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The United States faces an unprecedented mental health crisis, with youth and young adults at the center. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly 50 percent of college students reported at least one mental health concern. The COVID-19 pandemic notably exacerbated these issues and underscored the urgent need to identify and implement ways to ameliorate the youth mental health crisis. In 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine called on the field of higher education to address growing concerns about student mental health by identifying and elevating emerging and promising approaches that offer a more holistic way to support students' mental health. Serving as the main entry point for more than 40 percent of students seeking a postsecondary degree, community colleges represent a tremendous and untapped opportunity to better address mental health in the United States, particularly for students who have been traditionally underserved (e.g., students of color, first-generation students, and low-income students). However, community colleges have limited evidence and guidance to inform the implementation of multilevel, holistic approaches to support students with varying mental health needs. To address this knowledge gap, this article shares a descriptive study of eight community colleges at the forefront of implementing multilevel approaches (a combination of prevention, early intervention, and treatment services) to support student mental health, as well as key facilitators for and barriers to their success.
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Emotion suppression is widely assumed to be unhealthy. Yet, this conclusion may be limited to independent Western cultures that value self-expression. In a pre-registered, daily diary study of European American and East Asian college students, we tested whether culture moderates the effects of daily use of emotion suppression on sleep-a critical component of healthy living among young adults. A total of 117 college students (62 European Americans and 55 East Asians) completed two diaries per day for 14 days to assess (a) their daily use of emotion suppression every night and (b) subjective sleep quality and mood upon awakening every morning. Participants also wore actigraphy watches to provide behavioral measures of sleep. The data were collected between 2018 and 2020. We used multilevel models to test cultural differences in the effects of emotion suppression on sleep and mood measures at both between-person (average) and within-person (day-to-day) levels. For European Americans, greater use of emotion suppression across 2 weeks was associated with lower average subjective sleep quality and more tense (vs. calm) feelings upon awakening. At the within-person level, on days when European Americans used emotion suppression more than usual, they had less amount of sleep that night. In contrast, these associations were completely absent among East Asians. These results provide support for the cultural fit hypothesis that how emotion suppression affects sleep health varies by cultural contexts, depending on whether this regulatory behavior is normatively congruous or incongruous with the values prioritized in each culture. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Emociones , Sueño , Adulto Joven , Humanos , Afecto , Estudiantes/psicología , BlancoRESUMEN
Nurses experience poor sleep and high stress due to demanding work environments. Night shift work is common among nurses and may exacerbate stress-sleep associations. We examined bidirectional associations between daily stress and sleep, and moderation by recent shift worker status and daily work schedule among nurses. Participants were 392 nurses (92% female; 78% White, mean age = 39.54, SD = 11.15) who completed 14 days of electronic sleep diaries and actigraphy. They simultaneously completed assessments of daily stress and work schedule upon awakening (day shift vs. night shift [work between 9 p.m.-6 a.m.] vs. off work). Participants were classified as recent night shift workers if they worked at least one night shift during the past 14 days (n = 101; 26%). In the entire sample, greater daily stress predicted shorter self-reported total sleep time and lower self-reported sleep efficiency that night. Shorter self-reported and actigraphy total sleep time and lower self-reported sleep efficiency predicted higher next-day stress. Compared with recent night shift workers, day workers reported higher stress after nights with shorter total sleep time. Stress-sleep associations mostly did not vary by nurses' daily work schedule. Sleep disturbances and stress may unfold in a toxic cycle and are prime targets for tailored interventions among nurses. Night shift workers may be less susceptible to the effects of short sleep on next-day stress. Research is needed to understand the short- and long-term effects of shift work and address the unique sleep challenges nurses face.
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Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Horario de Trabajo por Turnos , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Actigrafía , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Admisión y Programación de Personal , Horario de Trabajo por Turnos/efectos adversos , Sueño , Tolerancia al Trabajo ProgramadoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the associations of emotional supportiveness toward others and engagement in socially straining (negative) behavior toward others across close relationships with multiple dimensions of sleep health. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Community sample from the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS). PARTICIPANTS: Four-hundred and thirty-five participants from the MIDUS II Biomarker Project aged 35-85. MEASUREMENTS: Self-report assessments of being emotionally supportive and engaging in socially straining behavior toward friends, family, and romantic partners; self-report assessments of demographic and other psychological and health variables; 7 nights of wrist actigraphy and sleep diary. RESULTS: Being emotionally supportive and engagement in socially straining behavior were associated with multiple dimensions of sleep health. The inclusion of demographic, health, and psychological covariates reduced but did not eliminate these associations. Based on analyses adjusting for these covariates, being more emotionally supportive toward close others was most robustly related to higher daytime alertness, and engaging in more socially straining behavior was most robustly related to less sleep regularity, quality, and efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate sleep health as a substantive correlate of being emotionally supportive toward and imposing social strain on others. They show that both daytime and nighttime dimensions of sleep health are important for social functioning across close relationships and highlight the need to examine both positive and negative aspects of relationships in relation to sleep.
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Actigrafía , Sueño , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Amigos , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Autoinforme , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Poor quality romantic relationships increase risk for health problems; elevated systemic inflammation is one promising underlying mechanism. This registered report utilized data from 3 publicly available datasets with large sample sizes (Add Health, MIDUS, NSHAP) to test this possibility. An internal meta-analysis across all 3 studies determined that romantic relationship distress was unrelated to inflammation (assessed via C-Reactive Protein levels). In addition, this link was not moderated by gender, socioeconomic status (SES), or the combination of gender and SES.
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[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported online in Emotion on Sep 5 2019 (see record 2019-52812-001). In the article, two text call outs for figures are incorrect. At the end of the "Negative emotional responses" section under the "Psychological Stress Responses" heading, "(see Figure 7)" should have been deleted. Under the "Negative task-related ruminative thoughts" heading in that same section, "(see Figure 5)" in the first paragraph should be "(see Figure 7)."] Expressing emotions is a common strategy for coping with stress. Yet, little is known about the effects of using this strategy in close relationships, or when and for whom emotional expression is effective. This study examined romantic partner responsiveness and the dispositional tendency to use emotional approach coping (EAC; the processing and expression of emotions) as moderators of the effects of experimentally manipulated emotional expression on stress responses to a laboratory stressor. We brought couples (N = 145) to the lab and randomly assigned 1 partner (the participant) to perform a stressful task. We manipulated whether participants expressed their feelings about the task to their partner (expression vs. no-expression), and whether participants received supportive messages from their partners (as an indicator of partner responsiveness; support vs. no-support). We examined physiological stress responses (cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]), negative emotional stress responses (anxiety and self-conscious emotions), and post-task ruminative thoughts. Participants high in EAC showed larger sAA and cortisol responses and reported more negative post-task ruminative thoughts after emotionally expressing to their partners, but partner support mitigated the effect on cortisol. Participants low in EAC showed smaller cortisol responses and reported less negative emotional responses and fewer negative post-task ruminative thoughts after emotionally expressing to their partners. Receiving partner support reduced negative emotional responses for people high in EAC, but increased negative emotional responses for those low in EAC. These results may help explain when and for whom emotional expression is an effective means of coping in the immediate context of a stressor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Adaptación Psicológica/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Among older children and adolescents, keeping secrets from parents is consistently associated with lower levels of psychological well-being. Further, concealing one's thoughts and emotions has been associated with poor physical health outcomes in adults. However, it remains an open question whether secret-keeping is associated with poorer health and health-related behaviors (such as sleep) among youth and, if those hypothesized links exist, what the psychological mechanisms might be. We investigated the associations among youth secrecy towards parents, daily asthma symptoms and daily sleep behaviors in a sample of low-income youth with asthma aged 10-17 and tested negative affect as a possible mediator of these associations. METHODS: One hundred and seventy two youths reported the extent to which they kept secrets towards parents over a period of four days. Asthma symptoms, nighttime awakenings, sleep onset latency, and subjective sleep quality were assessed with daily diaries completed by youths. RESULTS: More frequent secret-keeping was associated with more severe asthma symptoms, lower ratings of sleep quality and greater number of nighttime awakenings. Secrecy was also associated with increased negative affect, which accounted for the associations between secrecy and number of awakenings and daytime asthma symptoms. These findings remained significant after controlling for youth age and other relevant demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that secrecy towards parents can have consequential health outcomes for youth with asthma and point to the importance of investigating affective processes as mediators of the influence of secret-keeping on youth health.
