Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Profesionales , Enfermedades de la Piel/etiología , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Costo de Enfermedad , Eccema/economía , Eccema/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Irritantes/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Profesionales/economía , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Sistema de Registros , Enfermedades de la Piel/economía , Enfermedades de la Piel/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Occupational skin diseases are among the most frequent work-related diseases in industrialized countries. Good occupational skin disease statistics exist in few countries. Questionnaire studies are needed to get more data on the epidemiology of occupational skin diseases. The Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire Group has developed a new questionnaire tool - Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002) - for surveys on work-related skin disease and exposures to environmental factors. The 2 NOSQ-2002 questionnaires have been compiled by using existing questionnaires and experience. NOSQ-2002/SHORT is a ready-to-use 4-page questionnaire for screening and monitoring occupational skin diseases, e.g. in a population or workplace. All the questions in the short questionnaire (NOSQ-2002/SHORT) are included in the long version, NOSQ-2002/LONG, which contains a pool of questions to be chosen according to research needs and tailored to specific populations. The NOSQ-2002 report includes, in addition to the questionnaires, a comprehensive manual for researchers on planning and conducting a questionnaire survey on hand eczema and relevant exposures. NOSQ-2002 questionnaires have been compiled in English and translated into Danish, Swedish, Finnish and Icelandic. The use of NOSQ-2002 will benefit research on occupational skin diseases by providing more standardized data, which can be compared between studies and countries.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Humanos , Islandia/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Exposición Profesional , Países Escandinavos y Nórdicos/epidemiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , TraducciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epoxy resin (ER) is a common cause of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), but contact urticaria from ER is very rare. METHODS AND RESULTS: A plastic-product worker first developed ACD from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin, and subsequent exposure resulted half a year later in contact urticaria: first with edema of the lips and eyelids, and later an urticarial reaction on the upper chest, with strong swelling of the eyelids and tightness of the throat. The diagnosis was based on a positive skin prick test to his "own" ER compound, a positive prick test reaction to DGEBA, and a positive skin provocation test with the ER compound and DGEBA. The contact urticaria test reaction was strongly aggravated when the allergen was wiped off with an alcohol solution, apparently because the solution enhanced the penetration of the allergen. CONCLUSIONS: Our case is of interest, first, because contact urticaria from ER is very rare, and second, because this is the second report in which a strongly intensified contact urticaria reaction was provoked by an alcohol solution. We suggest that if the contact urticaria provocation test with low-molecular-weight chemicals is negative, a contact urticaria provocation test with alcohol (CUPTA) should be performed.
Asunto(s)
Carcinógenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Compuestos Epoxi/efectos adversos , Resinas Epoxi/efectos adversos , Urticaria/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by (meth)acrylates (MA) is common in dental personnel. MAs have also caused asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, but asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and ACD caused by MAs in the same patient appears to be very rare. METHODS: Occupational asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis were diagnosed in a dentist according to patient history, PEF monitoring, and a work-simulated bronchial provocation test. ACD was diagnosed by skin-patch testing with MAs with the occlusive Finn Chamber-technique. RESULTS: The patient's skin-prick test reactions to common environmental allergens and MAs were negative. The total IgE was not elevated. Occupational asthma was diagnosed by a specific inhalation challenge test in which the patient handled liquid dental MAs for 30 min causing a delayed 23% reduction in FEV1. The provocation test also resulted in rhinoconjunctivitis. On patch testing, positive reactions were provoked by several MAs including 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) to which the patient was occupationally exposed. The patient has not been able to continue her work with dental MAs. CONCLUSIONS: A case of occupational asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and ACD caused by dental acrylate compounds is presented. Patients with respiratory hypersensitivity from MAs have to stop working with MAs, whereas patients with ACD from MAs need to avoid direct contact with MAs, but can often continue in their present job if they use no-touch techniques.
Asunto(s)
Asma/inducido químicamente , Conjuntivitis Alérgica/inducido químicamente , Odontólogas , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Metacrilatos/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Profesionales/inducido químicamente , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/inducido químicamente , Asma/diagnóstico , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/inducido químicamente , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/diagnóstico , Conjuntivitis Alérgica/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Femenino , Finlandia , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado/fisiología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Profesionales/diagnóstico , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/diagnóstico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Pruebas Cutáneas , Espirometría , Capacidad Vital/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Dental acrylic monomers (that is, acrylates and methacrylates) are important occupational sensitizers. Acrylic monomers may also cause allergic reactions in dental care. Unfortunately, acrylic monomers cross-react--that is, allergic sensitization induced by one acrylic compound extends to one or more other acrylic compounds. Therefore, sensitized individuals are often multiallergic and, accordingly, cannot be exposed to any of the compounds. In the present review aspects of cross-reactivity in general and data from animal studies of cross-reactivity of multifunctional methacrylates and acrylates are summarized. A multitude of acrylic monomers is used in dentistry, and when patients or dental personnel become sensitized, it is of great importance to identify the dental acrylic preparations to which the sensitized individual can be exposed. Sensitized dental workers are known to have ceased working in dentistry owing to occupational allergic contact dermatitis or asthma, caused by dental acrylic monomers. Unfortunately, cross-reactivity of acrylic monomers used in dentistry is not sufficiently mapped to enable selection of an appropriate compound for the sensitized person. Another important aspect is that product declarations of dental acrylic materials should show all acrylic compounds present in the products--even acrylic monomers/impurities with lower concentrations than 1%. This could help to select a product that the sensitized individual could use.
