information about habitat, phytochemical composition, and the bioactive potential of Brassica plants, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities, and clinical studies in human. Brassica vegetables are of great economic importance around the world. At present, Brassica plants are grown together with cereals and form the basis of global food supplies. They are distinguished by high nutritional properties from other vegetable plants, such as low fat and protein content and high value of vitamins, fibers along with minerals. In addition, they possess several phenolic compounds and have a unique type of compounds namely glucosinolates that differentiate these crops from other vegetables. These compounds are also responsible for numerous biological activities to the genus Brassica as described in this review.
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Brassica , Fitoquímicos , Verduras , Brassica/química , Glucosinolatos , Humanos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Verduras/químicaRESUMEN
Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Grano Comestible/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Hongos/metabolismo , Zearalenona/efectos adversos , Animales , Protección de Cultivos , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Metabolismo Secundario , Zearalenona/análisisRESUMEN
Mycorrhizal desert truffles such as Terfezia boudieri, Tirmania nivea, and Terfezia claveryi, form mycorrhizal associations with plants of the Cistaceae family. These valued truffles are still collected from the wild and not cultivated under intensive farming due to the lack of basic knowledge about their biology at all levels. Recently, several genomes of desert truffles have been decoded, enabling researchers to attempt genetic manipulations to enable cultivation. To execute such manipulations, the development of molecular tools for genes transformation into truffles is needed. We developed an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation system in T. boudieri. This system was optimized for the developmental stage of the mycelia explants, bacterial optical density, infection and co-cultivation durations, and concentrations of the selection antibiotics. The pFPL-Rh plasmid harboring hph gene conferring hygromycin resistance as a selection marker and the red fluorescent protein gene were used as visual reporters. The optimal conditions were incubation with 200 µM of acetosyringone, attaining a bacterial optical density of 0.3 OD600; transfer time of 45 min; and co-cultivation for 3 days. This is the first report on a transformation system for T. boudieri, and the proposed protocol can be adapted for the transformation of other important desert truffles as well as ectomycorrhizal species.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Ascomicetos/genética , Transformación Genética/genética , Agrobacterium tumefaciens/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ascomicetos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cistaceae/microbiología , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Micelio/genética , Micelio/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) is a medicinal plant used in folk and Ayurvedic medicines throughout India since ancient times. All the parts of the plant are immensely useful due to the presence of different compounds of pharmaceutical importance belonging to various groups as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, and phenolics. These compounds possess pharmacological properties, which make it anti-diabetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hepato-protective, and immuno-modulatory. However, due to the increasing population, there is an inadequate supply of drugs. Therefore, this review focuses on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, clinical application and its conservation strategies so that the plant can be conserved for future generations and utilized as alternative medicine as well as to design various pharmacologically important drugs.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Tinospora/química , Tinospora/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Etnofarmacología , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , India , Medicina Ayurvédica , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
Agriculture is the source of food for both humans and animals. With the growing population demands, agricultural production needs to be scaled up where nanotechnology can play a significant role. The use of nanotechnology in agriculture can manage plant disease and growth for better and quality output. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of various nanoparticles for detection of nutrients and contaminants, nanosensors for monitoring the environmental stresses and crop conditions as well as the use of nanotechnology for plant pathogen detection and crop protection. In addition, the delivery of plant growth regulators and agrichemicals like nanopesticides and nanofertilizers to the plants along with the delivery of DNA for targeted genetic engineering and production of genetically modified (GM) crops are discussed briefly. Further, the future concerns regarding the use of nanoparticles and their possible toxicity, impact on the agriculture and ecosystem needs to be assessed along with the assessment of the nanoparticles and GM crops on the environment and human health.
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Citrus is a genus belonging to the Rutaceae family and includes important crops like orange, lemons, pummelos, grapefruits, limes, etc. Citrus essential oils (CEOs) consist of some major biologically active compounds like α-/ß-pinene, sabinene, ß-myrcene, d-limonene, linalool, α-humulene, and α-terpineol belonging to the monoterpenes, monoterpene aldehyde/alcohol, and sesquiterpenes group, respectively. These compounds possess several health beneficial properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc., in addition to antimicrobial properties, which have immense potential for food applications. Therefore, this review focused on the extraction, purification, and detection methods of CEOs along with their applications for food safety, packaging, and preservation. Further, the concerns of optimum dose and safe limits, their interaction effects with various food matrices and packaging materials, and possible allergic reactions associated with the use of CEOs in food applications were briefly discussed, which needs to be addressed in future research along with efficient, affordable, and "green" extraction methods to ensure CEOs as an ecofriendly, cost-effective, and natural alternative to synthetic chemical preservatives.
