Increased incidence of pathologically nonorgan confined prostate cancer in African-American men eligible for active surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinicopathologic findings of African-American (AA) and White-American (WA) men with prostate cancer (PCa) who were candidates for active surveillance (AS) and underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: Prospectively maintained database of men who underwent RP from 2 academic centers were analyzed retrospectively. Postoperative pathologic characteristics of patients who met the AS inclusion criteria of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) were evaluated. After RP, the rate of pathological upstaging and Gleason upgrading were compared between AA and WA men. RESULTS: In the AA cohort, 196 and 124 men met the UCSF and NCCN criteria for AS, respectively. With respect to WA patients, 191 and 148 fulfilled the AS criteria for UCSF and NCCN, respectively. AA men had a higher percentage of maximum biopsy core than WA men (15.3%-20.4% vs 11.5%-15.0%, P <.05, respectively) in both cohorts. In addition, a greater proportion of AA men had multiple positive biopsy cores compared to WA men (45.2% vs 33.1%, P = .046) under the NCCN criteria. A higher proportion of AA men were upstaged (≥pT3) compared to WA men (19.4% vs 10.1%, P = .037). A multivariate regression test revealed that age, preoperative PSA, and number of positive cores were independent predictors of more advanced disease (upstaging and/or upgrading) in AA men. CONCLUSION: AA men who were candidates for AS criteria had worse clinicopathological features on final surgical pathology than WA men. These results suggest that a more stringent AS criteria should be considered in AA men with prostate cancer.

Defining the impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy.

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy is affected by surgical technique and patient factors. Age and preoperative erectile function are the 2 patient factors that have been consistently shown to impact postoperative erectile function. The presence of vascular risk factors preoperatively seems to negatively impact erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy independently from age, preoperative erectile function and surgical technique. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether vascular risk factors (VRFs) affect erectile function (EF) recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From our prospective database we identified patients with clinically localised prostate cancer who had undergone RP and had preoperative information on EF and VRFs (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease [CAD], and cigarette smoking), surgeon-graded nerve-sparing status, and EF data collected between 24 and 30 months after RP. RESULTS: In all, 984 patients were included in the analyses. The frequency of the VRFs was as follows: hypertension (38%), hypercholesterolaemia (36%), diabetes mellitus (7%), CAD (5%), and cigarette smoking (37%). On univariate analysis, EF between 24 and 30 months was associated with age (r = 0.37, P < 0.001), EF before RP (r = 0.41, P < 0.001), NSS (r = 0.35, P < 0.001), and VRFs (0-2 vs >3 VRFs; r = 0.15, P = 0.003). On multivariable analysis all variables remained statistically significant, and accounted for 28% of the total variance in EF between 24 and 30 months after RP. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of VRFs seems to adversely affect EF recovery after RP independently of other factors. This observation might be useful for improving patient counselling before treatment and to support the development of new treatment strategies for erectile dysfunction after RP.

Partial nephrectomy for selected renal cortical tumours of ≥ 7 cm.

OBJECTIVE: To examine our institutional experience in patients treated with partial nephrectomy (PN) for renal cortical tumours (RCTs) of ≥ 7 cm, as PN is an accepted surgical approach for appropriate RCTs of < 7 cm but there are limited data on the use of PN for larger tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, we examined our prospectively collected surgical database for patients treated with PN for RCTs of ≥ 7 cm between 1989 and 2008. Pertinent demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological data were reviewed. RESULTS: In all, 34 patients (37 renal units) were identified for analysis with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 63 (52-71) years, median (IQR) tumour size of 7.5 (7.2-9.0) cm with the largest tumour being 19 cm. In 31 renal units (28 patients, 84%) carcinoma was evident, with 16 renal units (43%) having conventional clear cell carcinoma, followed by papillary in eight renal units (21%). Currently, 20 of these 28 patients (71%) are disease free, three are alive with metastatic disease (two had known preoperative metastatic disease), three died from disease and two died from other causes. The median (IQR) preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was 65 (55-73) mL/min/1.73 m(2) , compared with 55 (47-74) mL/min/1.73 m(2) after PN (P= 0.003, paired Student's t-test). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that PN for RCTs of ≥ 7 cm can be safely performed and provide effective tumour control for selected patients. PN should be considered for patients with appropriate tumours, solitary kidneys or pre-existing renal insufficiency.

Advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma treated by radical nephrectomy and adjacent organ or structure resection.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of radical nephrectomy (RN) with adjacent organ and structure resection on survival, as invasion of adjacent organs in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After institutional review board approval, we reviewed our database and statistically analysed of patients with pathological stage T3 or T4 RCC who had RN and resection of a contiguous organ or structure. RESULTS: We identified 38 patients of 2464 (1.5%) who had RN with adjacent organ or structure resection. The median (interquartile range) size of the mass was 11 (8-14) cm, and the follow-up 13 (5-33) months. Most patients (68%) were pT4 stage and had conventional clear cell carcinoma (95%). Fourteen patients (37%) had positive surgical margins. The liver (10) was the most commonly resected adjacent organ or structure. Only one patient remains alive with no evidence of disease at 5 years, while three are currently alive with disease. Overall, 34 of 38 patients (90%) ultimately died from disease at a median (range) of 11.7 (5.4-29.2) months after surgical resection. The surgical margin status was the only statistically significant factor for recurrence and death (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for patients with advanced RCC and adjacent organ or structure involvement is extremely poor and similar to that of patients with metastatic disease. These patients should be thoroughly counselled about the impact of surgical management and considered for entry into neoadjuvant or adjuvant clinical trials with new targeted systemic agents.

