RESUMEN
The article deals with new approaches to evaluate casualty effect of accidental chemical release exemplified by common and dangerous industrial chemicals ammonium and chlorine. Dynamic concentration method considers effects of high concentrations inducing instant reflex cardiac and respiratory arrest as well as lesions caused by variable toxic doses.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Trabajo , Amoníaco/efectos adversos , Amoníaco/análisis , Cloruros/efectos adversos , Cloruros/análisis , Residuos Peligrosos/efectos adversos , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Profesionales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Industria Química , Humanos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Pronóstico , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
The authors elaborated new methodic approaches to evaluation of acute ammonium and chlorine toxicity caused by possible accidental release. The approaches are based on comparison of clinical and toxicologic characteristics of various types of acute chlorine poisoning with calculated levels of chlorine in air.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Trabajo , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/envenenamiento , Amoníaco/envenenamiento , Cloro/envenenamiento , Sustancias Peligrosas , Enfermedad Aguda , Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/envenenamiento , Humanos , Intoxicación/diagnóstico , Intoxicación/terapia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The pregnant rats were treated with formaldehyde (0.5 mg/kg daily per os) during whole period of pregnancy. The activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, H(+)-ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of protein in liver celts of offsprings (newborns, 2 weeks age and 2 months age) were studied. It was shown differences in development enzyme systems of control and experimental animals during ontogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal/efectos de los fármacos , Formaldehído/toxicidad , Hígado/enzimología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/embriología , Masculino , Embarazo , RatasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe Poison Information in Russia. RESULTS: The Moscow Toxicology Information and Advisory Center was created in 1993 as an institution of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Medical Industry. The Toxicology Information and Advisory Center is the first in a network of over 20 toxicology information centers to be created in different regions of Russia by 1998. At present the Toxicology Information and Advisory Center serves over 20 million people in the Moscow region with episodic inquiries from other areas. A prototype national bank of clinical and toxicological data on acute chemical poisoning and an information retrieval system POISON have been created. Work is underway to create computerized systems for data analysis of telephone inquiries on diagnosis and treatment protocols of acute poisoning.
Asunto(s)
Redes de Comunicación de Computadores/organización & administración , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones/organización & administración , Toxicología/métodos , Humanos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
The paper describes the basic functions of the first in Russia Toxicological Information and Advisory Center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation. Analysis of over six thousand calls to the Center in 1993-1994 showed that the principal users of the information are ambulance unit physicians (43.61%), emergency units (12.9%), and population (11.7%). The main toxic agents are drugs (58%), industrial and household chemicals, alcohol, and surrogates. The authors formulate a concept of advisory service technology for resuscitation physicians in cases with acute chemical poisonings.
Asunto(s)
Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones , Intoxicación/terapia , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Niño , Sistemas de Computación , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Humanos , Médicos , Federación de RusiaAsunto(s)
Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Enfermedades Fetales/inducido químicamente , Formaldehído/toxicidad , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Pulmonares/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Femenino , Enfermedades Fetales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Hepatopatías/epidemiología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/epidemiología , Masculino , Embarazo , RatasAsunto(s)
Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Recuento de Células/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas Citológicas , Femenino , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/fisiología , Histocitoquímica , Leucocitos Mononucleares/citología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/fisiología , Macrófagos Alveolares/citología , Macrófagos Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/fisiología , Masculino , Monocitos/citología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/fisiología , Fagocitos/citología , Fagocitos/fisiología , RatasAsunto(s)
Cadmio/efectos adversos , Cloruros/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Pérdida del Embrión/inducido químicamente , Muerte Fetal/inducido químicamente , Plomo/administración & dosificación , Nitratos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Cadmio/antagonistas & inhibidores , Cloruro de Cadmio , Cloruros/administración & dosificación , Cloruros/antagonistas & inhibidores , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Pérdida del Embrión/prevención & control , Femenino , Muerte Fetal/prevención & control , Embarazo , RatasRESUMEN
Lead nitrate administered to noninbred rats with drinking water on the level of IO MAC (0.3 mg/l) during the whole period of gestation lead to the strengthening of hepatotoxic effect of cadmium chloride (7.5 and 15 mg/kg daily by gavage from the 1st to 20th day of gestation), manifest in significant increase of the hepatocytes alteration index, increase of the number of the pyknotic cells of reticuloendothelial system, increase of the degree of dams' liver hepatocytes dystrophy, decrease in the specific volume of megakaryocytes in the liver of their fetuses.
Asunto(s)
Benceno/toxicidad , Cadmio/toxicidad , Dihidrolipoamida Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Feto/efectos de los fármacos , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Plomo/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Nitratos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Benceno/administración & dosificación , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Cadmio , Dihidrolipoamida Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Femenino , Feto/enzimología , Feto/patología , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Plomo/administración & dosificación , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/patología , Nitratos/administración & dosificación , Embarazo , Ratas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Based on their own universal concept of the causal relationship between chemical environmental agents and the human body, confirmed by numerous experimental data, the authors suggest that the biological process of aging may be accelerated or inhibited under exposure to chemical low-intensity environmental factors due to changes in the nonspecific resistance of the body.
Asunto(s)
Salud Ambiental , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Esperanza de Vida , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Dimetilnitrosamina/toxicidad , Contaminación de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , RatasAsunto(s)
Benceno/toxicidad , Cadmio/efectos adversos , Muerte Fetal/inducido químicamente , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/inducido químicamente , Plomo/toxicidad , