Cáncer incidental de vesícula biliar tras Colecistectomía Laparoscópica / Incidental gallbladder cancer after Laparoscopy Cholecystectomy

El carcinoma de vesícula biliar es una entidad poco frecuente. El diagnóstico precoz de esta neoplasia es difícil, ya que sus síntomas son muy inespecíficos y muchas veces estes se realiza de manera tardía cuando el enfermo posee una enfermedad avanzada y solo para mitigar los síntomas. Con el crecimiento exponencial en el número de colecistectomías laparoscópicas en las últimas décadas, se ha generado un aumento en la detección de neoplasias incidentales, permitiendo ofrecer tratamiento curativo en un gran grupo de pacientes. Se evaluaron todas las colecistectomías realizadas durante julio de 2019 a diciembre de 2022 en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Córdoba, Argentina. La evaluación patológica de todas las muestras quirúrgicas reveló una incidencia de 0,83% de adenocarcinoma insospechado en colecistectomías realizadas. 66% de los pacientes con neoplasias insospechadas pertenecían al sexo femenino

Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare entity. Early diagnosis of this neoplasia is difficult, since its symptoms are very unspecific and often this is done late when the patient has an advanced disease and only to mitigate symptoms. With the exponential growth in the number of laparoscopic cholecystectomies in recent decades, there has been an increase in the detection of incidental neoplasms, allowing offering curative treatment in a large group of patients. All cholecystectomies performed during July 2019 to December 2022 were evaluated at the National Hospital of Clinics, Córdoba, Argentina. Pathological evaluation of all surgical samples revealed an incidence of 0.83% of unsuspected adenocarcinoma in cholecystectomies performed. 66% of patients with unsuspected neoplasms were female

[Intra-abdominal infections in adults caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: report of 18 cases] / Infecciones intraabdominales en adultos causadas por Streptococcus pneumoniae: reporte de 18 casos.

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is occasionally implicated as a cause of intra-abdominal infection (IIASpn) that can be 1) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in elderly patients with previous peritoneal disease, associated with cirrhosis, in most of the cases 2) associated or adjacent to an intra-abdominal organ or postsurgical. (IIAbq) 3) peritonitis in previously healthy young women (PHYW). Our objective is report 18 cases of IIASpn describing: clinical presentation, comorbidities, need for surgery, microbiological findings, sensitivity of Spn to antimicrobials, therapeutic behavior, and evolution. Methods: study of 18 adult patients with IIASpn. Clinical and microbiological characteristics and evolution of infections were analyzed. Results: IIASpn occurred in 9 PHYW, 6 men and 1 woman with SBP, and 2 men with appendicitis. The PHYW were operated on (4 pelviperitonitis, 3 salpingitis, 2 and tubo ovarian abscess) and had a favorable evolution. In the intraoperative samples, pure culture of Spn sensitive to penicillin was isolated. Three of four patients had positive blood culture. Five of seven patients with SBP died and in the peritoneal fluid developed Spn in pure culture. A large percentage of strains presented decreased sensitivity to penicillin. Four of five had a positive blood culture. Patients with appendicitis had favorable evolution. Conclusions: IIASpn in PHYW was the most frequent presentation, surgery played a significant role in treatment and the clinical response was excellent. The second presentation occurred in elderly patients with cirrhosis, most of whom died. Appendicitis was the third presentation in patients who evolved favorably.

Introducción: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) ocasionalmente causa infección intraabdominal (IIASpn) que puede ser: 1) peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (PBE) en paciente añosos con enfermedad peritoneal previa, asociada con cirrosis, en la mayoría de los casos; 2) asociada o adyacente a un órgano intraabdominal o postquirúrgica (IIAbq); 3) peritonitis en mujeres jóvenes previamente sanas (MJPS). Nuestro objetivo es reportar 18 casos de IIASpn describiendo: presentación clínica, comorbilidades, necesidad de cirugía, microbiología y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos, conducta terapéutica y evolución. Métodos: estudio de 18 pacientes adultos con IIASpn en un período de 23 años. Análisis de las características clínicas, microbiología y evolución de los pacientes. Resultados: las IIASpn ocurrieron en 9 MJPS, 6 varones y una mujer con PBE, y 2 varones con apendicitis. Las MJPS fueron intervenidas quirúrgicamente (4 pelviperitonitis, 3 salpingitis y 2 abscesos tubo ovárico) y evolucionaron favorablemente. En las muestras intraoperatorias se aisló Spn cultivo puro sensible a penicilina. Tres de cuatro pacientes tuvieron hemocultivo positivo. Cinco de siete pacientes con PBE fallecieron y en las muestras de líquido peritoneal desarrolló Spn cultivo puro. Gran porcentaje de cepas presentó sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina. Cuatro de cinco, tuvieron hemocultivo positivo. Los pacientes con apendicitis evolucionaron favorablemente. Conclusiones: La IIASpn en MJPS fue la presentación más frecuente, la cirugía jugó un rol significativo en el tratamiento y la respuesta clínica fue excelente. La segunda presentación ocurrió en pacientes añosos con cirrosis y en su mayoría, fallecieron. La apendicitis fue la tercera presentación en pacientes que evolucionaron favorablemente.

