Rutin increases critical wavelength of systems containing a single UV filter and with good skin compatibility.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is responsible for sunburns, skin cancer, photoaging, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The awareness on preventing these deleterious effects made the use of anti-UVB formulations an important part of population habits; however, despite the availability of several antioxidants capable of ROS scavenging, the pharmaceutical market lacks products associating UV filters with natural compounds of proven efficacy. Here, we investigated the effect of rutin, a flavonoid with antioxidant activity, associated with UVB filters in dermocosmetic preparations. METHODS: Formulations were assessed through its antioxidant activity, in vitro photoprotective effectiveness, photostability, and in vivo skin tolerance (hydration, transepidermal water loss, and erythema). RESULTS: Samples containing rutin were compatible with the human skin and presented a pronounced antioxidant potential, with scavenging activity values 75% higher than the ones containing only UVB filters. Although rutin could not prevent the sunscreens photodegradation post-irradiation, the bioactive compound significantly increased the formulations critical wavelengths, showing a photoprotective gain, especially in the UVA range. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the absorption in the UVA range, coupled with ROS scavenging potential, proved the positive effect of rutin applied to anti-UVB formulations, making this bioactive compound a promising candidate for photoprotection improvement.

Short-term clinical of peel-off facial mask moisturizers.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a peel-off facial mask based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and the effect of a soybean extract fermented by Bifidobacterium animale incorporated in those formulations (5% w/w). METHODS: The formulations were submitted to randomized clinical studies in volunteers to evaluate the measurement effects as (a) tensor by Cutometer® , (b) moisturizing by Corneometer® and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by Tewameter® . These effects were determined in a short-term study (3 h) in a controlled-temperature room. RESULTS: The tensor effect and TEWL values indicated no significant difference between the use of facial mask and emulsion. On the other hand, the moisturizing effect of the facial mask on the stratum corneum was more significant than that of the emulsion according to Corneometer® measurements. Biometric cutaneous evaluation of peel-off facial masks (short-term study) showed that the masks promoted moisturizing effect of the stratum corneum more effectively than the oil-in-water emulsions. Thus, the facial masks were more efficient than emulsions in relation to moisturizing effects, but this efficiency is not related to the presence of fermented soybean extract. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that peel-off facial masks increase skin hydration in a process related to the occlusive effect.

Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model.

Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulas is designed to resemble a UV-induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter(®) MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm(-2) of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter(®) MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T(0) (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration.

Novas metodologias analíticas para avaliação da eficácia fotoprotetora (in vitro) - revisão / New analytical methods for photoprotection effectiveness testing (in vitro) - a review

Atualmente, são utilizadas técnicas in vitro e in vivo para a avaliação do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) e do Fator de Proteção de UVA (FPA). O presente trabalho propõe a revisão das técnicas para as avaliações desses fatores in vitro preconizadas por FDA (Food and Drug Administration Agency) e COLIPA (European Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association). O enfoque maior foi direcionado à análise espectrofotométrica de soluções diluídas e à espectrofotometria de reflectância com esfera integrada.

Currently, both in vitro and in vivo techniques are used to measure Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UVA Protection Factor (APF). This paper reviews the in vitro techniques to test these factors, recommended by the FDA (USA Food and Drug Administration) and COLIPA (European Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association). The main focus is on the spectrophotometric analysis of dilute solutions and the use of reflectance spectrophotometry with an integrating sphere.

Avaliação da interação de compostos ativos hidratantes com modelo de biomembrana de Crotalus durissus por meio de calorimetria exploratória diferencial e espectroscopia RAMAN / Study of the interaction of moisturizers with a Crotalus durissus biomembrane by differential scanning calorimetry and RAMAN spectroscopy

O objetivo foi verificar as alterações no estrato córneo em modelos alternativos de membrana após a aplicação de ativos hidratantes envolvendo métodos biofísicos. O modelo de biomembrana utilizado foi a muda de pele de Crotalus durissus e os ativos hidratantes foram: uréia, silício orgânico, extrato vegetal de Imperata cylindrica, reação de xilitol e glicose e componentes de NMF. Os resultados da avaliação das alterações do modelo por meio de Espectroscopia Raman com Transformada de Fourier sugerem que os ativos hidratantes confirmam segurança necessária, pois não alteraram de forma acentuada a estrutura do estrato córneo. Utilizando-se Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial pode-se indicar que a solução de silício orgânico e o gel hidrofílico com uréia apresentaram melhor poder hidratante.