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Asma/psicología , Sueño , Adolescente , Niño , Emociones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Padres , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/complicaciones , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: For older adults coping with a spouse's chronic condition, greater marital satisfaction may not be entirely protective for psychological health. We examined marital satisfaction and gender as moderators of the association between perceived spousal suffering and daily emotional contagion. Based on empathy-altruism and interdependent self-construal theories, we hypothesized that high marital satisfaction and being female would heighten daily emotional contagion, or within-person associations between perceived spouse suffering and distress to spouse suffering. METHOD: Forty-five older adults who had a spouse with a musculoskeletal condition completed daily interviews. Participants reported their marital satisfaction once in the laboratory and then daily perceptions of their spouse's physical suffering and their own distress to spouse suffering via phone at home for 7 days. RESULTS: Consistent with hypotheses, there were significant within-person effects such that highly satisfied wives experienced heightened emotional contagion on days when they perceived higher than average spouse suffering. Unexpectedly, men who were high in marital satisfaction experienced heightened daily distress irrespective of their perceptions of level of spousal suffering. DISCUSSION: Marital satisfaction can increase daily emotional contagion to spousal suffering among older couples dealing with chronic conditions. Wives' distress may be more dependent on perceiving high levels of partner suffering compared with husbands' distress.
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Empatía/fisiología , Matrimonio/psicología , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/psicología , Satisfacción Personal , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Research has demonstrated links between adult romantic attachment and one's own physical health; little is known about links between adult attachment orientations and offspring health. Prior work has shown that parents' greater attachment anxiety and avoidance predicts less warmth toward their children. Extensive work has also shown that lower maternal warmth has negative downstream effects on offspring health. We tested the novel hypothesis that mothers' dispositional romantic attachment would be linked-via maternal warmth-to their children's expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1, higher expression of which is associated with healthier stress-regulation and inflammatory response. In a sample of 132 youth with asthma, we found that mothers' attachment anxiety and avoidance were both negatively associated with children's expression of NR3C1, explained by lower youth-rated maternal warmth. Effects held after adjusting for demographic and psychosocial covariates. Implications for parents' attachment influencing the health of offspring are discussed.
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Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to subjective commitment can causally affect forgiveness responses. This Registered Replication Report (RRR) meta-analytically combines the results of 16 new direct replications of the original study, all of which followed a standardized, vetted, and preregistered protocol. The results showed little effect of the priming manipulation on the forgiveness outcome measures, but it also did not observe an effect of priming on subjective commitment, so the manipulation did not work as it had in the original study. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between the findings from this RRR and the original study.
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Relaciones Interpersonales , Perdón , Humanos , Memoria Implícita , Conducta Sexual , Pensamiento , ConfianzaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Prior work has shown that negative aspects (e.g., conflict) of marriage or marriage-like relationships are associated with poor health of offspring, but much less is known about the effects of positive aspects (e.g., affection) of parental romantic relationships. This study investigated links between conflict and affection within parents' romantic relationships and the health of youth with asthma. METHOD: Eighty youths with asthma aged 10-17 answered daily questions over a 4-day period about conflict and affection within their parents' romantic relationship, as well as their own daily mood, asthma symptoms, and expiratory peak flow. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses revealed that romantic affection-but not conflict-was directly associated with higher expiratory peak flow. Further, there was a significant indirect effect of romantic affection via youth positive affect on lower asthma symptoms. CONCLUSION: These results are the first to our knowledge to demonstrate that youth-reported positive characteristics of parents' romantic relationships are associated with better health among youth with asthma. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Asma/psicología , Estado de Salud , Matrimonio/psicología , Registros Médicos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Padres/psicología , Adolescente , Asma/diagnóstico , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Living in a dangerous and disadvantaged neighborhood is consistently linked with poor health outcomes; however, few studies have investigated psychosocial mechanisms of this relationship. We hypothesized that a specific facet of depression-anhedonia-would partially explain the relationship between stressful neighborhoods and poor health in youth with asthma. METHOD: 156 youths provided reports on their depressive symptoms, daily asthma symptoms, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Caregivers provided reports on neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS: Youth residing in more at-risk neighborhoods experienced more symptoms of depression, greater asthma symptoms (both during the day and night), and marginally lower PEFR. Indirect effect analyses revealed that the relationship between neighborhood stress and youth asthma symptoms was partially explained by a key symptom of depression, anhedonia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the neighborhood-health link is partially explained by symptoms of depression tapping into difficulties experiencing pleasure and motivation.
