Relationship between the toxicity of raw Annona muricata leaves extract and 7, 12-dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) with histopathological changes in wistar rats / Relación entre la toxicidad del extracto de hojas crudas de Annona muricata y el 7, 12-dimetilbenz antraceno (DMBA) con cambios histopatológicos en ratas Wistar

Abstract Aims: To identify the histopathological alterations in organs of Wistar rats to evaluate toxic effects of use of Annonamuricata Raw Leaf Extract (AMRLE) alone or in association with DMBA. Settings and Design: Sixty female Wistar rats were used, separated into groups and treated with a single dose of 65 mg/kg of DMBA and/or with 50; 100 and 200 mg/kg of AMRLE. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and 1% methylene blue stains were used in the histopathological analysis and quantification of Aberrant Crypts (ACs) and Aberrant Crypt Focus (ACF). Fischer and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results: The administration of 65 mg/kg of DMBA and/or 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of AMRLE did not influence weight development. Some histopathological alterations (hepatic steatosis; inflammatory foci in the liver, kidney and lung; pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia, ectasia and hyperplasia in mammary gland epithelium) and the development of ACs and ACF in the intestinal colon were observed in all groups, except in the group negative control, with no statistical difference between analysed groups. Conclusions: Histopathological alterations and the formation of ACs and ACF did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups analysed. However, although AMRLE has antioxidant effects due to the presence of phenolic components, there was still the formation of some pathological processes that may be related to the isolated toxic action of DMBA and/or associated with other components of AMRLE, since these changes were not seen in the negative control group.

Resumen Objetivos: Identificar las alteraciones histopatológicas en órganos de ratas Wistar para evaluar los efectos tóxicos del uso del Extracto de Hoja Cruda de Annona muricata (AMRLE) solo o en asociación con DMBA. Configuración y diseño: Se utilizaron sesenta ratas hembras Wistar, se separaron en grupos y se trataron con una dosis única de 65 mg/kg de DMBA y/o con 50, 100 y 200 mg/kg de AMRLE. Se utilizaron tinciones de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) y azul de metileno al 1% en el análisis histopatológico y la cuantificación de criptas aberrantes (CA) y focus de criptas aberrantes (FCA). En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron las pruebas de Fischer y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: La administración de 65 mg/kg de DMBA y/o 50, 100 y 200 mg/kg de AMRLE no influyó en el desarrollo del peso. Se observaron algunas alteraciones histopatológicas (esteatosis hepática; focus inflamatórios en el hígado, riñón y pulmón; hiperplasia, ectasia en epitelio de la glándula mamaria e hiperplasia linfoide pulmonar) y el desarrollo de CA y FCA en el colon intestinal en todos los grupos, excepto en el grupo control negativo, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos analizados. Conclusiones: Las alteraciones histopatológicas y la formación de CA y FCA no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos analizados. Sin embargo, aunque AMRLE tiene efectos antioxidantes debido a la presencia de componentes fenólicos, aún existe la formación de algunos procesos patológicos que pueden estar relacionados con la acción tóxica aislada del DMBA y/o asociados con otros componentes de AMRLE, ya que estos cambios no fueron observados en el grupo control negativo.

