Prevalence and contributing factors of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

AIMS: To conduct a systematic review to summarize the definition, measurement tools, prevalence, and contributing factors of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A reproducible search strategy was used to identify factors affecting IAH in T2DM in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception until 2022. Literature screening, quality evaluation, and information extraction were performed independently by 2 investigators. A meta-analysis of prevalence was performed using Stata 17.0. RESULTS: The pooled prevalence of IAH in patients with T2DM was 22% (95%CI:14-29%). Measurement tools included the Gold score, Clarke's questionnaire, and the Pedersen-Bjergaard scale. IAH in T2DM was associated with sociodemographic factors (age, BMI, ethnicity, marital status, education level, and type of pharmacy patients visited), clinical disease factors (disease duration, HbAlc, complications, insulin therapy regimen, sulfonylureas use, and the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia), and behavior and lifestyle (smoking and medication adherence). CONCLUSION: The study found a high prevalence of IAH in T2DM, with an increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, suggesting that medical workers should take targeted measures to address sociodemographic factors, clinical disease, and behavior and lifestyle to reduce IAH in T2DM and thus reduce hypoglycemia in patients.

Graphite Carbon Nitride and Its Composites for Medicine and Health Applications.

With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, the performance of traditional materials can no longer fully meet the needs of social development. Graphitic phase carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ), as a new type of nanomaterial, has good properties. Its unique graphite like structure and stable thermodynamic characteristics have led an increasing number of researchers to explore its diverse functions and use this as a basis to develop related energy and products for applications in various fields. Among them, applications in the field of medicine health have become popular in recent years. Therefore, this review summarizes the synthesis methods of g-C3 N4 and its composites, as well as their applications in food, medicine, environmental monitoring and disease treatment, in the hope of providing references and basis for further expanding the applications of g-C3 N4 in large health areas.