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Asma/etiología , Asma/psicología , Depresión/etiología , Depresión/psicología , Características de la Residencia , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Violencia/psicología , Adolescente , Anhedonia , Asma/diagnóstico , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Michigan , Motivación , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Stressful family environments early in life have negative effects on physical health. However, less is known about the health effects of positive aspects of families. We examined the associations between maternal responsiveness and immune markers among youth with asthma and identified youth expressions of positive affect as a potential mechanism of these associations. METHODS: Forty-three youths with asthma (26 boys; aged 10-17 years) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder for 4 days to assess maternal responsiveness and youth expressions of affect from audio-recordings of daily life. Trained coders rated Electronically Activated Recorder sound files for expressions of maternal responsiveness and affect displayed by the youth. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, cultured, and assayed to determine stimulated levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon-γ. RESULTS: Greater maternal responsiveness was associated with decreased stimulated production of IL-5 (r = -0.38, p = .012) and IL-13 (r = -0.33, p = .031). Greater total positive affect in youth was linked to decreased stimulated production of IL-5 (r = -0.46, p = .002) and IL-13 (r = -0.37, p = .014). Total negative affect among youth was unrelated to immune responses. There was a significant indirect effect of maternal responsiveness via positive affect in youth on lower levels of IL-5 (95% confidence interval = -3.41 to -0.03) and IL-13 (95% confidence interval = -2.34 to -0.01) when adjusting for caregiver-youth conflict and negative affect among youth. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the importance of positive family interactions for youth and provide preliminary evidence for a mechanism through which parenting can influence immune responses in youth with asthma.
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Asma/sangre , Asma/psicología , Interferón gamma/sangre , Interleucina-13/sangre , Interleucina-5/sangre , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Monitoreo AmbulatorioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poorer behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with asthma. This study investigated the associations between maternal income and education and naturalistically observed behaviors and affect during everyday parent-child interactions. METHODS: 53 predominantly low-income youth with asthma, aged 10-17 years, wore a naturalistic event-sampling device, the Electronically Activated Recorder, for 4 days to assess mother and child positive behaviors and affect in daily life. RESULTS: Maternal education, but not income, was positively associated with child positive behaviors, displays of mother and child positive affect, and increased maternal responsiveness. Maternal positive affect and maternal responsiveness mediated the effect of maternal education on child positive affect. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal education has an important influence on the socioemotional adjustment of youth with asthma and point to the importance of investigating the independent influence of socioeconomic status components on everyday parent-child interactions.
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Actividades Cotidianas/psicología , Asma/psicología , Conducta Infantil/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Escolaridad , Femenino , Humanos , Renta , Masculino , Madres/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Pobreza , Clase SocialRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the links between naturalistically observed conflict, self-reported caregiver-youth conflict, and youth asthma symptoms. METHOD: Fifty-four youth with asthma (age range: 10-17 years) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) for a 4-day period to assess interpersonal conflict and caregiver-youth conflict as they occur in daily life. Conflict also was assessed with baseline self-report questionnaires and daily diaries completed by youth participants and their caregivers. Asthma symptoms were assessed using daily diaries, baseline self-reports, and wheezing, as coded from the EAR. RESULTS: EAR-observed measures of conflict were strongly associated with self-reported asthma symptoms (both baseline and daily diaries) and wheezing coded from the EAR. Further, when entered together in regression analyses, youth daily reports of negative caregiver-youth interactions and EAR-observed conflict uniquely predicted asthma symptoms; only EAR-observed conflict was associated with EAR-observed wheezing. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the potential impact of daily conflict on youth asthma symptoms and the importance of assessing conflict as it occurs in everyday life. More broadly, they point to the importance of formulating a clear picture of family interactions outside of the lab, which is essential for understanding how family relationships "get under the skin" to affect youth health.