Asunto(s)
Acrilatos/efectos adversos , Materiales Dentales/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Acrilatos/química , Animales , Asma/etiología , Asma/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas/inmunología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/inmunología , Dermatitis Profesional/inmunología , Humanos , Metacrilatos/efectos adversos , Metacrilatos/química , Pruebas del ParcheRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Occupational contact urticaria (CU) from plants is often reported, but it is less often attributed to decorative houseplants. We present an atopic gardener and caretaker of plants who developed CU when occupationally exposed to weeping fig, spathe flower, and yucca. METHODS: Sensitization was evaluated by skin prick tests (SPT) and analyses for IgE antibodies. RESULTS: SPT were positive to all three plants, and IgE antibodies were found to weeping fig and spathe flower. SPT were also performed with several decorative houseplants in more than 600 patients. Positive SPT was found to weeping fig (12%), African milk tree (8.3%), yucca (5.8%), Chinese rose (4.7%), massangana (4.6%), bird's nest fern (3.2%), and spathe flower (3.2%). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that SPT and tests for IgE antibody are useful in detecting occupational CU caused by houseplants.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Plantas/efectos adversos , Adulto , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/inmunología , Dermatitis Profesional/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/análisis , Liliaceae/efectos adversos , Masculino , Ocupaciones , Pruebas CutáneasAsunto(s)
Resinas Acrílicas/efectos adversos , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Poliésteres/efectos adversos , Computadores , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Dermatosis de la Mano/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Pruebas del ParcheRESUMEN
The exposure of dental personnel to airborne methacrylates and natural rubber latex (NRL) allergens was studied during placing of composite resin restorations in six dental clinics in Finland. Both area and personal sampling were performed, and special attention was paid to measurement of short-term emissions from the patient's mouth. Methacrylates were collected onto thermal desorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and NRL allergens onto membrane filters. The methacrylate samples were thermally desorbed and analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. The NRL allergen concentrations were determined by the allergen-specific IgE-ELISA-inhibition method. The median concentration of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (2-HEMA) was 0.004 mg m-3 close to the dental nurse's work-desk and 0.003 mg m-3 in the breathing zone of the nurse with a maximum concentration of 0.033 mg m-3. Above the patient's mouth the concentration of 2-HEMA was about 0.01 mg m-3 during both working stages, i.e., during application of adhesive and composite resins and during finishing and polishing of the fillings. Maximum concentrations of 3-5 times higher than median concentrations were also measured. Triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate was released into the air mainly during the removal of old composite resin restorations (0.05 mg m-3) and only to a minor extent during finishing and polishing procedures. The median concentration of the NRL allergen was 0.12 au m-3 (au = arbitrary unit) with a maximum concentration of 1.1 au m-3. The results show that, except for short-term emissions from the patient's mouth, the exposure of dental personnel to methacrylates and NRL allergens is very low. Measures to reduce exposure are discussed, as the airborne concentrations of methacrylates should be kept as low as possible in order to reduce the risk of hypersensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Alérgenos/análisis , Clínicas Odontológicas , Personal de Odontología , Látex/análisis , Exposición Profesional , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación , Metacrilatos , Medición de Riesgo , Lugar de TrabajoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dental products contain many allergens, and may cause problems both for patients undergoing dental treatment and for dental personnel because of occupational exposure. Individual patch test clinics may not study sufficient numbers of patients to collect reliable data on uncommon allergens. OBJECTIVE: To collect information on dental allergens based on a multicenter study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Finnish Contact Dermatitis Group tested more than 4,000 patients (for most allergens, 2,300 to 2,600 patients) with dental screening series. Conventional patch testing was performed. The total number and percentage of irritant (scored as irritant [IR] or doubtful [?]) and allergic (scored as +, ++, or +++) patch test reactions, respectively, were calculated, as well as the highest and lowest percentage of allergic patch test reactions recorded by the different patch test clinics. A reaction index (RI) was calculated, giving information on the irritancy of the patch test substances. RESULTS: The most frequent allergic patch test reactions were caused by nickel (14.6%), ammoniated mercury (13%), mercury (10.3%), gold (7.7%), benzoic acid (4.3%), palladium (4.2%) and cobalt (4.1%). 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2.8%) provoked most of the reactions caused by (meth)acrylates. Menthol, peppermint oil, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate, and amalgam alloying metals provoked no (neither allergic nor irritant) patch test reactions. CONCLUSION: Patch testing with allergens in the dental screening series, including (meth)acrylates and mercury, needs to be performed to detect contact allergy to dental products.