Evaluation of Antineoplasic Activity of Zingiber Officinale Essential Oil in the Colorectal Region of Wistar Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Aberrant Crypt (AC) and Aberrant Crypt Focus (ACF) are considered pre-neoplasic lesions, ranging from hyperplasia to different degrees of dysplasia in the colon. This work aimed to evaluate and quantify the chemopreventive activity of Zingiber officinale essential oil in the colorectal region of Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extracted the essential oil from ginger rhizomes and carried out ACF induction, in rats, with 1.2 Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a 20 mg/kg dose. The experimental groups were GI (negative control); GII (positive induction control); GIII (DMH + essential oil); GIV (DMH +5-Florouracil) and GV (essential oil). The histological techniques used were methylene blue, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) dyeing, and immunohistochemistry (IHQ). RESULTS: The major essential oil compounds were citral (17.25%), δ-citral (10.25%), camphene (9.55%), α-zingiberene (7.57%), nerol (6.37%) and plelandrene (6.83%). For the presence of AC or ACF, we did not observe them in GI and GV, while in GII and GIII, they were observed, in high values, in both regions, but only in the distal region, there was a significant difference between them. For GIV, for both regions, there were significant lower numbers of AC when compared to GIII. As observed, with HE, there were hyperplastic and dysplastic ACF in the proximal and distal portions of the colon. For IHQ analyses, there were positively PCNA antibody marked cells in all experimental groups. Yet, there was no significant correlation of mitotic index among them. Moreover, the results of GIII compared to GIV were very similar. CONCLUSION: In this sense, the Zingiber officinale essential oil has good antioxidant potential because it presents a mixture of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds. Thus, it is able to develop a chemoprotective effect, as it presented similar results to the standard drug, showing cell proliferation control.

Highly diluted medication reduces tissue parasitism and inflammation in mice infected by Trypanosoma cruzi.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of Kalium causticum, Conium maculatum, and Lycopodium clavatum 13cH in mice infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a blind, controlled, randomized study, 102 male Swiss mice, 8 weeks old, were inoculated with 1400 trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi and distributed into the following groups: CI (treated with 7% hydroalcoholic solution), Ca (treated with Kalium causticum 13cH), Co (treated with Conium maculatum 13cH), and Ly (treated with Lycopodium clavatum 13cH). The treatments were performed 48 h before and 48, 96, and 144 h after infection. The medication was repertorized and prepared in 13cH, according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The following parameters were evaluated: infectivity, prepatent period, parasitemia peak, total parasitemia, tissue tropism, inflammatory infiltrate, and survival. Statistical analysis was conduced considering 5% of significance. RESULTS: The prepatent period was greater in the Ly group than in the CI group (p = 0.02). The number of trypomastigotes on the 8th day after infection was lower in the Ca group than in the CI group (p < 0.05). Total parasitemia was significantly lower in the Ca, Co, and Ly groups than in the CI group. On the 12th day after infection, the Ca, Co, and Ly groups had fewer nests and amastigotes/nest in the heart than the CI group (p < 0.05). Decreases in the number of nests and amastigotes in the intestine were observed in the Ly group compared with the CI group (p < 0.05). In the liver (day 12), Ly significantly prevented the formation of inflammatory foci compared with the other groups. In skeletal muscle, Co and Ly decreased the formation of inflammatory foci compared with CI (p < 0.05). Ly afforded greater animal survival compared with CI, Ca, and Co (p < 0.05). The animals in the Co group died prematurely compared with the CI group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Ly with 13cH potency had significantly more benefits in the treatment of mice infected with T. cruzi, reducing the number of blood parasites, amastigote nests in tissue, and the number of amastigotes per nest and increasing animal survival.

PATHOGENICITY OF Blastocystis sp. TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF MICE: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INOCULUM SIZE AND PERIOD OF INFECTION / Histopatogenicidade de Blastocystis sp. para o trato gastrointestinal de camundongos: relação com inóculo e tempo de infecção

The pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. in experimental models requires further investigation. In this work, the pathogenicity of this parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of male Swiss mice was evaluated according to the inoculum size and period of infection. Animals were infected intragastrically, with 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 Blastocystis sp. vacuolar forms obtained from a mixture of eight human isolates cultured axenically in Jones' medium. After seven, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days of infection, the animals were sacrificed and fragments of the small intestine (duodenum), large intestine, and cecum were subjected to histopathological analysis. Blastocystis sp. triggered an inflammatory response in the different tissues analyzed, with a predominance of mononuclear cells. The parasite was found in the muscular layer of the cecum, showing its invasive character. Larger inocula triggered inflammatory processes earlier (seven days) than smaller ones (from 21 days). We conclude that, in the proposed model, the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. isolates that were studied is related to inoculum size and period of infection.

