Biomonitoring of toxic and essential trace elements in different tissues of fish species in Türkiye.

Concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements (Hg, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Mn, As and Se) were determined in different tissues (muscle, skin and liver) of three commercial fish species (Diplodus sargus, Zeus faber, Pomatomus saltatrix). The concentration of the elements was measured by ICP-MS. Arsenic was the most accumulated element in fish tissues. As concentrations in tissues of all fish species, except muscle and skin of John Dory fish, were higher than the maximum limits (MLs). The highest Se concentrations in all fish tissues were in found in the liver. Mn levels were higher than the maximum limits in all tissues of Sargoz fish, skin of John Dory fish, livers of Bluefish and Big Bluefish. In addition, Cr concentrations in tissues of all fish species were found to be higher than the maximum limits of FEPA and WHO.

Elements in Mediterranean mussels from Istanbul and exposure assessment.

In this study, concentrations of elements were determined in edible tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean levels (mg kg-1) of 0.67 for Cd, 6.9 for As, 0.79 for Pb, 2 for Ni, and 42.6 for Zn exceeded the maximum limits in the digestive glands. Also, the mean concentrations of Cd and As in muscle and of Cd and Ni in gills were above the maximum limits. The highest value was found for As in a digestive gland, with 65.4% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. In addition, the lowest percentage belonged to Zn with 0.2% of PTWI in muscles and 0.3% of PTWI in gills of the mussels. Mercury concentrations were well below legal limits.

Phloretin and phloridzin guard against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

AIM: Cisplatin (Cis) is widely used chemotherapeutic and has some serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. Phloretin (PH) and Phloridzin (PZ) are known their anti-oxidant anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to examine the protective effects of PH and PZ on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. MAIN METHODS: Totally, 48 Balb/C female mice were separated into eight groups (n = 6). First day, single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was administered to induce toxicity. PH and PZ were given (50 and 100 mg/kg orally) to treatment groups during 3 days. After the experimental procedures serum renal function enzymes (BUN and Creatinine), oxidative parameters (SOD, GSH and MDA), nuclear agent NFKß, inflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α and IL1ß) and HSP70 expressions and histopathological assessments were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS: Serum enzymes, tissue cytokines and oxidative stress were increased after the Cis treatment. PH and PZ treatments normalized all parameters compared to Cis administrated group. After the treatments, SOD activities and GSH levels were increased while MDA levels were decreased. PH and PZ treatments decreased Tnf-α, IL1ß and NFKß mRNA expressions. Cis significantly increased the HSP70 expression while PH and PZ administrations significantly decreased. Similar the biochemical and molecular results, PH and PZ showed positive effects on tissue pathological parameters. Cisplatin cause a lot of abnormal structures as tubular and glomeruli damages on the kidney. SIGNIFICANCE: PH and PZ play important physiological roles in the prevention of nephrotoxicity. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of PH and PZ demonstrated visible protective effects in the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model.

Possible contribution of the neprilysin/ACE pathway to sepsis in mice.

AIM: Omapatrilat is an antagonist of angiotensin-converting (ACE) and neprilysin-neuropeptidase (NEP) enzymes. The aim of our study is to show that omapatrilat may have beneficial effects as a treatment for polymicrobial sepsis. MAIN METHODS: A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model was used to evaluate 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of omapatrilat in mice (n = 30) fasted for 12 h. The lungs were removed 12 h after CLP, and lung levels of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], NF-κB), iNOS and eNOS mRNA expression, GSH and MDA levels, and ACE and NEP activities were determined. Histopathological examinations were also performed. KEY FINDINGS: Omapatrilat treatment provided a dose-dependent reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in lung tissues. Omapatrilat administration decreased lung iNOS and eNOS mRNA levels at 20 mg/kg dose. Histopathological analysis revealed a decline in the thickening and edema areas in the alveolar septa in the Sepsis+OMA20 group. SIGNIFICANCE: Omapatrilat, a dual ACE and NEP inhibitor, protected lung tissue from sepsis damage by reducing ACE and NEP activities, by decreasing the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB), by suppressing leukocyte infiltration and edema, by restoring iNOS and eNOS levels, and by restoring SOD activity and GSH and MDA levels, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Toxic and essential metals in Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, and Luciobarbus esocinus tissues from Keban Dam Lake, Pertek, Turkey.

In various tissues of Luciobarbus esocinus, Cyprinus carpio, and Carassius gibelio which were taken from Keban Dam Lake Pertek region's freshwaters, Turkey in January-February 2016, concentrations of mercury, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, manganese, chromium, and cobalt were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. In fish muscle mean chromium concentration (0.614 mg kg-1 in C. carpio muscle) was higher than the maximum limits as set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organisation. Additionally, mean concentration of lead (0.380 mg kg-1 in C. gibelio muscle) was higher compared to the maximum limit as set by Turkish Standards. Furthermore, in the assessment of the potential health risk, estimated weekly and daily intake of all metals were considerably below permissible tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and permissible tolerable daily intake values. As a result, consumption of these fish species from this region does not pose a problem on human health.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Various Tissues of Some Fish Species and Green Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey, and Risk Assessment for Human Health.

