Investigation of serum and brain superoxide dismutase levels depending on atomoxetine used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: A combination of in vivo and molecular docking studies.

This study aims to determine whether atomoxetine (ATX), used as an alternative to methylphenidate, affects superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity besides glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, apart from determining possible effects of ATX on SOD activity through molecular docking studies. 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, each containing 6 members. After a 6-week application of ATX, blood samples and brain tissues were obtained from the rats for biochemical analyses. Besides, molecular docking studies were conducted using PyRx and Discovery Studio 3.0 programs. No significant difference occurred in GSH and MDA levels after ATX application. A high-dose application of ATX caused a statistically significant change only in the serum-SOD activity compared to that of Control Group. Molecular docking studies revealed that ATX settled in the biggest space rather than the catalytic regions of Cu2Zn2-SOD. Our biochemical and molecular docking data showed that ATX, an alternative drug to stimulant methylphenidate, showed no significant changes in the antioxidant defence system at either low or therapeutic doses after long-term use. Therefore, we suggest ATX could be used as a substitute for methylphenidate in the long-term treatment of ADHD.

Serum apelin and ADMA levels in type 2 diabetics with and without vascular complications.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic and chronic disease which is characterized by hyperglycemia, and that is the major causes of various micro and macrovascular complications. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), formed by the hydrolysis of proteins containing methylated arginine residues, is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which oxidize l-arginine to citruline and nitric oxide (NO), related to hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Apelin is a recently discovered peptide, present in a number of tissues and play role in insulin sensitivity improvement. In this study, our aim was to determine the levels of apelin and ADMA with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetic patients with or without vascular complications. METHODS: This study included (a total of) 59 diabetic patients. Of the patients, 30 were diabetic with complications, and 29 without complications. In serum samples obtained from the patients, serum ADMA and apelin levels were measured with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: Our study totally enrolled 59 patients in two groups. No significant differences were found in sex, age, HbA1c and glucose levels among groups. Apelin and ADMA levels of group with complications were lower than those of group without complications, but no statistically significant difference of apelin and ADMA levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study have been showed no statistically significant relationship present between ADMA-apelin levels and complications of T2DM. Further studies involving larger patients populations and healthy controls should be done to clarify the pathogenetic significance of apelin and ADMA in diabetic vascular complications.

Serum thyroid hormone profile and trace elements in children receiving valproic acid therapy: a longitudinal and controlled study.

Valproic acid (VPA) may affect thyroid hormone profile, causing alteration in serum trace elements concentrations. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate this relationship in children receiving VPA monotherapy for a period up to 6 months. Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroglobuline (TG), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) levels were evaluated at baseline and at the 6th month in all the patients and in the control group. The mean Cu concentration in the 6th months of VPA therapy was significantly lower than that of the control group. TSH level was significantly increased in the patient group whereas FT4 was significantly decreased. The mean TSH level in the 6th month of VPA therapy was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas mean T4 level was significantly lower. The Cu level in the 6th months of VPA therapy was positively correlated with T4 level. ΔlogCu and ΔTSH were negatively correlated. This study suggests that the alteration in the serum thyroid hormone profile during VPA therapy may result from the reduction in serum Cu levels.

Relationship of serum paraoxonase enzyme activity and thermal burn injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated changes in serum oxidative stress parameters in burn cases compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed in 41 burn patients with mild to severe thermal burn injuries and 38 healthy volunteers. The burn cases were selected from patients who were hospitalized in the burn unit for the treatment of second- and third-degree burns. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and PON-1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured in patient serum samples. RESULTS: PON-1 paraoxonase activity and MDA levels in patients with major thermal burn injury were significantly higher than healthy controls, but PON-1 arylesterase activities were lower. A significant negative correlation was observed between the burn percentage of the total body surface area and the PON-1 arylesterase activities in patients. CONCLUSION: Human thermal burn injury was associated with an increase in MDA production and a decrease in PON-1 arylesterase activity, which was proportional to the percentage of total burned surface area.

Serum melatonin levels in ankylosing spondilitis: correlation with disease activity.

This study was carried out to determine the serum levels of melatonin (MLT) in patients with ankylosing spondilitis (AS) and to evaluate its correlation with disease activity. We assessed clinical characteristics and labaratory parameters. Serum samples from 36 patients (25 males, 11 females) with active AS and 25 healthy subjects (18 males, 7 females) were collected. MLT levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and disease activity of AS was assessed according to the Bath AS disease activity index (BASDAI), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Then, the results were compared with those from 25 healty controls. The serum levels of MLT were significantly increased in AS patients as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). MLT levels were correlated with BASDAI (r = 0.871, p < 0.001) and CRP levels (r = 0.691, p < 0.001), but not with ESR, in patients with AS. Our results suggest a possible role for this immunoregulatory hormone in the disease activity in AS patients.