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Aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus species are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and cause severe contamination to food sources, leading to serious health consequences. Contaminations by aflatoxins have been reported in food and feed, such as groundnuts, millet, sesame seeds, maize, wheat, rice, fig, spices and cocoa due to fungal infection during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Besides these food products, commercial products like peanut butter, cooking oil and cosmetics have also been reported to be contaminated by aflatoxins. Even a low concentration of aflatoxins is hazardous for human and livestock. The identification and quantification of aflatoxins in food and feed is a major challenge to guarantee food safety. Therefore, developing feasible, sensitive and robust analytical methods is paramount for the identification and quantification of aflatoxins present in low concentrations in food and feed. There are various chromatographic and sensor-based methods used for the detection of aflatoxins. The current review provides insight into the sources of contamination, occurrence, detection techniques, and masked mycotoxin, in addition to management strategies of aflatoxins to ensure food safety and security.
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The genus Litsea is predominant in tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Taiwan, and Japan. The plant possesses medicinal properties and has been traditionally used for curing various gastro-intestinal ailments (e.g., diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion, and gastroenteritis) along with diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injury. Besides its medicinal properties, Litsea is known for its essential oil, which has protective action against several bacteria, possesses antioxidant and antiparasitic properties, exerts acute and genetic toxicity as well as cytotoxicity, and can even prevent several cancers. Here we summarize the ethnopharmacological properties, essentials oil, medicinal uses, and health benefits of an indigenous plant of northeast India, emphasizing the profound research to uplift the core and immense potential present in the conventional medicine of the country. This review is intended to provide insights into the gaps in our knowledge that need immediate focus on in-situ conservation strategies of Litsea due to its non-domesticated and dioecious nature, which may be the most viable approach and intense research for the long-term benefits of society and local peoples.
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The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
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Fumonisinas , Agricultura , Animales , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Manipulación de Alimentos , Fumonisinas/análisis , Fumonisinas/química , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Fumonisinas/toxicidad , Fusarium/genética , Fusarium/metabolismo , Genes Fúngicos , Humanos , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Tomato and its derived products have a very interesting nutritional value in addition to prominent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Tomatoes are generally quite safe to eat. However, overall consumption varies from individual to individual. Indeed, either beneficial or harmful effects of plants or their derived products are closely related to quality, including the presence of biologically active compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis and accumulation of these bioactive molecules depends on many other factors, such as environmental conditions. In this sense, this review briefly highlights the relationship between the chemistry of tomato and its derived products and their beneficial or harmful effects on human health, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease or heartburn, allergies, kidney and cardiovascular disorders, prostate cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, lycopenodermia, body aches, arthritis, and urinary problems.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Anticarcinógenos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Valor Nutritivo , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos adversos , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Humanos , Fitoquímicos/administración & dosificación , Fitoquímicos/efectos adversos , Fitoquímicos/síntesis química , RiesgoRESUMEN
The rapid development of nanotechnology has transformed many domains of food science, especially those that involve the processing, packaging, storage, transportation, functionality, and other safety aspects of food. A wide range of nanostructured materials (NSMs), from inorganic metal, metal oxides, and their nanocomposites to nano-organic materials with bioactive agents, has been applied to the food industry. Despite the huge benefits nanotechnology has to offer, there are emerging concerns regarding the use of nanotechnology, as the accumulation of NSMs in human bodies and in the environment can cause several health and safety hazards. Therefore, safety and health concerns as well as regulatory policies must be considered while manufacturing, processing, intelligently and actively packaging, and consuming nano-processed food products. This review aims to provide a basic understanding regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the food packaging and processing industries and to identify the future prospects and potential risks associated with the use of NSMs.
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Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Nanotecnología/métodos , Manipulación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Conservación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Nanoestructuras/químicaRESUMEN
Genetically modified (GM) crops are the fastest adopted commodities in the agribiotech industry. This market penetration should provide a sustainable basis for ensuring food supply for growing global populations. The successful completion of two decades of commercial GM crop production (1996-2015) is underscored by the increasing rate of adoption of genetic engineering technology by farmers worldwide. With the advent of introduction of multiple traits stacked together in GM crops for combined herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, drought tolerance or disease resistance, the requirement of reliable and sensitive detection methods for tracing and labeling genetically modified organisms in the food/feed chain has become increasingly important. In addition, several countries have established threshold levels for GM content which trigger legally binding labeling schemes. The labeling of GM crops is mandatory in many countries (such as China, EU, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Chile, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand), whereas in Canada, Hong Kong, USA, South Africa, and Argentina voluntary labeling schemes operate. The rapid adoption of GM crops has increased controversies, and mitigating these issues pertaining to the implementation of effective regulatory measures for the detection of GM crops is essential. DNA-based detection methods have been successfully employed, while the whole genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provides an advanced means for detecting genetically modified organisms and foods/feeds in GM crops. This review article describes the current status of GM crop commercialization and discusses the benefits and shortcomings of common and advanced detection systems for GMs in foods and animal feeds.