Pouco é sabido sobre o potencial patogênico de Blastocystis sp. em modelos experimentais. Neste trabalho a patogenicidade desse parasito para o trato gastrointestinal de camundongos Swiss machos foi avaliada de acordo com o inóculo e tempo de infecção. Os animais foram infectados, via intragástrica, com 100, 500, 1.000, 5.000 e 10.000 formas vacuolares de Blastocystis sp. obtidos a partir de uma mistura de oito isolados humanos cultivados axenicamente em meio Jones. Após 7, 14, 21, 28 e 60 dias de infecção os animais foram sacrificados e fragmentos do intestino delgado (duodeno), grosso e ceco foram retirados para análise histopatológica. Blastocystis sp. desencadeou resposta inflamatória nos diferentes tecidos analisados, com predominância de infiltrado mononuclear. No ceco o parasito foi encontrado na túnica muscular mostrando seu caráter invasivo. Inóculos maiores desencadearam processos inflamatórios mais precocemente (7 dias) e inóculos menores mais tardiamente (a partir de 21 dias). Conclui-se que no modelo proposto a patogenicidade dos isolados de Blastocystis sp. estudados tem relação com o inóculo e tempo de infecção.

PATHOGENICITY OF Blastocystis sp. TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF MICE: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INOCULUM SIZE AND PERIOD OF INFECTION.

The pathogenic potential of Blastocystis sp. in experimental models requires further investigation. In this work, the pathogenicity of this parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of male Swiss mice was evaluated according to the inoculum size and period of infection. Animals were infected intragastrically, with 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 Blastocystis sp. vacuolar forms obtained from a mixture of eight human isolates cultured axenically in Jones' medium. After seven, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days of infection, the animals were sacrificed and fragments of the small intestine (duodenum), large intestine, and cecum were subjected to histopathological analysis. Blastocystis sp. triggered an inflammatory response in the different tissues analyzed, with a predominance of mononuclear cells. The parasite was found in the muscular layer of the cecum, showing its invasive character. Larger inocula triggered inflammatory processes earlier (seven days) than smaller ones (from 21 days). We conclude that, in the proposed model, the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. isolates that were studied is related to inoculum size and period of infection.

Comparative pathogenicity in Swiss mice of Trypanosoma cruzi IV from northern Brazil and Trypanosoma cruzi II from southern Brazil.

The geographical heterogeneity of Chagas disease (ChD) is mainly caused by genetic variability of the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi. Our hypothesis was that the pathogenicity for mice may vary with the genetic lineage (or Discrete Typing Unit - DTU) of the parasite. To test this hypothesis, parasitological and histopathological evaluations were performed in mice inoculated with strains belonging to the DTU T. cruzi IV (TcIV) from the State of Amazonas (northern Brazil), or the DTU T. cruzi II (TcII) from the State of Paraná (southern Brazil). Groups of 10 Swiss mice were inoculated with eight strains of TcIV obtained from acute cases (7) from two outbreaks of orally acquired ChD, and from the triatomine Rhodnius robustus (1) from Amazonas; and three strains of TcII obtained from chronic patients in Paraná. We evaluated the pre-patent period, patent period, maximum peak of parasitemia, day of maximum peak of parasitemia, area under the parasitemia curve, inflammatory process, and tissue parasitism in the acute phase. TcIV was less virulent than TcII, and showed significantly (p < 0.005) lower parasitemia levels. Although the levels of tissue parasitism did not differ statistically, mice infected with TcIV displayed significantly (p < 0.001) fewer inflammatory processes than mice infected with TcII. This supported the working hypothesis, since TcIV from Amazonas was less pathogenic than TcII from Paraná; and agreed with the lower severity of human cases of ChD in the Amazon region.

Acute and Chronic Toxicity of an Aqueous Fraction of the Stem Bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Barbatimão) in Rodents.