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Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Odontología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/epidemiología , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Pruebas del Parche/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios RetrospectivosAsunto(s)
Acrilatos/efectos adversos , Resinas Acrílicas/efectos adversos , Adhesivos/efectos adversos , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatosis Facial/diagnóstico , Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Adulto , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Dermatosis Facial/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Antebrazo , Dermatosis de la Mano/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Sistemas de Infusión de Insulina/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas del ParcheAsunto(s)
Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Profesional/diagnóstico , Endopeptidasas/efectos adversos , Adulto , Bacillus subtilis/enzimología , Conjuntivitis Alérgica/inducido químicamente , Conjuntivitis Alérgica/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Pruebas Intradérmicas , Masculino , Rinitis/inducido químicamente , Rinitis/diagnóstico , Urticaria/inducido químicamente , Urticaria/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/epidemiología , Dermatitis Profesional/epidemiología , Resinas Epoxi/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas/efectos adversos , Madera , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Registros Médicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas del Parche , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Quaternary ammonium compounds are water-soluble antimicrobials which are widely used in disinfectants, sterilizers, skin cleansers and antiseptic creams. One quaternary ammonium compound, alkylammonium amidobenzoate (Osmaron B) has for decades been used in udder ointments. Here we present a ship technician with occupationally induced sensitization to alkylammonium amidobenzoate. The diagnosis was reached only when it emerged, after careful questioning, that the patient was exposed to a substance peculiar to his workplace but not to his occupation and was then patch tested for it. It turned out that an udder ointment had been used at the patient's workplace as a hand ointment. Patch testing was positive to the patient's hand ointment, and Osmaron B at 0.1-0.01% in petrolatum. Other sensitizing quaternary ammonium compounds, namely benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoxonium chloride, N-benzyl-N,N-dihydroxyethyl-N-cocosalkyl-ammonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, chloroallylhexaminium chloride, dequalinium chloride, domiphen bromide, methylbenzethonium chloride and 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride are reviewed briefly. The importance of patch testing to all materials in use by the patient is emphasized. It is also important to select non-allergenic hand creams for use at work places.
Asunto(s)
Benzoatos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Dermatosis de la Mano/inducido químicamente , Compuestos de Amonio Cuaternario/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Dermatitis Profesional/diagnóstico , Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Desinfección de las Manos , Humanos , Masculino , Anamnesis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pomadas , Navíos , Pruebas CutáneasRESUMEN
The mechanism of occupational asthma from diisocyanates (DI)(1-10)(Fig. 1) is not fully known; only about 10%-30% of such patients have specific IgE antibodies to DI (3, 11, 12). A T-cell mediated response has been considered to be involved in DI asthma (13) and we therefore wondered whether patch testing might be of any help in its diagnosis.
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Asma/inducido químicamente , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Isocianatos/efectos adversos , 2,4-Diisocianato de Tolueno/efectos adversos , Adulto , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Femenino , Dermatosis de la Mano/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pintura/efectos adversos , Pruebas del ParcheAsunto(s)
Asistentes Dentales , Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Dermatosis Facial/etiología , Máscaras/efectos adversos , Adulto , Cobalto/efectos adversos , Femenino , Dermatosis de la Mano/etiología , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad al Látex/complicaciones , Níquel/efectos adversos , Pruebas del ParcheAsunto(s)
Dermatosis de la Mano/diagnóstico , Traumatismos de la Mano/complicaciones , Enfermedades Profesionales/diagnóstico , Psoriasis/diagnóstico , Dermatosis de la Mano/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Psoriasis/etiología , Pruebas CutáneasRESUMEN
