The Effect of Human Development Index on Obesity Prevalence at the Global Level: A Spatial Analysis.

Background: Obesity is one of the major public health concerns, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human development index on the prevalence of obesity across 152 countries. Methods: Country-level data on obesity prevalence and its influencing variables related to 152 countries were obtained during 2000-2019 from several sources. A Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical model was employed in this research, and the analyses were performed using R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Results: We found a positive relation between HDI and obesity prevalence, in such a way if low HDI countries advance to high HDI countries, the obesity rate is expected to increase significantly by 7.45%. Moreover, the association between obesity prevalence and the percentage of people aged 40-59 (ß=0.07), urbanization rate (ß=0.11), percentage of internet users (ß=0.01), percentage of alcohol users (ß=0.16), milk consumption per capita (ß=0.15) and Percentage of depression (ß=0.58) was significantly positive. Conversely, per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables (ß=-0.15), and smoking rate (ß=-0.02) was negatively associated with obesity prevalence. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity is growing across all countries, especially in the countries with high and very high HDI. Therefore, policymakers must also pay attention to the negative effects of development when trying to improve the welfare of society.

Ebola virus disease: A narrative review.

Ebola virus disease (EVD), which is also referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a highly contagious and frequently lethal sickness caused by the Ebola virus. In 1976, the disease emerged in two simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Subsequently, it has caused intermittent outbreaks in several African nations. The virus is primarily spread via direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual or animal. EVD is distinguished by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and hemorrhage. The outbreak of EVD in West Africa in 2014-2016 emphasized the need for effective control and prevention measures. Despite advancements and the identification of new treatments for EVD, the primary approach to treatment continues to be centered around providing supportive care. Early detection and supportive care can enhance the likelihood of survival. This includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of secondary infections. Experimental therapies, for instance, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs, have shown promising results in animal studies and some clinical trials. Some African countries have implemented the use of vaccines developed for EVD, but their effectiveness and long-term safety are still being studied. This article provides an overview of the history, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and Ebola coinfection, as well as highlights the ongoing research efforts to develop effective treatments and vaccines to combat this deadly virus.

The influencing factors of health-related quality of life of the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 is a global challenge that negatively affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the general population. The current study aimed to evaluate HRQoL and its associated factors among the Iranian general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected in 2021 using the EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L) and EQ-5D Visual Analog Scale (EQ VAS) questionnaires through an online survey. Participants were recruited via social media from the Fars province. The multiple binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing participants' HRQoL. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the t-test, ANOVA, and the chi-square test were used. All tests were conducted at a significance level of 5% using Stata 14.2 and SPSS 16. A total of 1,198 participants were involved in this cross-sectional study. The mean age of participants was 33.3 (SD:10.2), and more than half were women (55.6%). The mean EQ-5D-3L index value and EQ-VAS of the respondents were 0.80 and 77.53, respectively. The maximum scores of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-VAS in the present study were 1 and 100, respectively. The most frequently reported problems were anxiety/depression (A/D) (53.7%), followed by pain/discomfort (P/D) (44.2%). Logistic regression models showed that the odds of reporting problems on the A/D dimension increased significantly with supplementary insurance, including concern about getting COVID-19, hypertension, and asthma, by 35% (OR = 1.35; P = 0.03), 2% (OR = 1.02; P = 0.02), 83% (OR = 1.83; P = 0.02), and 6.52 times (OR = 6.52; P = 0.01), respectively. The odds of having problems on the A/D dimension were significantly lower among male respondents, those in the housewives + students category, and employed individuals by 54% (OR = 0.46; P = 0.04), 38% (OR = 0.62; P = 0.02) and 41% (OR = 0.59; P = 0.03), respectively. Moreover, the odds of reporting a problem on the P/D dimension decreased significantly in those belonging in a lower age group and with people who were not worried about getting COVID-19 by 71% (OR = 0.29; P = 0.03) and 65% (OR = 0.35; P = 0.01), respectively. The findings of this study could be helpful for policy-making and economic evaluations. A significant percentage of participants (53.7%) experienced psychological problems during the pandemic. Therefore, effective interventions to improve the quality of life of these vulnerable groups in society are essential.

Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, 2021-2022.

