Perceptions of private specialist outreach services at a rural district hospital, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: A major disparity exists in access to specialised healthcare between rural and urban areas. Specialist outreach programmes are one of the ways in which rural specialist healthcare inequality is being addressed. A number of rural district hospitals (RDH) employ local, private specialists (LPS) to supplement public specialist outreach. Limited research exists on private specialist outreach and support (PSOS) in sub-Saharan Africa or South Africa. METHODS: This was a descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study using thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample size of 16 participants. The audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed with the framework method and ATLAS.ti version 8© software. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged, namely roles of LPS, effects, sustainability and feasibility of PSOS. Overall PSOS was considered sustainable, feasible and had positive effects in and beyond the sub-districts. The value of PSOS was supported by improved access and timeliness of services, improved competency of RDH medical practitioners, improved coordination, comprehensiveness and continuity of care. Private specialist outreach and support was, however, associated with increased burden on the RDH resources and required a basic level of RDH infrastructure to function effectively. CONCLUSION: The perceived contribution of private specialist outreach services was positive overall. Implementation in RDHs is feasible, but should involve consideration of factors in the hospital, town, sub-district and district prior to implementation.Contribution: This paper provides evidence that private specialist outreach and support services are feasible in the state health sector, provided that certain considerations are taken into account.

An exploration of the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of Xhosa men concerning traditional circumcision.

BACKGROUND: The practice of traditional circumcision is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, yet there is a paucity of literature that provides an understanding of the cultural values that influence men to choose traditional rather than medical circumcision.The aim of this study was to better understand the culture surrounding traditional circumcision, with a view to addressing morbidity and mortality rates associated with the Xhosa male initiation rituals.We explored Xhosa men's perceptions regarding the need for the risks and the social pressure to undergo traditional circumcision, the impact of non-initiation or failed initiation and the perceived barriers to obtaining medical help for the complications of traditional circumcisions. METHODS: Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 purposively sampled teenagers and adult men. The interviews were recorded, translated, transcribed and analysed using the framework method. RESULTS: Traditional circumcision was seen as essential to Xhosa culture. Participants rationalised many reasons for participating, including personal growth and development, family and peer pressure, independence and knowledge gained, a connection with ancestors and initiation into manhood. Despite publicity of the dangers of traditional circumcision and the hardships they have to endure, most young men still saw this process as necessary and worthwhile. CONCLUSION: Traditional initiation and circumcision are here to stay. The majority of boys still trust the elders and supernatural processes to guide them. However, some participants welcomed government initiatives to reduce human error causing unnecessary death and suffering. Current systems to prevent morbidity and mortality are insufficient and should be prioritised.