RESUMEN
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has recently been developed as a resource for teaching human anatomy through the accurate reproduction of anatomical specimens. Using a composite 3D printed model with the incorporation of metal and magnets, we were able to demonstrate and analyse movements at the midcarpal joint during the 'dart thrower's motion', which is an important motion in daily activities involving the use of the hand. The hand component with the distal row of carpal bones was subjected to flexion and extension at the midcarpal joint and observed for simultaneous abduction/adduction. Notable adduction was observed in the flexed position as compared to the extended position. Moreover, while the primary movements at the midcarpal joint were taking place in the medial part of the joint, the lateral part of the joint (which is ellipsoid) served to accommodate the arc of movement. We suggest that such composite 3D printed models are useful teaching tools for enhancing the understanding of complex joint movements.
Asunto(s)
Articulaciones del Carpo/anatomía & histología , Modelos Anatómicos , Impresión Tridimensional , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Anatomía/educación , Articulaciones del Carpo/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulaciones del Carpo/fisiología , Huesos de la Mano/anatomía & histología , Huesos de la Mano/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Radio (Anatomía)/anatomía & histología , Radio (Anatomía)/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Cúbito/anatomía & histología , Cúbito/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To report the presence of a localized pad of adipose tissue in the medial anterior tarsal surface of the Asian upper eyelid. METHODS: Clinicohistologic case series. The presence and extent of a localized pad of adipose tissue in the medial pretarsal area were documented: 1) intraoperatively for 51 consecutive upper eyelid surgeries; and 2) in the histologic study of 10 cadaveric upper eyelid specimens. RESULTS: Medial pretarsal adipose tissue, ranging from 5 mm to 22 mm in size, was consistently found in all clinical patients regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, or underlying pathology. Histologic examination of the cadaveric specimens confirmed the presence of a localized pad of adipose tissue on the anterior surface of the superior tarsus medially. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a localized pad of adipose tissue on the anterior surface of the medial superior tarsus seems to be a consistent finding in Asians.