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63 are common viruses that continuously circulate in the human population. Previous studies showed the circulation of HCoVs during the cold months in Iran. We studied the circulation of HCoVs during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to find the impact of pandemic on the circulation of these viruses. Methods: As a cross-sectional survey conducted during 2021 to 2022, of all throat swabs sent to Iran National Influenza Center from patients with severe acute respiratory infection, 590 samples were selected to test for HCoVs using one-step real-time RT-PCR. Results: Overall, 28 out of 590 (4.7%) tested samples were found to be positive for at least one HCoVs. HCoV-OC43 was the most common (14/590 or 2.4%), followed by HCoV-HKU1 (12/590 or 2%) and HCoV-229E (4/590 or 0.6%), while HCoV-NL63 was not detected. HCoVs were detected in patients of all ages and throughout the study period with peaks in the cold months of the year. Conclusions: Our multicenter survey provides insight into the low circulation of HCoVs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran in 2021/2022. Hygiene habits and social distancing measures might have important role in decreasing of HCoVs transmission. We believe that surveillance studies are needed to track the pattern of HCoVs distributions and detect changes in the epidemiology of such viruses to set out strategies in order to timely control the future outbreaks of HCoVs throughout the nation.

Adalimumab versus Infliximab Treatment Outcome in Ulcerative Colitis: Application of EQ-5D, Visual Analogue Scale, and IBDQ-9 Measures: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic global disease, and its incidence and prevalence are increasing worldwide. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare the secondary outcome of treatment with Infliximab (IFX) and Adalimumab (ADA) in the UC patients. METHODS: This was a one-year prospective observational study of moderate- to -severe UC patients treated with ADA or IFX. Patients' secondary health outcomes were measured using the EQ-5D 3L, EQ-VAS, and IBDQ-9 tools. T-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among UC patients. HRQoL predictor variables were identified by multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 238 UC patients (patients taking IFX: 78, patients taking ADA: 160) with a mean age of 37.66 and a mean disease duration of 9.29 years were enrolled. The EQ-5D index, EQ-VAS, and IBDQ-9 scores of patients taking IFX were 0.65, 55.93 and, 37.42, respectively. Similarly, patients taking ADA were 0.68, 59.27 and, 36.61, respectively. The highest problem reports were in P/D: 86.1% and A/D: 73.5%. The main independent predictors of HRQoL were: education over 12 years (ß = 0.054 [EQ-5D index], ß = 13.63 [EQ-VAS], OR: 0.28 [MO], OR: 0.07 [SC]), education between 6-12 years (ß = 11.23 [EQ-VAS]), and having "other chronic diseases" (ß = -0.074 [EQ-5D index], ß = -5.29 [IBDQ-9], OR: 2.84 [UA], OR: 3.80 [A/D]). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between the effect of ADA and IFX on secondary health outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe UC.

Letter to the Editor Regarding "An Overview on Serology and Molecular Tests for COVID-19: An Important Challenge of the Current Century (doi: 10.22034/iji.2021.88660.1894.)".

Recently in a review article by Mansourabadi et al. published in the Iranian Journal of Immunology, the authors described the serological and molecular tests for COVID-19 (1). The mentioned review considered helicase (Hel) as a structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 (1). However, based on evidence, the genome of novel coronavirus is approximately 30kb in length and encodes only four structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleoprotein (N) (2, 3), although helicase (NSP13) as a nonstructural protein such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (NSP12) encoded by the ORF region and is involved in the replication of the virus (3).In addition, authors reported that hemagglutinin esterase could be used as a favorite target for SARS-CoV-2 Real-time PCR (1); however, scientific evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 as a betacoronavirus lineage B like SARS-CoV lacks hemagglutinin esterase (4-6); thus this protein cannot be a target for detection of SARS-CoV-2.

CHAC1 as a novel biomarker for distinguishing alopecia from other dermatological diseases and determining its severity.

Alopecia Areata (AA) is characterised by an autoimmune response to hair follicles (HFs) and its exact pathobiology remains unclear. The current study aims to look into the molecular changes in the skin of AA patients as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of AA in order to identify potential candidates for early detection and treatment of AA. We applied Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key modules, hub genes, and mRNA-miRNA regulatory networks associated with AA. Furthermore, Chi2 as a machine-learning algorithm was used to compute the gene importance in AA. Finally, drug-target construction revealed the potential of repositioning drugs for the treatment of AA. Our analysis using four AA data sets established a network strongly correlated to AA pathogenicity based on GZMA, OXCT2, HOXC13, KRT40, COMP, CHAC1, and KRT83 hub genes. Interestingly, machine learning introduced these genes as important in AA pathogenicity. Besides that, using another ten data sets, we showed that CHAC1 could clearly distinguish AA from similar clinical phenotypes, such as scarring alopecia due to psoriasis. Also, two FDA-approved drug candidates and 30 experimentally validated miRNAs were identified that affected the co-expression network. Using transcriptome analysis, suggested CHAC1 as a potential diagnostic predictor to diagnose AA.