Stryphnodendron adstringens has a high tannin content and is used as an antiseptic and antimicrobial and in the treatment of leucorrhea, gonorrhea, wound healing, and gastritis. The present study evaluated the toxic effects of the heptamer prodelphinidin (F2) from the stem bark of S. adstringens in rodents. In the acute toxicity test, the mice that received oral doses exhibited reversible effects, with an LD50 of 3.015 mg · kg(-1). In the chronic toxicity test at 90 days, Wistar rats were treated with different doses of F2 (10, 100, and 200 mg · kg(-1)). In the biochemical, hematological, and histopathological examinations and open-field test, the different dose groups did not exhibit significant differences compared with controls. The present results indicate that F2 from the stem bark of S. adstringens caused no toxicity with acute and chronic oral treatment in rodents at the doses administered.

Trypanocidal activity of genotoxic concentration of benznidazole on epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi / Atividade tripanocida da concentração genotóxica do benzonidazol em formas epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi

The genotoxicity of benznidazole at a concentration of 75 µM, used in the treatment of Chagas' disease, has been recently reported. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of benznidazole on the growth of epimastigote forms of T. cruzi I and II by using genotoxic (75 µM) and non-genotoxic (50 µM) concentrations. To assess the growth rates of T. cruzi strains G2, A2.1A, CL, Y, and 2052, parasites in the epimastigote form were cultured in LIT medium for 192 h at 28ºC, with (50 and 75 µM) and without (negative control) benznidazole. Benznidazole at both concentrations inhibited all the strains, regardless of genetic group. In the 75 µM concentration, there was a significant decrease in the number of parasites inoculated at T0 after 96 h incubation. The results showed that although genotoxic and non-genotoxic doses of benznidazole inhibit the growth of the epimastigote forms of T. cruzi I and II, only the 75 µM dose seem to indicate a possible trypanocidal effect.

O benzonidazol é um medicamento utilizado no tratamento da doença de Chagas, cuja genotoxicidade foi recentemente observada em concentrações a partir de 75 µM. O efeito inibitório do benzonidazol sobre o crescimento de formas epimastigotas de T. cruzi I e II foi avaliado no presente trabalho, utilizando-se concentrações genotóxica (75 µM) e não genotóxica (50 µM) deste medicamento. Para avaliação da taxa de crescimento das cepas G2, A2.1A, CL, Y e 2052, os parasitos na forma epimastigota foram cultivados em meio LIT, durante 192 horas, à 28 o C, tanto em presença de benzonidazol (50 e 75 µM), quanto em sua ausência (controle negativo). O efeito inibitório do benzonidazol, em ambas concentrações, foi observado para todas as cepas analisadas, independentemente do grupo genético a que pertençam. Na concentração de 75 µM, observou-se após 96 horas de incubação, redução significativa do número de parasitos inoculados no tempo zero (T0). Os resultados demonstraram que tanto a dose genotóxica quanto a não genotóxica do benzonidazol inibiram o crescimento de formas epimastigotas de T. cruzi I e II, porém somente a dose de 75 µM pode indicar um possível efeito tripanocida.

In vitro and in vivo trypanocidal synergistic activity of N-butyl-1-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-ß-carboline-3-carboxamide associated with benznidazole.

American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas' disease, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and affects around 15 million people throughout the American continent. The available treatment is based on two nitroheterocyclic drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, both only partially effective and toxic. In this context, new drugs must be found. In our previous work, the tetrahydro-ß-carboline compound N-butyl-1-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-ß-carboline-3-carboxamide, named C4, showed a potent in vitro trypanocidal effect. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal effects of the compound C4 associated with other drugs (benznidazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B). For this, we used the checkerboard technique to analyze the effect of combinations of C4 reference drugs. C4 was assayed in a murine model alone as well as in association with benznidazole. We also evaluated the parasitemia, mortality, weight, and presence of amastigote nests in cardiac tissue. A synergic effect of C4 plus benznidazole against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms was observed in vitro, and in the murine model, we observed a substantial reduction in parasitemia levels and lowered mortality rates. These findings encourage supplementary investigations of carboline compounds as potential new trypanocidal drugs.

Vegetative compatibility groups and parasexual segregation in Colletotrichum acutatum isolates infecting different hosts.