We present a mechanism for agonist-promoted alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2A)-AR) activation based on structural, pharmacological, and theoretical evidence of the interactions between phenethylamine ligands and alpha(2A)-AR. In this study, we have: 1) isolated enantiomerically pure phenethylamines that differ both in their chirality about the beta-carbon, and in the presence/absence of one or more hydroxyl groups: the beta-OH and the catecholic meta- and para-OH groups; 2) used [(3)H]UK-14,304 [5-bromo-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-quinoxalinamine; agonist] and [(3)H]RX821002 [2-(2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-imidazoline; antagonist] competition binding assays to determine binding affinities of these ligands to the high- and low-affinity forms of alpha(2A)-AR; 3) tested the ability of the ligands to promote receptor activation by measuring agonist-induced stimulation of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in isolated cell membranes; and 4) used automated docking methods and our alpha(2A)-AR model to predict the binding modes of the ligands inside the alpha(2A)-AR binding site. The ligand molecules are sequentially missing different functional groups, and we have correlated the structural features of the ligands and ligand-receptor interactions with experimental ligand binding and receptor activation data. Based on the analysis, we show that structural rearrangements in transmembrane helix (TM) 5 could take place upon binding and subsequent activation of alpha(2A)-AR by phenethylamine agonists. We suggest that the following residues are important in phenethylamine interactions with alpha(2A)-AR: Asp113 (D(3.32)), Val114 (V(3.33)), and Thr118 (T(3.37)) in TM3; Ser200 (S(5.42)), Cys201 (C(5.43)), and Ser204 (S(5.46)) in TM5; Phe391 (F(6.52)) and Tyr394 (Y(6.55)) in TM6; and Phe411 (F(7.38)) and Phe412 (F(7.39)) in TM7.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas Adrenérgicos/farmacología , Epinefrina/farmacología , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/metabolismo , Animales , Unión Competitiva , Células CHO , Catecoles/química , Cricetinae , Epinefrina/análogos & derivados , Epinefrina/química , Hidrocarburos Aromáticos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Norepinefrina/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Transfección , TritioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Compositae mix and sesquiterpene-lactone (SL) mix are important patch test substances to show allergic contact dermatitis from various Compositae plants. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to calculate the sensitization rates to Compositae mix and SL mix in an occupational dermatology clinic and to describe cases of active sensitization caused by patch testing with Compositae mix and SL mix. METHODS: Conventional patch testing was performed. SL mix (0.1%) and Compositae mix (6% in petrolatum) were tested in a modified European standard series and a plant allergen series. Testing with other appropriate patch test series was also performed. RESULTS: SL mix provoked 8 allergic patch test reactions (0.7%) in 1,076 patients, whereas Compositae mix was positive in 15 of 346 patients (4.2%). Three patients were actively sensitized to Compositae mix and 1 patient to SL mix. One patient was also sensitized to other plant allergens in a series of allergenic plant chemicals, namely to Mansonone A, an ortho-quinone; (R)-3,4-dimethoxydalbergione, a quinone; and Chlorophorin, a hydroxy stilbene. Allergic patch test reactions to laurel leaf were caused by cross-sensitization to SLs. CONCLUSION: Compositae mix seems to be a more important patch test substance than SL mix to detect allergic contact dermatitis to Compositae plants, but patch testing may sensitize. The concentration of the individual components of the Compositae mix should be adjusted so that the mix detects allergic patients but does not sensitize.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos , Asteraceae/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/diagnóstico , Pruebas del Parche/normas , Sesquiterpenos , Estilbenos , Adulto , Alérgenos/efectos adversos , Benzoquinonas/efectos adversos , Dermatitis Alérgica por Contacto/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactonas/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Naftoquinonas/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Resorcinoles/efectos adversos , Sesquiterpenos/administración & dosificación , Sesquiterpenos/efectos adversos , Sesquiterpenos de EudesmanoRESUMEN
Exposure to wood dusts may cause various skin and mucosal symptoms. Allergic dermatoses, caused by wood dusts, diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health during 1976-1999 are reported here. 16 had allergic contact dermatitis and, 2 had contact urticaria. 9 men (3 cabinet makers, 3 joiners, 1 carpenter, 1 knifemaker and 1 machinist) were mainly exposed to tropical hardwoods. 1 man had dermatitis caused by western red cedar. 5 patients, 3 men and 2 women, were exposed to Finnish pine or spruce dusts, and 1 man to aspen. 7 also had rhinitis, 4 asthma or dyspnoea and 3 conjunctivitis. On patch testing, 10 men reacted to 9 different wood dusts, including teak (5), palisander (3), jacaranda (2), mahogany (2), walnut (2) and obeche (1). Reactions to wood allergens, including lapachol (2), deoxylapachol (1), (R)-3,4-dimethoxydahlbergione (2), 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (1), mansonone A (2) and salicyl alcohol (1), were noted in 4 cases. All but 1 of 5 patients exposed to pine or spruce dusts reacted to the sawdusts, all 5 to colophonium, 3 to abietic acid, 2 to tall oil resin, 3 to wood tar mix and 4 to other wood gum resins. Of the 2 CU patients, 1 was prick and RAST positive to obeche, 1 reacted with urticarial dermatitis to punah wood dust on chamber exposure. Occupational allergic dermatoses are mainly caused by the dusts of hardwoods, mostly due to Type IV allergy, but may also be caused by softwood dusts. Patch tests can be done with wood dusts, but should be confirmed by patch testing with wood allergens if possible.