A delayed resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the COVID-19 pandemic: An unpredictable outbreak in a small proportion of children in the Southwest of Iran, April 2022.

The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and strict restrictions implemented to control the infection have impacted the circulation and transmission of common seasonal viruses worldwide and subsequently the rate of hospitalizations in children at young ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) surprisingly disappeared in 2020-2021 in many countries due to lockdown and precautions were taken because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we showed a notable change in the rate of hospitalization and reported an unpredictable outbreak of RSV in a small proportion of children admitted to a children's hospital in Dezful (a city in Southwest Iran) in the early spring of 2022. We performed a descriptive study of hospitalized young children (aged ≤ 5 years) with acute respiratory infections. Together with clinical information, 30 nasopharyngeal swabs were prospectively collected and 3 important respiratory viruses (RSV, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2) were tested through the real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method. The age distribution of 30 hospital-admitted children was 1 month to 5 years old and males were the most included subjects 18/30 (60%) in this study. Although the viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses was not detected, the presence of RSV was confirmed in 16/30 (53.33%) patients. Results showed that the majority of RSV-infected cases were males 10/16 (62.5%), within 12 months of life, and had changes in parameters of the complete blood count. Almost all patients with RSV infection had a cough as the most common clinical manifestation and had no history of past medical conditions as a risk factor. The presented study is the first investigation that documented an outbreak of RSV infection in young children reported since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Our cases highlight the potential threats of important but neglected pathogens during the ongoing pandemic as described here for RSV, which would be challenging by easing the preimposed restrictions.

Health related quality of life in adults with asthma: a systematic review to identify the values of EQ-5D-5L instrument.

INTRODUCTION: The EQ-5D is the most popular generic preference-based instrument used for asthma patients. This study aims to explore the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L instrument in patients with asthma and identify the EQ-5D-5L scores in these patients. METHOD: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and CEA Registry were searched with English language from 2009 until April 2020. Retrieved studies were checked against the inclusion criteria. Reference lists of the included articles were also reviewed. The quality of included articles was evaluated using Mitton checklist and the data were extracted by a reviewer and were checked by a second reviewer. Meta-analysis was done to calculate the overall scores based on type of asthma control. RESULTS: A total of 17 articles were included. The EQ-5D-5L scores ranged from 0.45 to 0.93 and the VAS scores ranged from 35.67 to 83.80. The EQ-5D-5L is higher in well-controlled (0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96, P = 0.0001) than partly controlled (0.80, 95% CI: 0.74-0.85, P = 0.001) and poorly controlled asthma (0.72, 95% CI: 0.67-0.77, P = 0.01). Validity in two studies was weak and, in other studies, it was moderate to strong. Responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, that was shown in a study, was less than other generic instruments, and reliability was adequate in only study that had been reported. Ceiling effects were between 8.30% to 35%. CONCLUSION: Higher score of the EQ-5D-5L was consistent with well-controlled asthma patients and those with lower severity of asthma. The assessment of psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L needs further observations.

Exploiting systems biology to investigate the gene modules and drugs in ovarian cancer: A hypothesis based on the weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the worrisome gynecological cancers worldwide. Given its considerable mortality rate, it is necessary to investigate its oncogenesis. METHODS: In this study, we used systems biology approaches to describe the key gene modules, hub genes, and regulatory drugs associated with serous OC as the novel biomarkers using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). FINDINGS: Our findings have demonstrated that the blue module genes (r = 0.8, p-value = 1e-16) are involved in OC progression. Based on gene enrichment analysis, the genes in this module are frequently involved in biological processes such as the Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway and the cellular response to transforming growth factor-beta stimulation. The co-expression network has been built using the correlated module's top hub genes, which are ADORA1, ANO9, CD24P4, CLDN3, CLDN7, ELF3, KLHL14, PRSS8, RASAL1, RIPK4, SERINC2, and WNT7A. Finally, a drug-target network has been built to show the interaction of the FDA-approved drugs with hub genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results have discovered that ADORA1, ANO9, SERINC2, and KLHL14 are hub genes associated with serous OC. These genes can be considered as novel candidate target genes for treating OC.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease in Iran: A prospective observational study.

