Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of Eggs from 3 Diverse Chicken Breeds Using GC-MS Analysis.

Eggs, as a crucial source of essential nutrients for consumers, possess a high nutritional value owing to their rich composition of vital components essential for human health. While previous research has extensively investigated genetic factors influencing egg quality, there has been a limited focus on exploring the impact of specific strains, particularly within the African context, on the polar metabolite profile of eggs. In this extensive study, we conducted an untargeted analysis of the chemical composition of both albumen and yolk from 3 distinct strains of hens-Blue Holland, Sasso, and Wassache-raised under identical feeding conditions. Utilizing gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we meticulously examined amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and other small polar metabolites. In total, 38 and 44 metabolites were identified in the whites and yolk, respectively, of the 3 studied strains. The application of chemometric analysis revealed notable differences in metabolite profiles with 8 relevant metabolites in each egg part. These metabolites include amino acids (N-α-Acetyl-L-lysine, lysine, L-valine, L-Tryptophan), fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid), and carbohydrates (d-glucose, maltose, lactose). These findings shed light on strain-specific metabolic nuances within eggs, emphasizing potential nutritional implications. The ensuing discussion delves into the diverse metabolic pathways influenced by the identified metabolites, offering insights that contribute to a broader understanding of egg composition and its significance in tailoring nutritional strategies for diverse populations.

Description of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns at the National Institute of Hygiene in Lome, Togo.

The monitoring of antimicrobial resistance has become a priority, mainly in developing countries, to control the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated at the National Institute of Hygiene in Togo. The laboratory records from January 2013 to December 2015 were examined, which showed that a total of 33,147 samples had been analyzed. Among them, vaginal swabs and urine samples were predominant, amounting to 38.17% and 33.24%, respectively. In total, 3,497 Gram-positive and 1,970 Gram-negative bacterial strains were cultured. Enterobacteriaceae (57.6%), Staphylococcus spp. (21.1%), and Streptococcus spp. (10.5%) were primarily isolated. The records showed that over 3 years, Escherichia coli was resistant to piperacillin (79.66%, 75.1%, and 83%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (79.3%, 82%, and 82.8%), ticarcillin (89%, 89.7%, and 93%), and amoxicillin (94.1%, 94%, and 96.09%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to penicillin G. Streptococcaceae isolates were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (78.11-87.1%), tetracycline (82.2-91.16%), and norfloxacin (86.16-94.3%). Escherichia coli and S. aureus isolated from urine were more resistant to antibiotics than those isolated from vaginal swabs. There is a need to develop new strategies to fight the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria in Togo.

[Corrigendum: Ethnobotanical study of plants used in the treatment of diabetes in the traditional medicine of Maritime Region, Togo]. / Corrigendum: Étude ethnobotanique des plantes utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans la médecine traditionnelle de la région Maritime du Togo.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.437.5660.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.437.5660.].

Molecular detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment and its relationship with Buruli ulcer occurrence in Zio and Yoto districts of maritime region in Togo.

BACKGROUND: Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Residence near aquatic areas has been identified as an important source of transmission of M. ulcerans with increased risk of contracting Buruli ulcer. However, the reservoir and the mode of transmission are not yet well known. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of M. ulcerans in the environment and its relationship with Buruli ulcer occurrence in Zio and Yoto districts of the maritime region in south Togo. METHODS: A total of 219 environmental samples including soil (n = 119), water (n = 65), biofilms/plants (n = 29) and animals' feces (n = 6) were collected in 17 villages of Zio and Yoto districts of the maritime region in Togo. DNA of M. ulcerans including IS2404 and IS2606 insertions sequences and mycolactone ketoreductase-B gene (KR-B) was detected using real time PCR amplification (qPCR) technique. In parallel, clinical samples of patients were tested to establish a comparison of the genetic profile of M. ulcerans between the two types of samples. A calibration curve was generated for IS2404 from a synthetic gene of M. ulcerans Transposase pMUM001, the plasmid of virulence. RESULTS: In the absence of inhibition of the qPCR, 6/219 (2.7%) samples were tested positive for M. ulcerans DNA containing three sequences (IS2404/IS2606/KR-B). Positive samples of M. ulcerans were consisting of biofilms/plants (3/29; 10.3%), water (1/65; 1.7%) and soil (2/119; 1.5%). Comparative analysis between DNA detected in environmental and clinical samples from BU patients showed the same genetic profile of M. ulcerans in the same environment. All these samples were collected in the environment of Haho and Zio rivers in the maritime region. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the presence of M. ulcerans in the environment of the Zio and Yoto districts of the maritime region of Togo. This may explain partially, the high rates of Buruli ulcer patients in this region. Also, water, plants and soil along the rivers could be possible reservoirs of the bacterium. Therefore, Haho and Zio rivers could be potential sources of infection with M. ulcerans in humans in these districts.

Risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli Ulcer) in Togo ─ a case-control study in Zio and Yoto districts of the maritime region.

BACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected mycobacterial skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease mostly affects poor rural populations, especially in areas with low hygiene standards and sanitation coverage. The objective of this study was to identify these risk factors in the districts of Zio and Yoto of the Maritime Region in Togo. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in Zio and Yoto, two districts proved BU endemic from November 2014 to May 2015. BU cases were diagnosed according to the WHO clinical case definition at the Centre Hospitalier Régional de Tsévié (CHR Tsévié) and confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy and IS2404 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For each case, up to two controls matched by sex and place of residence were recruited. Socio-demographic, environmental or behavioral data were collected and conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify and compare risk factors between BU cases and controls. RESULTS: A total of 83 cases and 128 controls were enrolled. The median age was 15 years (range 3-65 years). Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis after adjustment for potential confounders identified age (< 10 years (OR =11.48, 95% CI = 3.72-35.43) and 10-14 years (OR = 3.63, 95% CI = 1.22-10.83)), receiving insect bites near a river (OR = 7.8, 95% CI = 1.48-41.21) and bathing with water from open borehole (OR = 5.77, (1.11-29.27)) as independent predictors of acquiring BU infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified age, bathing with water from open borehole and receiving insect bites near a river as potential risk of acquiring BU infection in Zio and Yoto districts of the Maritime Region in south Togo.

Corrigendum: Diagnostic moléculaire du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis résistant à l'isoniazide et à la rifampicine au Burkina Faso.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.73.5494.].

Toxicological screening of Daouri, a polyherbal formulation used in children in the Central Region of Togo.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Daouri, a combination of several plants, is an old African Traditional Medicine based on ancestral knowledge transmitted from generation to generation and is used by the Kotokoli Community in Togo. The combination of several plants may potentiate or attenuate the toxicity of individual plants. The present investigation aims to study the composition and potential toxicity of Daouri used in children in the Kotokoli community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were performed using a semi-structured questionnaire to determine the composition of Daouri. On the basis of these data collected, Standard Daouri was formulated, and its aqueous extract was orally administered at 300, 600 and 1200mg/kg to rats for 28 days. On the 29th day, the rats were sacrificed and their serum were analysed to evaluate hepatic and renal toxicities. RESULTS: Four categories of Daouri were collected. The plant combinations used in each Daouri formulation varied according to the pathological conditions, including the age of the children and the availability of each plant. The most plants cited in the four Daouri were Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss, Odina acida (A. Rich.) Oliv.,Lophira lanceolata Tiegh, Paullinia pinnata L. and Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels. Although there was an increase in the alkaline phosphatase concentration, different doses of the aqueous extract of Standard Daouri were not toxic after 28 days of administration. In addition, the concentrations of alanine transaminase, creatinine and urea were not different between the Daouri-treated and control groups. CONCLUSION: Daouri is plant combination used in children in the Kotokoli community as a part of African Traditional Medicine. Standard Daouri is not toxic in rats.

Prevalence of human herpes virus-8 and hepatitis B virus among HIV seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Prevention Program at Saint Camille Medical Centre in Burkina Faso.

The aims of this research are: i) to evaluate the prevalence of HHV-8, HBV and HIV among pregnant women, ii) to determine the percentage of these co-infections and iii) to estimate the frequency of the mother-to-child transmission of HIV among HBV and HHV-8 positive mothers. Thus, 379 pregnant women attending ante-natal consultation in Saint Camille Medical Centre were subject to HIV, HHV-8 antibodies and the viral marker Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) detection. We observed 48/379 (12.66%) HIV seropositive subjects. Among them, HIV-1 type infection was predominant (95.83%), only 2/48 (4.17%) subjects had a dual HIV-1 type and HIV-2 type infection, no single HIV-2 type infection was detected. 38/379 (10.02%) subjects were infected by HHV-8 and 30/379 (7.91%) were HBsAg positive. HHV-8 and HIV Co-infections rates were high within HBV positive patients and we had respectively 20.00 and 16.67%. 10.42% HIV positive women were coinfected by HBV while 12.50% were infected by HHV-8. Then, 15.79% subjects HHV-8 positive were co-infected by HBV or HIV. In spite of the PMTCT protocol application, five (10.42%) HIV positive women transmitted the virus to their children. Two HIV positive mothers were co-infected by HHV-8 and one by HBV. Among the 5 HIV infected, one mother (20.0%) was HBV positive and two (40.0%) HHV-8 positive. Although we did not have a large sample which would show large prélalences of the infections, we could put forward that the Co-infection of the HIV with one of these viruses (HBV or HHV-8) could favorite the mother-to-child transmission.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Cochlospermum planchoni Hook.f. ex Planch essential oil from Burkina Faso.

The water distilled oil obtained from rhizomes of Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f.ex Planch (Apocynaceae) from Burkina Faso was examined by GC and GC/MS. Cochlospermum planchonii oil presents a particular chemical composition with a high rate of oxygenated components with predominance of ketones and esters (86.4%). The essential oil was tested against twelve strains of bacteria using a broth microdilution method. The results suggest that Cochlospermum planchonii essential oil has significant bactericidal activity.

Antimalarial activity of Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae).

Among strategies to combat malaria, the search for new antimalarial drugs appears to be a priority. Sheering for new antimalarial activities, four plants of the traditional medicine of Burkina Faso: Combretum micranthum, Khaya senegalensis, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Sida acuta, were tested in vitro on fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The screening showed that Sida acuta has a significant activity (IC50 < 5 microg/ml), and Pterocarpus erinaceus has a moderate activity (5 microg/ml < IC50 < 50 microg/ml). Further chemical screening showed that the activity of the most active plant, Sida acuta, was related to its alkaloid contents.