The objective of this research was to use biophysical techniques to investigate the alterations induced in a biomembrane model of the stratum corneum by the application of moisturizers. The biomembrane was obtained from the skin shed by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus and the active moisturizing compounds were: urea, dimethylsilanol hyaluronate, Imperata cylindrical plant extract, carbohydrates and natural moisturizing factors (NMF components). Results from FT-Raman spectroscopy suggested that the moisturizers were safe, since they did not promote modifications in the structure of the stratum corneum. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the solution containing the organic silicon compound and the gel with urea showed the best hydrating effects on the stratum corneum.

Aspectos étnicos, biológicos e químicos de Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) / Ethnic, biological and chemical aspects of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae)

Senna occidentalis (sin. Cassia occidentalis) é um arbusto perene nativo da América do Sul e distribuída em regiões tropicais ao redor do mundo, frequentemente contaminando pastos e culturas de cereais. Inúmeros estudos demonstraram que esta planta é tóxica para animais. Na medicina popular, tribos americanas, africanas e indianas usam preparações da S. occidentalis como tônico, estomáquico, febrífugo, laxante e antimicrobiano. Diversas propriedades biológicas da espécie já foram comprovadas, tais como a antibacteriana, antifúngica, antimalárica, antitumoral e hepatoprotetora. As análises fitoquímicas evidenciaram que as antraquinonas, os flavonóides e outros derivados fenólicos são os seus principais constituintes. Esta revisão apresenta dados etnofarmacológicos, químicos e biológicos publicados na literatura sobre S. occidentalis.

Senna occidentalis (syn. Cassia occidentalis) is a perennial shrub, native to South America and indigenous to tropical regions throughout the world, often contaminating pastures and cereal crops. There have been many reports showing that S. occidentalis is toxic to animals. In traditional medicine, some American, African and Indian ethnic groups use S. occidentalis preparations in stomach treatments and as a tonic, febrifuge, laxative and topical antimicrobial agent. Several biological properties of this species have been proved, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor and hepatoprotective activity. Phytochemical analysis has shown that anthraquinones, flavonols and other phenolics are its major constituents. In this paper we present an overview of the ethnopharmacological, chemical and biological data published in the literature on S. occidentalis.

Desenvolvimento e Teste Preliminar da Estabilidade de formulações cosméticas acrescidas de extrato comercial de Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss (e) Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham / Development and Preliminary Stability Testing of cosmetic formulations containing the commercial extract of Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham

O presente estdo apresenta etapas de desenvolvimento de emulsões cosméticas, contendo 5% do extrato comercial de Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss (e) Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham. Desenvolveram-se 14 formulações-teste e avaliou-se a obtenção de emulsões macroscopicamente estáveis, com valores de viscosidade aparente variados, pH compatível com o da pele e características organolépticas adequadas, por meio dos Testes de Estabilidade Preliminar e Acelerada. Estas formulações foram divididas em dois grupos: um com emulsões fluidas e outro com emulsões mais viscosas. Após análise, oito formulações-teste foram consideradas aptas para serem submetidas ao Teste de Estabilidade Preliminar. Após os ensaios, cinco formulações-teste foram selecionadas para o Teste de Estabilidade Acelerada. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em condições de armazenamento, de luminosidade e de temperatura extremas. Ao final do estudo, duas formulações-teste foram consideradas aprovadas por apresentarem os perfis mais estáveis durante o estudo, sendo ambas, emulsões fluidas constituídas de ceras auto-emulsionantes e 0,3% p/p de um polímero natural,e uma delas adicionada também de 2,0% lecitina de soja.