Survival rates after resection for localized kidney cancer: 1989 to 2004.

BACKGROUND: Mortality rates from kidney cancer have continued to rise despite increases in the detection of smaller renal tumors and rates of renal surgery. To explore the factors associated with this treatment-outcome discrepancy, the authors evaluated how changes in tumor size have affected disease progression in patients after nephrectomy for localized kidney cancer, and they sought to identify the factors associated with disease progression and overall patient survival after resection for localized kidney cancer. METHODS: In total, 1618 patients with localized kidney cancer were identified who underwent nephrectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1989 to 2004. Patients were categorized by year of surgery: from 1989 to 1992, from 1993 to 1996, from 1997 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2004. Tumor size was classified according to the following strata: <2 cm, from 2 cm to 4 cm, from 4 cm to 7 cm, and >7 cm. Disease progression was defined as the development of local recurrence or distant metastases. Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated for patients in each tumor size strata according to the year of operation using the Kaplan-Meier method. The patient-, tumor-, and surgery-related characteristics associated with PFS and overall survival (OS) were explored using univariate analysis, and all significant variables were retained in a multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, the number of nephrectomies increased for all tumor size categories from 1989 to 2004. A tumor size migration was evident during this period, because the proportion of patients with tumors <2 cm and with tumors from 2 cm to 4 cm increased, whereas the proportion of patients with tumors >7 cm decreased. One hundred seventy-nine patients (11%) developed disease progression after nephrectomy. Sixteen patients (1%) developed local recurrences, and 163 patients (10%) developed distant metastases. When 5-year PFS was calculated for each tumor size strata according to 4-year cohorts, trends in PFS did not improve or differ significantly over time. Compared with historic cohorts, patients in more contemporary cohorts were more likely to undergo partial nephrectomy rather than radical nephrectomy and were less likely to undergo concomitant lymph node dissection and adrenalectomy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pathologic stage and tumor grade were associated with disease progression, whereas patient age and tumor stage were associated with overall patient survival. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increasing number of nephrectomies and a size migration toward smaller tumors, trends in 5-year PFS and OS did not improve or differ significantly over time. These findings require further research to identify causative mechanisms, and they argue for the consideration of active surveillance for patients who have select renal tumors and a re-evaluation of the current treatment paradigm of surgically removing solid renal masses on initial detection.

ITGCN of the testis, contralateral testicular biopsy and bilateral testicular cancer.

Over 30 years ago Skakkebaek was the first to characterize a noninvasive precursor lesion (intratubular germ cell neoplasia or carcinoma in situ) that would progress to invasive testicular tumors. In this article we discuss the molecular changes thought to cause this malignant transformation, various conditions that predispose to the development of testicular germ cell tumors, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options. Additionally we discuss the current patterns of contralateral testicular biopsy to identify intratubular germ cell neoplasia, as well as the incidence and management of bilateral testicular tumors.

Medical management of common urinary calculi.

Nephrolithiasis is a common condition affecting nearly 5 percent of U.S. men and women during their lifetimes. Recurrent calculi can be prevented in most patients by the use of a simplified evaluation, reasonable dietary and fluid recommendations, and directed pharmacologic intervention. Serum studies and 24-hour urine collections are the mainstays of metabolic investigation and usually are warranted in patients with recurrent calculi. Although some stones are the result of inherited conditions, most result from a complex interaction between diet, fluid habits, and genetic predisposition. Calcium-sparing diuretics such as thiazides often are used to treat hypercalciuria. Citrate medications increase levels of this naturally occurring stone inhibitor. Allopurinol can be helpful in patients with hyperuricosuria, and urease inhibitors can help break the cycle of infectious calculi. Aggressive fluid intake and moderated intake of salt, calcium, and meat are recommended for most patients.

Evaluation of ureterointestinal anastomosis: Wallace vs Bricker.

PURPOSE: There are no published reports to our knowledge comparing the complication rates of the 2 most frequently used ureterointestinal anastomoses. We compared the Bricker method vs the Wallace method in terms of stricture rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the cystectomy database at our institution covering 1997 to 2003 was conducted. Patients were reviewed in terms of type of anastomosis, stricture formation, intervention, radiation therapy, type of diversion, operating room time, sex and age. RESULTS: A total of 237 patients at our institution underwent cystectomy during the time evaluated. Of these patients, 33 had incomplete data, 2 were anephric and did not require diversion, and 4 patients underwent LeDuc anastomosis. These patients were excluded from analysis, leaving 198 patients, 86 (43%) undergoing Bricker and 112 (56%) undergoing Wallace. Bricker anastomoses were considered 2 anastomotic units while Wallace anastomoses were considered a single unit. Therefore, there were 162 (59%) total Bricker anastomoses compared to 112 (41%) Wallace anastomoses. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of type of diversion, number of patients undergoing adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation therapy, operating room time, and days of followup. There were 3 strictures (1.85%) in the Bricker group and 5 strictures (4.46%) in the Wallace group. There was no statistically significant difference between the stricture rate in these 2 groups (p = 0.21). Stricture rates for patients undergoing neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation were not statistically significant from the patients with no adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall the stricture rate for ureterointestinal anastomosis was 2.92%. There was no difference in stricture rate between the 2 types of ureterointestinal anastomosis.