In this study, concentrations of heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS in the edible tissues of common sole (Solea solea Linnaeus, 1758), whiting (Merlangius merlangus Linnaeus, 1758), silver sillago (Sillago sihama Forsskål, 1775) and muscle-exoskeleton of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844), from the seas of Iskenderun Bay, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, in January-February, 2016. The lowest and highest mean concentrations of Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Hg, As, Pb, and Co in fish and shrimp' muscles were found, respectively, as follows: 0.166-0.382, 0.134-0.336, 0.005-0.008, 0.091-0.140, 0.026-0.228, 1.741-29.254, 0.087-0.110, and <0.0005-0.027 mg kg-1; in the skin and exoskeleton, the values were found, respectively, as 0.103-15.819, 0.301-0.778, 0.007-0.026, 0.115-0.513, 0.021-0.243, 1.548-17.930, 0.148-0.295, and <0.0005-0.140 mg kg-1. According to the results, mean concentrations of all metals in the muscles of fish, except for arsenic and chromium, were found to be below certain legal limit values, especially arsenic levels in shrimp that were found to be above all the legal limit values. Also, the hazard quotients (HQ) of individual heavy metals in fish and shrimp, except for As, revealed safe levels for human consumption. However, the HQ values of estimated inorganic As exceeded 1 in the muscles of shrimp (P. semisulcatus), which may constitute a risk to public health.

Analysis of certain fatty acids and toxic metal bioaccumulation in various tissues of three fish species that are consumed by Turkish people.

Concentrations of toxic metals (Mn, Ni, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr) in the muscle, skin, and liver of Mugil cephalus, Mullus barbatus, and Pagellus erythrinus which were purchased in large supermarkets of Elazig, and Mullus barbatus, which were caught on the sea of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey, were analyzed. Fundamental analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after samples were prepared by microwave digestion. Mean metal concentrations in different tissues were varied in the ranges of Cd 4-426, Cr 116-4458, Mn 141-24774, Hg 9-471, Pb 96-695, and Ni 68-6581 µg kg-1, for wet weight. The investigated metal bioaccumulation in the muscles of fish species, in general, was lower than those in the liver and skin. This method was verified by NCS ZC73016 chicken trace element-certified reference material analysis. In addition, fatty acids in the muscles of three fish species were analyzed. According to the gas chromatography (GC) results of fatty acids, the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were found to be between 23.76 and 31.97%. The fatty acids' polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio was found to be between 13.67 and 30.71% and saturated fatty acids ratios were determined in the range of 24.06-32.30%. In all fish species, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio, which increase the value of these fish species, were high. These results show that these three fish species are good sources of fatty acids.

Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Pb, Cd, and Cu in Pinus nigra L. and Eriobotrya japonica leaves used as biomonitors in environmental pollution.

The assessment of trace metal pollution in Gaziantep city-Turkey has been studied using plant leaves of Pinus nigra L. and Eriobotrya japonica as biomonitor. The concentrations up to 3,056 mg Pb kg(-1) in the needles of Pinus nigra L., and 367 ng Cd g(-1) in the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica were determined. The observed Cu concentrations were in range of 1.6-7.1 mg kg(-1). The Pb, Cd, and Cu levels in soils were determined to be in the range of 17-602, 0.142-0.656, and 12-38 mg kg(-1), respectively. It was concluded that Pinus nigra L. can be considered as both biomonitor of atmospheric Pb pollution and hyperaccumulator plant.

Online preconcentration for the determination of lead, cadmium and copper by slotted tube atom trap (STAT)-flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

An online sensitivity enhancement by using atom trapping in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry was examined for increasing the residence time of the analyte atoms in the light path. For this purpose, various parameters of quartz tubes of the slotted tube atom trap were tested. The studied parameters include the internal diameter, the length of the upper slot and the wall thickness of quartz tube. The best sensitivities as high as 7-fold, 13-fold and 3-fold enhancement were achieved by the tubes having an internal diameter of 6 mm, an upper slot length of 1.0 cm and the wall thickness of 1.5 mm for lead, cadmium and copper, respectively. The limits of quantitation were found to be 30 ng mL(-1) for Pb and 3 ng mL(-1) for Cd and 30 ng mL(-1) for Cu by the optimized method. The achieved technique was applied to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cu in different plant leaves taken around cement and textile industries.

Distribution of trace metal concentrations in paired cancerous and non-cancerous human stomach tissues.

AIM: To assess whether trace metal concentrations (which influence metabolism as both essential and non-essential elements) are increased or decreased in cancerous tissues and to understand the precise role of these metals in carcinogenesis. METHODS: Concentrations of trace metals including Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca in both cancerous and non-cancerous stomach tissue samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Tissue samples were digested using microwave energy. Slotted tube atom trap was used to improve the sensitivity of copper and cadmium in flame AAS determinations. RESULTS: From the obtained data in this study, the concentrations of nickel, copper and iron in the cancerous human stomach were found to be significantly higher than those in the non-cancerous tissues, by using t-test for the paired samples. Furthermore, the average calcium concentrations in the cancerous stomach tissue samples were found to be significantly lower than those in the non-cancerous stomach tissue samples by using t-test. Exceedingly high Zn concentrations (207-826 mg/kg) were found in two paired stomach tissue samples from both cancerous and non-cancerous parts. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the literature data for Cu and Fe, the concentrations of copper, iron and nickel in cancerous tissue samples are higher than those in the non-cancerous samples. Furthermore, the Ca levels are lower in cancerous tissue samples than in non-cancerous tissue samples.