Heterokaryosis is an important mechanism which provides genetic variability increase in filamentous fungi. In order to assess the diversity of vegetative compatibility reactions existing among Colletotrichum acutatum isolates derived from different hosts, complementary nit mutants of each isolate were obtained and paired in all possible combinations. Vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) were identified among the isolates according to their ability to form viable heterokaryons. Seven VCGs were identified among the isolates, one of which contained isolates from different hosts. VCGs 2 and 6 contained two and three members, respectively; VCG-3 contained four members, and four VCGs (1, 4, 5, and 7) contained a single one. This study shows, for the first time, the isolation and the parasexual segregation of a heterozygous diploid sector derived from the heterokaryon formed with nit mutants from VCG-6. Diploid, named DE-3, showed nit+ phenotype and growth rate similar to the parental wild isolate. When inoculated in the presence of the haploidizing agent benomyl, the diploid strain produced parasexual haploid segregants exhibiting the nit phenotypes of the crossed mutants. Since viable heterokaryons and diploid may be formed among vegetative compatible isolates of C. acutatum, this study suggests that the parasexual cycle may be an alternative source of genetic variability in C. acutatum isolates.

Fatores associados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos adolescentes de uma Escola Pública da cidade de Maringá, Estadodo Paraná / Factors associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages by adolescents from a Public School in Maringá, Paraná State

Atualmente, há tendência no aumento do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas,principalmente pelos adolescentes. Neste trabalho, os fatores associados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos adolescentes de uma escola pública foram identificados. As informações foram coletadas pela aplicação de questionários. No grupo dos adolescentes que consomem bebidas alcoólicas, verificou-se que muitos pais ou responsáveis estão cientes desse consumo, e 32,30% dos adolescentes admitiram que iniciaram o hábito debeber com membros da família, enquanto os demais relataram que foi por influência de amigos. O vinho e a cerveja foram as bebidas alcoólicas mais consumidas pelos adolescentes.Estes resultados demonstram que a sociedade é permissiva quanto ao hábito dos adolescentes consumirem bebidas alcoólicas. Este consumo pode ter como objetivo contornar dificuldades de convívio social, mas também aumenta a chance do jovem ter comportamento de risco, levando ao envolvimento com acidentes automobilísticos. Por isso, o estabelecimento de programas educacionais destinados aos adolescentes e também aos pais ou responsáveis é necessário para que haja maior conscientização sobre os efeitosnocivos do consumo exagerado de bebidas alcoólicas.

Nowadays, there is a trend towards the increase in alcoholic beverage consumption, mainly by adolescents. Inthis study, factors associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverage by adolescents from a Public sSchool were identified. The data were collected by means for individual interviews conducted by questionnaire. In the group of adolescents who consume alcoholic beverages, it was verified that often guardians or parents are aware of this consumption, and 32.30% of adolescents admitted they began the habit of drinking with family members,while the remainder declared it was the influence of friends. Wine and beer were the most consumed alcoholic beverages by adolescents. These results demonstrate that society is permissive towards the habit of teenage drinking. This consumption might be an attempt toavoid the difficulties of social settings, but it must be emphasized that the consumption of these substances increases the possibility of young people displaying risk behaviors, leadingto involvement with car accidents. For this reason, the establishment of educational programs aimed at adolescents as well as their parents or guardians are necessary, in order toraise awareness of the harmful effects of the excess alcohol consumption.

Identificação de distúrbios da imagem corporal e comportamentos favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da bulimia nervosa em adolescentes de uma Escola Pública do Ensino Médio de Maringá, Estado do Paraná / Identifying body image disorders and behaviors leading to the development of bulimia nervosa in adolescents from a Public High School in Maringá, Paraná State

Ciente da importância de estudos de transtornos alimentares em adolescentes, este trabalho identificou a ocorrência de distúrbios da imagem corporal e de bulimia nervosa, em 187 adolescentes. Pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), foi demonstrado que 48,13% dos adolescentes apresentaram distúrbios de imagem corporal. A aplicação do Teste de Investigação Bulímica de Edimburgo (BITE) demonstrou que 3,74 e 39,04% dos adolescentes apresentaram alto e médio grau de desordem alimentar, respectivamente. Na subescala de gravidade do BITE, verificou-se que 2,67 e 7,49% dos adolescentesapresentaram gravidade alta e moderada de bulimia nervosa. Os resultados demonstram alguns adolescentes com atitudes e comportamentos que favorecem o desenvolvimento da bulimia nervosa, devido à percepção distorcida da própria imagem corporal. Portanto, sãonecessárias campanhas educacionais para esclarecer que o culto ao corpo está associado a graves transtornos alimentares.