This was a 1-year prospective observational study of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of moderate to severe crohn's disease (CD) patients in Iran. Patients' HRQoL were measured using the EQ-5D 3L, EQ-VAS, and IBDQ-9 tools. HRQoL among CD patients were compared using the T-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. To discover factors influencing patients' HRQoL, multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression tests were utilized. The study included 222 CD patients, with a mean age of 34.67 and mean disease duration of 7.32 years. The dimensions with the worst reported "relatively or extreme problems" were P/D: 77.5% and A/D: 63.1%. Employment, having "other chronic diseases," and ADA consumption were the most important independent predictors of HRQoL in CD patients, [ß = 0.21 (EQ-5D index), ß = 19.61 (EQ-VAS), ß = 12.26 (IBDQ-9), OR: 0.09 (MO), OR: 0.12 (UA), OR: 0.21 (P/D), OR: 0.22 (A/D)], [ß = -0.15 (EQ-5D index), ß = -5.84 (IBDQ-9), ß = -11.06 (EQ-VAS), OR: 4.20 (MO), OR: 6.50 (UA)], and [OR: 2.29 (A/D)], respectively. Unemployment, presence of "other chronic conditions" had the greatest negative impact on HRQoL of CD patients. There were significant differences in the probability of reporting "relatively or extreme problems" in the SC and A/D dimensions between patients using adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX).

SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention.

The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ahighly transmissible virus with a likely animal origin, has posed major and unprecedentedchallenges to millions of lives across the affected nations of the world. This outbreak firstoccurred in China, and despite massive regional and global attempts shortly thereafter, itspread to other countries and caused millions of deaths worldwide. This review presents keyinformation about the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease (namely,coronavirus disease 2019) and briefly discusses the origin of the virus. Herein, we also brieflysummarize the strategies used against viral spread and transmission.

Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Combined with Machine Learning Validation to Identify Key Modules and Hub Genes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an enormous loss of lives. Various clinical trials of vaccines and drugs are being conducted worldwide; nevertheless, as of today, no effective drug exists for COVID-19. The identification of key genes and pathways in this disease may lead to finding potential drug targets and biomarkers. Here, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis and LIME as an explainable artificial intelligence algorithm to comprehensively characterize transcriptional changes in bronchial epithelium cells (primary human lung epithelium (NHBE) and transformed lung alveolar (A549) cells) during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Our study detected a network that significantly correlated to the pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection based on identified hub genes in each cell line separately. The novel hub gene signature that was detected in our study, including PGLYRP4 and HEPHL1, may shed light on the pathogenesis of COVID-19, holding promise for future prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The enrichment analysis of hub genes showed that the most relevant biological process and KEGG pathways were the type I interferon signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, and defense response to virus categories, all of which play significant roles in restricting viral infection. Moreover, according to the drug-target network, we identified 17 novel FDA-approved candidate drugs, which could potentially be used to treat COVID-19 patients through the regulation of four hub genes of the co-expression network. In conclusion, the aforementioned hub genes might play potential roles in translational medicine and might become promising therapeutic targets. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are needed to evaluate the role of these hub genes in COVID-19.

The association between diabetic complications and health-related quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Iran.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of type 2 diabetic patients and its relationship with the complications of diabetes in Farashband County, Fars, Iran. METHODS: Data of this cross-sectional study were collected by a researcher-made demographic questionnaire, EuroQol-5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and also from patient records. Multivariate regression model was used to investigate the net effect of diabetes complications on HRQoL after controlling for other independent variables. RESULTS: A total of 685 patients with a mean age of 58.36 and a disease duration of 7.64 years participated in the study. The mean EQ-5D and EQ-VAS scores of all patients were 0.64 and 56.53, respectively. The HRQoL dimensions in which the largest portions of the population had problems were Pain/Discomfort (77.23%) and Anxiety/Depression (63.50%). Among the studied diabetic patients, women, divorcees, and widows were more likely to report problems in all dimensions of HRQoL, and people without complications, people with university degrees, and employed people were more likely to report fewer problems in these dimensions (P < 0.05). After controlling for the effect of all independent variables in the multivariate regression model, a significant negative relationship was found between diabetes complications and EQ-5D: ß = - 0.149 (95% CI - 0.186, - 0.112) and EQ-VAS: ß = - 6.697 (95% CI - 9.947, - 3.747). This indicates that for each additional diabetic complication, 0.149 and 6.697 units of EQ-5D Index and EQ-VAS were reduced, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that type 2 diabetic patients in the studied region, especially those with complications, suffer from poor HRQoL. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the main determinants of HRQoL when adopting policies for diabetes management in order to ultimately improve the HRQoL of these patients.

