The possible effect of anti-diabetic agents GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i on the respiratory system function.

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease with increasing incidence and prevalence and serious chronic complications, especially from cardiovascular system. However, other organs can be affected too. Several studies have associated T2D, especially when poorly controlled, with multiple pulmonary diseases. T2D is a common comorbidity among patients with asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), and it is related to higher respiratory infection incidence, prevalence and severity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are novel antihyperglycaemic agents with established cardiovascular benefits. There are also limited studies indicating their potential benefit in respiratory function. The aim of this article is to review data on the impact of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i on respiratory function and describe the possible clinical benefits. Key findings indicate that GLP-1RA significantly improve lung function in patients with COPD, evidenced by improvements in spirometry measurements. Additionally, both GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i are associated with a decreased risk of severe and moderate exacerbations in COPD patients and have shown potential in reducing the incidence of respiratory disorders, including asthma and pneumonia. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are not yet fully understood and include multiple effects, such as anti-inflammatory action and oxidative stress reduction.

Two rare cases of benign struma ovarii with malignant recurrence.

Summary: Struma ovarii is an ovarian teratoma that comprises 2-5% of all ovarian teratomas. Malignant transformation of struma ovarii occurs in less than 5% of all cases, and metastatic disease is even rarer. We report two cases initially diagnosed with benign struma ovarii that presented malignant transformation, specifically highly differentiated follicular carcinoma of the ovary (HDFCO), some years after the first diagnosis. Case 1 concerns a 37-year-old female featuring HDFCO of the right ovary with multiple metastatic foci, who was diagnosed with benign struma ovarii 14 years ago. Case 2 concerns a 26-year-old female diagnosed with HDFCO of the left ovary. This patient was initially diagnosed with benign struma ovarii 6 years ago that recurred 4 years after the diagnosis. Both patients were treated with surgery, adjunctive total thyroidectomy, and radioactive iodine (131I) therapy. Learning points: Malignant transformation of struma ovarii is very rare (<5%). Diagnosis of HDFCO without extra ovarian dissemination is difficult due to the resemblance of its histological appearance with normal thyroid tissue. There is no consensus on the postoperative treatment of malignant struma ovarii (MSO). Clinical and histological features of MSO should be assessed for the postoperative treatment decisions. TSH suppression and thyroglobulin level measurements are necessary for patient follow-up.

SARS-CoV-2 infection-related deregulation of blood lipids in a patient with -/-LDLR familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood lipids of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) has not been explored. CASE SUMMARY: We report a case of a 43-year-old male patient with -/-LDLR HoFH with previous history of premature coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and surgical repair of aortic valve stenosis. He presented with an abrupt decrease of his blood lipid levels during acute infection with SARS-CoV2 and subsequently a rebound increase above pre-infection levels, refractory to treatment including LDL-apheresis, statin, ezetimibe and lomitapide up-titration to maximum tolerated doses. Markers of liver stiffness were closely monitored, increased at 9 months and decreased at 18 months after the infection. Potential interactions of hypolipidemic treatment with the viral replication process during the acute phase, as well as therapeutic dilemmas occurring in the post infection period are discussed.

Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely undiagnosed clinical condition, which is turning into a serious public health issue. Of note is that its prevalence is gradually increasing in parallel with the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the literature in order to evaluate the cardiovascular (CV) risk among patients with OSA and prediabetes or T2DM. OSA seems to be an independent risk factor for the development as well as the progression of T2DM, whereas it is associated with T2DM-related macrovascular and microvascular complications. OSA may also act as a potential risk factor for the presentation and development of CV disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrythmias, as well as stroke. OSA and T2DM also share common pathophysiological mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis. Considering that the coexistence of OSA and T2DM is an independent and cumulative risk factor for CV mortality, more so than the two diseases separately, clinicians and healthcare professionals should be aware of and screen for OSA in patients with T2DM. Notably, targeted therapy for both conditions seems to substantially improve CV prognosis.