Conscious of the importance of studying eating disorders in adolescents, this work identified the onset of body image disorders and bulimia nervosa in187 adolescents. Using the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), it was shown that 48.13% of adolescents displayed body image disorders. The application of the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinbugh (BITE) demonstrated that 3.74 and 39.04% of adolescents presented a highor medium level of eating disorder, respectively. In the subscale of BITE severity, it was detected that 2.67 and 7.49% of adolescents showed high and moderated gravity of bulimia nervosa. The results revealed some adolescents with attitudes and behaviors that favor the development of bulimia nervosa, due to a distorted perception of their body image. Therefore, educational campaigns are necessary to clarify that the cult of the body is associated with serious eating disorders.

Vegetative compatibility and molecular characterization of Fusarium graminearum isolates from the State of Paraná, Brazil

Fusarium graminearum isolates causing Fusarium head blight in wheat were collected in Brazil and analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG). Nitrate non-utilizing mutants (nit) from each isolate were paired to verify heterokaryon formation. Three VCGs were identified among F. graminearum isolates: VCG1 included F-2, F-3 and F-4 isolates; VCG2 included F-1, F-6 and F-9 isolates; VCG3 included F-5, F-7 and F-8 isolates. Based on PCR amplification with eight different primers, the isolates showed great genetic similarity among themselves. Dendrogram analysis demonstrated two RAPD groups: Group A, consisting of isolates F-2 and F-9, and Group B, composed of the remaining isolates. Results suggest the clonal origin of F. graminearum isolates.

Isolados de Fusarium graminearum, obtidos de espigas de trigo com sintomas de Giberela, foram analisados pela técnica do Polimorfismo de DNA Amplificado ao Acaso (RAPD) e pelos Grupos de Compatibilidade Vegetativa (GCV). Mutantes auxotróficos (nit) de cada isolado foram pareados em todas as combinações possíveis, para a formação de heterocários. Três GCVs foram identificados: GCV1, incluindo os isolados F-2, F-3 e F-4; GCV2, incluindo os isolados F-1, F-6 e F-9; e GCV3, formado pelos isolados F-5, F-7 e F-8. Dois grupos foram identificados com base nos marcadores de RAPD: o grupo A, formado pelos isolados F-2 e F-9, e o grupo B, composto pelos demais isolados, os quais apresentaram grande similaridade entre si. Os resultados sugerem a origem clonal dos isolados de F. graminearum analisados.

Ocorrência de anorexia nervosa e distúrbio de imagem corporal em estudantes do ensino médio de uma escola da rede pública da cidade de Maringá, Estado do Paraná / Occurrences of nervous anorexy and body image disorder in middleschool students in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná

Este trabalho investiga a ocorrência de anorexia nervosa e distúrbio de imagem corporal em 187 estudantes do ensino médio da cidade de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a classificação do estado nutricional foram utilizados para a avaliação antropométrica. A análise das respostas do questionário Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) demonstrou que 66,1% das estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram distúrbios de imagem corporal e somente 18,6% dos estudantes do sexo masculino apresentaram tal distúrbio. Com relação às respostas ao questionário Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT), verificou-se que 10% do sexo masculino e 32% do sexo feminino apresentaram sintomatologia anoréxica. Os resultados sugerem uma elevada incidência da anorexia nervosa na população estudada bem como uma significativa presença de distorção da imagem corporal. As informações são relevantes para estudos clínicos voltados para orientação nutricional dos adolescentes visando à reeducação alimentar.