Adenomatous Polyps in Adolescent Girl and Boy: A Report of Two Cases.

A polyp is defined as a mass of the mucosal surface that protrudes into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Neoplastic epithelial polyps are classified histologically as either benign adenoma or malignant carcinoma. The colonic polyps that most commonly present in children occur sporadically and individually and are of the juvenile type; they are most frequently associated with painless rectal hemorrhage (which is the most common symptom). Adenomatous polyps are similar to other nontumoral polyps, and it is very rare for children to have symptoms other than rectal bleeding. This report describes two rare cases of polyps in pediatric patients. An 11-year-old girl presented with tubulovillous adenoma and a 13-year-old boy with tubular adenoma; both patients complained of rectal hemorrhage as well as anemia and abdominal pain. Epithelial adenoma is a tumor that is rarely found in adults or children. Colonoscopic perforation and biopsy are mandatory for establishing a definitive diagnosis and avoiding medical mismanagement.

Comparison of Blood Transfusion Plus Chelation Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation in Patients with ß-Thalassemia: Application of SF-36, EQ-5D, and Visual Analogue Scale Measures.

BACKGROUND: ß-Thalassemia is a prevalent genetic disease in Mediterranean countries. The most common treatments for this disease are blood transfusion plus iron chelation (BTIC) therapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Patients using these procedures experience different health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The purpose of the present study was to measure HRQoL in these patients using 2 different multiattribute quality of life (QoL) scales. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data were gathered using 3 instruments: a socio-demographic questionnaire, EQ-5D, and SF-36. A total of 196 patients with ß-thalassemia were randomly selected from 2 hospitals in Shiraz (Southern Iran). Data were analyzed using logistic regression and multiple regression models to identify factors that affect the patients' HRQoL. RESULTS: The average EQ-5D index and EQ visual analog scale (VAS) scores were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89) and 71.85 (95% CI: 69.13-74.58), respectively. Patients with BMT reported significantly higher EQ VAS scores (83.27 vs 68.55, respectively). The results showed that patients who lived in rural area and patients with BMT reported higher EQ VAS scores (rural; ß= 10.25, P = .006 and BMT; ß= 11.88, P = .000). As well, SF-36 between 2 groups of patients were statistically significant in physical component scale (PCS). CONCLUSION: Patients in the BMT group experienced higher HRQoL in both physical and mental aspects compared to those in the BTIC group. More studies are needed to assess the relative cost-effectiveness of these methods in developing countries.

Cholestasis in a three year-old child following abdominal blunt trauma: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Extra-hepatic bile duct injuries in children following blunt abdominal trauma are rare; early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for a good outcome. The purpose of this report is to describe the management of problems encountered in children with bile duct injuries following blunt abdominal trauma. CASE PRESENTATION: A three year-old girl presented with obstructive jaundice and vomiting following blunt abdominal trauma one month prior to referral. The child was sitting in her father's lap when the accident occurred. She was then examined by an emergency physician to assess the cause of vomiting. An abdominal ultrasonography was performed and revealed dilatation of the common bile duct. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bile duct injury following blunt trauma and its emergency management.

Postdiverticular stasis-introduction of a new etiology for small intestine obstruction: a case series.

Introduction. Intestinal obstruction in the setting of Meckel's diverticulum in young age and with orange and meat bezoar is a rare, previously unreported condition. Since the obstruction point is located immediately after Meckel's diverticulum in our patients, we attempt to introduce "localized peristalsis insufficiency" as a new etiology for small intestine obstruction while reviewing the findings of previous studies. Conclusion. Intestinal obstruction in the setting of Meckel's diverticulum and with orange and meat bezoar is a rare, previously unreported condition. Considering the previous reports, we may present the theory of localized peristalsis insufficiency in patients with Meckel's diverticulum.