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Asma/fisiopatología , Conflicto Psicológico , Relaciones Familiares , Adolescente , Cuidadores/psicología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Autoinforme , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: An emerging literature provides evidence for the association between romantic relationship quality and sleep, an important factor in health and well-being. However, we still know very little about the specific relationship processes that affect sleep behavior. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine how self-disclosure, an important relational process linked to intimacy, relationship satisfaction, and health, is associated with sleep behavior. METHOD: As part of a larger study of family processes, wives (n = 46) and husbands (n = 38) from 46 cohabiting families completed 56 days of daily diaries. Spouses completed evening diaries assessing daily self-disclosure, relationship satisfaction, and mood and morning diaries assessing the prior night's sleep. Multilevel modeling was used to explore the effects of both daily variation in and average levels across the 56 days of self-disclosure on sleep. RESULTS: Daily variation in self-disclosure predicted sleep outcomes for wives, but not for husbands. On days when wives self-disclosed more to their spouses than their average level, their subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency that night improved. Furthermore, daily self-disclosure buffered the effect of high negative mood on sleep latency for wives, but not husbands. In contrast, higher average levels of self-disclosure predicted less waking during the night for husbands, but not for wives. CONCLUSION: The association between self-disclosure and sleep is one mechanism by which daily relationship functioning may influence health and well-being. Gender may play a role in how self-disclosure is associated with sleep.
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Relaciones Interpersonales , Autorrevelación , Sueño , Esposos/psicología , Adulto , Afecto , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Matrimonio/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Satisfacción Personal , Factores Sexuales , Esposos/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Pregnancy anxiety is a potent predictor of adverse birth and infant outcomes. The goal of the current study was to examine one potential mechanism whereby these effects may occur by testing associations between pregnancy anxiety and maternal salivary cortisol on 4 occasions during pregnancy in a sample of 448 women. Higher mean levels of pregnancy anxiety over the course of pregnancy predicted steeper increases in cortisol trajectories compared to lower pregnancy anxiety. Significant differences between cortisol trajectories emerged between 30 and 31 weeks of gestation. Results remained significant when adjusted for state anxiety and perceived stress. Neither changes in pregnancy anxiety over gestation, nor pregnancy anxiety specific to only a particular time in pregnancy predicted cortisol. These findings provide support for one way in which pregnancy anxiety may influence maternal physiology and contribute to a growing literature on the complex biological pathways linking pregnancy anxiety to birth and infant outcomes.
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Ansiedad , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Ansiedad/psicología , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Embarazo , Saliva/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Attachment theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding intersections between personality and close relationships in adulthood. Moreover, attachment has implications for stress-related physiology and physical health. We review work on normative processes and individual differences in the attachment behavioral system, as well as their associations with biological mechanisms related to health outcomes. We highlight the need for more basic research on normative processes and physiology and discuss our own research on individual differences in attachment and links with physiology. We then describe a novel perspective on attachment and physiology, wherein stress-related physiological changes may also be viewed as supporting the social-cognitive and emotion regulatory functions of the attachment system through providing additional energy to the brain, which has implications for eating behavior and health. We close by discussing our work on individual differences in attachment and restorative processes, including sleep and skin repair, and by stressing the importance of developing biologically plausible models for describing how attachment may impact chronic illness.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Apego a Objetos , Estrés Fisiológico , Estrés Psicológico , Ansiedad/psicología , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/farmacocinética , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Personalidad , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Piel , Sueño/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This study examined the relationship between individual differences in adult attachment and skin barrier recovery. Dating couples (N = 34) completed a self-report measure of attachment anxiety and avoidance, and during two separate laboratory visits, normal skin barrier function was disrupted using a tape-stripping procedure, followed by a 20 min discussion of personal concerns in one visit and relationship problems in the other, counterbalanced randomly across visits. Skin barrier recovery was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss up to 2 h after skin disruption. Multilevel modeling showed that skin barrier recovery did not differ between the personal concern or relationship problem discussions. Among women, greater attachment anxiety predicted faster skin barrier recovery across the two visits, while greater attachment avoidance predicted slower skin barrier recovery. Among men, greater attachment anxiety predicted slower skin barrier recovery during the personal concern discussion only. The observed effects remained significant after controlling for transepidermal water loss in undisturbed skin, suggesting that the relationship between attachment security and skin barrier recovery was not due to other skin-related factors like sweating. Cortisol changes, self-reported emotions, stress appraisals, and supportiveness ratings were tested as potential mediators, and none explained the relationships between attachment and skin barrier recovery. These findings are the first to demonstrate associations between individual differences in attachment style and restorative biological processes in the skin, even in a sample of young dating couples in satisfied relationships.