[Effects of early enteral nutrition in patients with mild acute pancreatitis.] / Nutrición enteral temprana en pacientes con pancreatitis agudas leves: estudio clínico randomizado.

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that spans a wide range ranging from mild to critical forms. Contrary to the progress in the management of severe AP, the MAP has not presented significant changes in recent years. There are also no studies that establish a clear relationship between EEN in MAP and levels of albuminemia and CRP. Material and methods: A randomized, longitudinal and prospective clinical study was conducted. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The experimental group (G1) was indicated from the entrance a diet hyperproteic low in colecistokinetics diet, and to the control group (G2) nothing by mouth. Results: 19 patients were randomly distributed in 57.89% in the G2 and 42.11% in the G1. The G1 presented a higher average hospital stay in relation to the G2, such differences were not significant (p> 0.05). The G1 presented higher values of CRP in relation to the G2 significantly (p ?0.05). There was a decrease in albumin levels in both groups (p ?0.05). It was observed in both groups that, as CRP levels increased, albumin levels decreased significantly (p <0.01). Conclusions: Albuminemia levels decreased significantly in both groups, and this decrease was more marked in the EEN group. The decrease in albuminemia had a direct correlation with CRP levels, which were higher in the G1.

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una enfermedad inflamatoria del páncreas que abarca un amplio abanico que va desde las formas leves a las críticas. A diferencia de los progresos en el manejo de las PA graves, el de las PAL no ha presentado cambios significativos en los últimos años. Tampoco existen trabajos que establezcan una relación clara entre la NET en PAL y los niveles de albuminemia y PCR. MateriaMaterial y método l y método: Se realizó un estudio clínico aleatorizado, longitudinal y prospectivo. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos. El experimental (G1) se le indicó desde el ingreso una dieta hiperproteica baja en colecistokineticos, y al grupo control (G2) nada por boca. Resultados: 19 pacientes fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en un 57,89% en el G2 y el 42,11% en el G1. El G2 presentó un mayor promedio de estadía hospitalaria en relación con el grupo experimental, tales diferencias no fueron significativas (p >0,05). El G1 presentó valores mayores de PCR, en relación con el G2 de manera significativa (p ?0,05). Se registró un descenso de los niveles de albumina en ambos grupos (p ?0,05). Se observó en ambos, que a medida que aumentaron los niveles de PCR, disminuyeron los de albumina de manera significativa (p<0,01). Conclusiones: Los niveles de albuminemia descendieron de manera significativa en ambos grupos, y dicho descenso fue más marcado en el grupo que recibió NET. El descenso de la albuminemia tuvo una correlación directa con los niveles de PCR, los cuales fueron mayores en el G1.

Implementación de intrumentos de evaluación objetiva de competencias técnicas en cirugía / Implementation instruments objective assessment of technical skills in surgery

Introducción: La adquisición de habilidades quirúrgicas constituye un factor central en la formación de todo cirujano. Sin embargo, la evaluación de las habilidades técnicas es uno de los factores más débiles y menos desarrollados. En la actualidad los recursos para evaluar las competencias técnicas adolecen de subjetividad, falta de confiabilidad y validez. La observación directa, método de evaluación más frecuentemente utilizado en nuestro medio, presenta inconvenientes instrumentales y está fuertemente influenciada por las relaciones intersubjetivas y los rasgos de personalidad. El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer la creación y el uso de un instrumento objetivo para evaluar el desempeño técnico, y determinar su confiabilidad y validez. Materiales y métodos: se seleccionaron dos procedimientos: la colecistectomía laparoscópica y la hernioplastia inguinal (técnica de Lichtenstein). Se constituyeron tres grupos de comparación según la experiencia quirúrgica: inicial, intermedio, y expertos. Se filmaron las cirugías en tiempo real, sin identificación del paciente ni del cirujano. Las filmaciones sin edición fueron asignadas a dos cirujanos expertos en una secuencia aleatoria por sorteo y con sobres sin identificación. Para la evaluación se propuso el uso de un instrumento objetivo (explicitación de pasos a evaluar y cuantificación mediante escala de Likert) y específico para cada procedimiento. Así mismo se utilizó la escala global OSATS (R. Reznick). Se aplicó un análisis de varianza no paramétrico para determinar la validez. Valores de p menores a 0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Valores superiores a 0,80 del Coeficiente alfa de Cronbach aseguraron confiabilidad.