This study investigates the occurrence of nervous anorexy and body image disorders in 187 middle school students in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. Body Mass Index (BMI) and the classification of the nutritional state were used to the anthropometrical evaluation. The analysis of the questionnaire BSQ answers demonstrated that 66.1% of female students presented the body image disorder, and only 18.6% of male students presented such disorder. Regarding the questionnaire EAT answers, the analysis showed that 32% female and 10% male sex presented anorexic symptoms. The obtained results indicated high incidence of nervous anorexy in the population studied as well as a significant presence of body image distortion. These results are relevant to clinic studies of teenagers, mainly those directing to future studies on nutritional orientation focusing on alimentary reeducation.

Importância da aplicação de critérios morfológicos não-clássicos para o diagnóstico citopatológico de papillomavirus humano (HPV) previamente detectado por PCR / The application and its importance in non-classic morphologic approaches to cytopathology diagnostic of human papillomavirus (HPV) previously detected for PCR

Existe atualmente grande preocupação com a melhoria no diagnóstico citopatológico para HPV e para isto tem-se estudado a introdução de critérios morfológicos não-clássicos, tendo em vista a elevada freqüência desta infecção viral bem como o seu potencial carcinogênico. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou uma releitura de 41 casos positivos para HPV por PCR, cujos critérios inicialmente utilizados foram apenas os clássicos, e introduzir os critérios não clássicos. Os critérios citopatológicos mais observados foram os não clássicos, sendo bi ou multinucleação o mais freqüente, com n=37 (90,24 porcento), seguido de núcleo hipercromático, com n=35 (85,36 porcento) e núcleo em borrão, com n=24 (58,54 porcento). Quanto aos critérios clássicos, a disqueratose foi observada em n=17 casos (41,46 porcento) e a coilocitose n=10 (24,35 porcento), representando o 4º e o 9º critérios em ordem numérica de observação. Foi evidenciado também que quanto mais avançada a lesão diagnosticada pela citopatologia, menor a freqüência de critérios clássicos e maior a de não clássicos. Após a inclusão dos critérios não clássicos, o diagnóstico de HPV elevou-se de 24,39 porcento dos casos para 75,61 porcento, sendo que 40,0 porcento dos ASCUS e 100,0 porcento dos NIC I, NICII, NIC III e cânceres cervicais passaram a ser positivos para o vírus. Este é um fato de suma importância no aprimoramento dos serviços citopatológicos de rastreamento do câncer cervical. Porém, o único caso normal, os dois inflamatórios, os 4 de metaplasia escamosa e três dos 5 casos de ASCUS permaneceram negativos para HPV, representando exames citopatológicos falso negativos. Este fato é bastante preocupante, uma vez que pacientes portadoras deste vírus, independente do estado clínico, possuem maoir probabilidade de desenvolver lesões precursoras e até mesmo cânceres cervicais.

Aplicação do método PCR-RFLP para tipagem de HPV em infecções cervicais de pacientes atendidas no Lepac, Universidade Estadual de Maringá / Application of the method of PCR-RFLP to the knowledge of HPV types in cervical infections from patients assisted in Lepac, State University of Maringá (UEM)

O método da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, associado com o Polimorfismo de Fragmentos de DNA obtidos por Enzimas de Restrição (PCR-RFLP) foi, aplicado em 20 amostras clínicas cervicais de pacientes portadoras de anormalidades colpocitológicas atendidas no Lepac, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). O DNA e o tipo de HPV foram detectados e determinados em todas as amostras analisadas. A grande maioria das amostras cervicais era portadora de tipos de HPV com alto potencial para o desenvolvimento neoplásico. O método PCR-RFLP demonstrou grande poder discriminatório, pois foi capaz de detectar o DNA e determinar o potencial para o desenvolvimento neoplásico de até quatro tipos de HPV presentes de forma concomitante em uma única amostra cervical. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que esse método pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com alta sensibilidade e reprodutibilidade, sendo um método de escolha na triagem primária de pacientes com risco de desenvolver neoplasias cervicais, contribuindo com informações que auxiliem num possível controle dessa doença