Evaluation of preservative systems in opthalmic suspension of polymyxin B and dexamethasone by linear regression.

An ophthalmic suspension of polymyxin B and dexametasone with 13 different preservative systems was evaluated by a linear regression method for rapid screening, using D-values. The products were challenged against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Since linear regression showed correlation coefficients higher than 0.84 the decimal reduction time (D-value) was then calculated. The comparison of D-values obtained for each microorganism and each product led to the selection of the formula 9 = 10, which was selected to be submitted to the efficacy of antimicrobial preservation according to the European Pharmacopoeia.

PAS-FTIR and FT-Raman qualitative characterization of sodium dodecyl sulfate interaction with an alternative stratum corneum model membrane.

The interaction of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate with the stratum corneum (SC) of shed snake skin from Bothrops jararaca, used as a model membrane, was characterized qualitatively by FT-Raman and infrared photoacoustic (PAS-FTIR) spectroscopy, used as analytical tools. Surfactant solutions were 50.0 g x l(-1) and 2.34 g x l(-1) with treatment intervals of 4, 8 and 12 h. The employment of FT-Raman and PAS-FTIR indicated increased hydration of the SC with alteration of the tissue topography. The interaction of the SC with surfactant was increased by the tape-stripping process. The consequent exposure of the internal layers of the tissue intensified the effect of the anionic surfactant, indicating that this layer acted as an additional barrier.

Avaliação da estabilidade de máscaras faciais peel-off contendo rutina / Stability assessment of peel-off face masks containing rutin

Máscaras faciais peel-off baseiam-se em resinas vinílicas formadoras de filme. O álcool polivinílico (PVOH) é amplamente utilizado neste produto cosmético e interfere nas propriedades da película formada. A rutina, flavonóide da classe dos flavonóis, é empregadacomo potente antioxidante. O presente estudo contemplou como objetivo a avaliação da estabilidade física, físico-química e química de máscaras faciais peel-off contendo rutina, adicionada ou não de agente quelante, EDTA dissódico. Máscaras faciais peel-off foram desenvolvidas com 12,0% p/p de PVOH e 0,05% p/p de rutina. As amostras em estudo foram avaliadas quanto ao valor de pH, viscosidade aparente (cP) e teor da rutina remanescente nas amostras quantificada por espectrofotometria na derivada de primeira ordem a 410,0 nm, previamente validada; durante 45 dias nas seguintes condições de armazenamento: (1) 40,0 mais 0,5 ºC; (2) exposição à luz solar indireta e direta, à temperatura ambiente (22 mais 2 ºC); e (3) 5,0 mais 0,5 ºC. Verificou-se que a presença do EDTA Na2 (0,1% p/p) na formulação contribuiu para elevar a estabilidade da rutina nas condições de 22 mais ou menos 2 ºC e 5,0 mais ou menos 0,5 ºC. Sem a presença do agente quelante, o princípio ativo sofreu degradação em todas as temperaturas de armazenamento. Observou-se que valor de pH para ambas as preparações apresentou tendência para redução quando estas foram armazenadas a 40,0 mais ou menos 0,5 ºC, porém, não interferiu na estabilidade da rutina. Os resultados permitem concluir que o EDTA Na2 contribuiu para elevar a estabilidade do flavonóide na máscara facial peel-off elaborada com PVOH em condições consideradas normais e de temperaturas reduzidas de armazenamento (22 mais ou menos 2 ºC e 5,0 mais ou menos 0,5 ºC).

Relationship between the stiffness of the dental implant-bone system and the duration of the implant-tapping rod contact.

The physical basis of the Periotest percussion diagnosis is theoretically studied by modelling the dental implant-bone system as a simple lumped parameter system. An expression of the effective stiffness k(eff) is derived as a function of the contact time tau. The validity of k(eff) obtained is verified by a comparison with experimental values estimated from other methods. Relationships between k(eff) and the pure stiffness for the Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models are also derived. It is suggested that an increase of viscosity as well as stiffness will decrease tau.