SUMMARY: Introduction: technical skills acquisition is considered to be of paramount importance in surgical training. Yet, formal assessment of technical skills is the weakest and less developed area. Currently available resources to evaluate technical skills are largely subjective, and lack of validity and reliability. Direct observation, one of the most frequently used methods, is largely biased by interpersonal subjectivity and personality traits. We propose the creation and use of a new procedure-specific tool for objective assessment of technical skills in surgery to evaluate validity and reliability. Materials and Method: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Lichstenstein’s inguinal hernia repair were the chosen procedures. Three groups of comparison were defined according to surgical expertise: initial, intermediate, and experts. Surgeries were videorecorded in real time without identification of the patient or the surgeon. Tapes without any posterior edition were assigned to two expert surgeons in a blind and randomized sequence. A newly proposed procedure-specific rating scale was used for evaluation, as well as Reznick’s OSATS global scale. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to assess validity. p < 0,05 was considered statistically significant. Chronbach’s α values > 0.8 granted reliability.

[Evaluation of technical skills in surgical training]. / Evaluación objetiva de competencias técnicas en cirugía.

INTRODUCTION: technical skills acquisition is considered to be of paramount importance in surgical training. Yet, formal assessment of technical skills is the weakest and less developed area. Currently available resources to evaluate technical skills are largely subjective, and lack of validity and reliability. Direct observation, one of the most frequently used methods, is largely biased by interpersonal subjectivity and personality traits. We propose the creation and use of a new procedure-specific tool for objective assessment of technical skills in surgery to evaluate validity and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Lichstenstein's inguinal hernia repair were the chosen procedures. Three groups of comparison were defined according to surgical expertise: initial, intermediate, and experts. Surgeries were videorecorded in real time without identification of the patient or the surgeon. Tapes without any posterior edition were assigned to two expert surgeons in a blind and randomized sequence. A newly proposed procedure-specific rating scale was used for evaluation, as well as Reznick's OSATS global scale. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to assess validity. p < 0,05 was considered statistically significant. Chronbach's? values> 0.8 granted reliability. RESULTS: from April 2010 to December 2012 36 laparoscopic cholecystectomies and 31 inguinal hernia repairs were recorded. Significant difference was found among groups of comparison for every item (p<0.05). Crhonbach's ? was largely over 0,80 for both procedures. There was no significant difference between the assessments of the two raters. There was no significant difference between our newly proposed procedure-specific instrument and Reznick's OSTATS. DISCUSSION: the objective assessment of technical skills in surgery is feasible and useful. The tool we proposed showed construct validity and reliability. Video recording of surgical procedures grants durability over time to an ephemeral phenomenon. The objectivity is based on the explicit statements and quantification of every step to be evaluated, and the blind randomization and anonymous treatment of the sample. Sharing the same quality criteria between evaluators is of paramount importance to reach satisfactory results. The process of evaluation always implies a shortened view of the reality.

Introducción: La adquisición de habilidades quirúrgicas constituye un factor central en la formación de todo cirujano. Sin embargo, la evaluación de las habilidades técnicas es uno de los factores más débiles y menos desarrollados. En la actualidad los recursos para evaluar las competencias técnicas adolecen de subjetividad, falta de confiabilidad y validez. La observación directa, método de evaluación más frecuentemente utilizado en nuestro medio, presenta inconvenientes instrumentales y está fuertemente influenciada por las relaciones intersubjetivas y los rasgos de personalidad. El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer creación y el uso de un instrumento objetivo para evaluar el desempeño técnico y determinar su confiabilidad y validez.Material y método: se seleccionaron dos procedimientos: colecistectomía laparoscópica y hernioplastia inguinal (técnica de Lichtenstein). Se constituyeron tres grupos de comparación según la experiencia quirúrgica: inicial, intermedio, y expertos. Se filmaron las cirugías en tiempo real, sin identificación del paciente ni del cirujano. Las filmaciones sin edición fueron asignadas a dos cirujanos expertos en forma aleatoria por sorteo y con sobres sin identificación. Para la evaluación se propuso el uso de un instrumento objetivo (explicitación de pasos a evaluar y cuantificación mediante escala de Likert) y específico para cada procedimiento. Así mismo se utilizó la escala global OSATS (R. Reznick). Se aplicó análisis de varianza no paramétrico para determinar validez. Valores de p menores a 0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Valores superiores a 0,80 del Coeficiente alfa de Cronbach aseguraron confiabilidad. Resultados: Desde Abril del 2010 hasta Diciembre del 2012 se filmaron 36 colecistectomías videolaparoscópicas y 31 hernioplastias inguinales. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en todos los ítems evaluados p<0.05. El coeficiente ? de Crohnbach fue mayor a 0,80 para ambas técnicas. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las calificaciones de ambos evaluadores. No hubo diferencias entre nuestro instrumento específico y la escala global OSATS. Discusión: Es posible y útil aplicar un instrumento objetivo de evaluación del desempeño técnico en cirugía. La herramienta presentó validez de constructo y confiabilidad aceptables. La filmación confiere perdurabilidad a un evento efímero: la cirugía. La objetividad se basa en la enunciación y cuantificación explícita de cada paso, y en la aleatorización y anonimato de la muestra. La uniformidad de criterios entre los evaluadores es fundamental para obtener resultados satisfactorios. Evaluarsiempreimplicaráunrecorte de la realidad.

Evaluación objetiva de competencias técnicas en cirugía / [Evaluation of technical skills in surgical training].

INTRODUCTION: technical skills acquisition is considered to be of paramount importance in surgical training. Yet, formal assessment of technical skills is the weakest and less developed area. Currently available resources to evaluate technical skills are largely subjective, and lack of validity and reliability. Direct observation, one of the most frequently used methods, is largely biased by interpersonal subjectivity and personality traits. We propose the creation and use of a new procedure-specific tool for objective assessment of technical skills in surgery to evaluate validity and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Lichstenstein’s inguinal hernia repair were the chosen procedures. Three groups of comparison were defined according to surgical expertise: initial, intermediate, and experts. Surgeries were videorecorded in real time without identification of the patient or the surgeon. Tapes without any posterior edition were assigned to two expert surgeons in a blind and randomized sequence. A newly proposed procedure-specific rating scale was used for evaluation, as well as Reznick’s OSATS global scale. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to assess validity. p 0.8 granted reliability. RESULTS: from April 2010 to December 2012 36 laparoscopic cholecystectomies and 31 inguinal hernia repairs were recorded. Significant difference was found among groups of comparison for every item (p<0.05). Crhonbach’s ? was largely over 0,80 for both procedures. There was no significant difference between the assessments of the two raters. There was no significant difference between our newly proposed procedure-specific instrument and Reznick’s OSTATS. DISCUSSION: the objective assessment of technical skills in surgery is feasible and useful. The tool we proposed showed construct validity and reliability. Video recording of surgical procedures grants durability over time to an ephemeral phenomenon. The objectivity is based on the explicit statements and quantification of every step to be evaluated, and the blind randomization and anonymous treatment of the sample. Sharing the same quality criteria between evaluators is of paramount importance to reach satisfactory results. The process of evaluation always implies a shortened view of the reality.

Evaluación objetiva de competencias técnicas en cirugía. / [Evaluation of technical skills in surgical training].

INTRODUCTION: technical skills acquisition is considered to be of paramount importance in surgical training. Yet, formal assessment of technical skills is the weakest and less developed area. Currently available resources to evaluate technical skills are largely subjective, and lack of validity and reliability. Direct observation, one of the most frequently used methods, is largely biased by interpersonal subjectivity and personality traits. We propose the creation and use of a new procedure-specific tool for objective assessment of technical skills in surgery to evaluate validity and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Lichstensteins inguinal hernia repair were the chosen procedures. Three groups of comparison were defined according to surgical expertise: initial, intermediate, and experts. Surgeries were videorecorded in real time without identification of the patient or the surgeon. Tapes without any posterior edition were assigned to two expert surgeons in a blind and randomized sequence. A newly proposed procedure-specific rating scale was used for evaluation, as well as Reznicks OSATS global scale. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to assess validity. p < 0,05 was considered statistically significant. Chronbachs? values> 0.8 granted reliability. RESULTS: from April 2010 to December 2012 36 laparoscopic cholecystectomies and 31 inguinal hernia repairs were recorded. Significant difference was found among groups of comparison for every item (p<0.05). Crhonbachs ? was largely over 0,80 for both procedures. There was no significant difference between the assessments of the two raters. There was no significant difference between our newly proposed procedure-specific instrument and Reznicks OSTATS. DISCUSSION: the objective assessment of technical skills in surgery is feasible and useful. The tool we proposed showed construct validity and reliability. Video recording of surgical procedures grants durability over time to an ephemeral phenomenon. The objectivity is based on the explicit statements and quantification of every step to be evaluated, and the blind randomization and anonymous treatment of the sample. Sharing the same quality criteria between evaluators is of paramount importance to reach satisfactory results. The process of evaluation always implies a shortened view of the reality.

[Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas]. / Cistoadenocarcinoma mucinoso de páncreas.

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas represents around 6-36% of mucinous cystic neoplasm. The lesions are usually found in the body and tail of the pancreas and are generally solitary with a size range of 6-36 cm. We present a clinical case of a 63 years old patient with abdominal pain and weight loss. We used radiographic imaging studies. It was treated with surgery by distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and transverse colectomy. Patient was not post operative complications.