RESUMEN
This paper introduces an interaction method allowing virtual reality (VR) users to interact with virtual objects by blowing air. The proposed method allows users to interact with virtual objects in a physically plausible way by recognizing the intensity of the wind generated by the user's actual wind blowing activity in the physical world. This is expected to provide immersed VR experience since it enables users to interact with virtual objects in the same way they do in the real world. Three experiments were carried out to develop and improve this method. In the first experiment, we collected the user's blowing data and used it to model a formula to estimate the speed of the wind from the sound waves obtained through a microphone. In the second experiment, we investigated how much gain can be applied to the formula obtained in the first experiment. The aim is to reduce the lung capacity required to generate wind without compromising physical plausibility. In the third experiment, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method compared to the controller-based method were investigated in two scenarios of blowing a ball and a pinwheel. According to the experimental results and participant interview, participants felt a stronger sense of presence and found the VR experience more fun with the proposed blowing interaction method.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To investigate the clinical features of diabetic macular edema (DME) in eyes with pachychoroid phenotypes using multimodal retinal imaging. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 210 eyes from 210 DME patients and analyzed the clinical and imaging parameters, including visual acuity, central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and neural retina layer thickness (NRT). The DME eyes were divided into two groups: group 1 (80 eyes with submacular detachment [SMD]) and group 2 (130 eyes without SMD). The clinical and imaging parameters of 285 eyes from 285 diabetic patients without DME were collected as a control group. RESULTS: DME eyes with pachychoroid phenotypes were more frequent in group 1 than in group 2 (53 eyes [66.25%] and 53 eyes [40.77%], respectively, P < 0.001). Pachychoroid phenotypes were identified in 108 (37.90%) of the control eyes. CMT and NRT were greater in group 1 than in group 2. In group 1, 37 eyes had SMD combined with focal edema, and 43 eyes had SMD combined with diffuse-type edema. No significant difference in pachychoroid phenotypes was found between the focal and diffuse types (26 [70.27%] and 27 [62.79%], respectively, P = 0.481). In group 2, 70 eyes had focal-type edema, and 60 eyes had diffuse-type edema. No significant difference in the frequency of pachychoroid phenotypes was found (32 [45.71%] and 21 [35.00%], respectively, P = 0.215). Interestingly, among the 70 eyes with focal edema in group 2, 13 (40.6%) and 5 (13.2%) eyes with and without pachychoroid phenotypes showed no definite microaneurysms, respectively. CONCLUSION: SMD and focal edema without definite microaneurysms may be clinical manifestations of DME with pachychoroid phenotypes and possibly related to choroidal circulation disturbance in DME.
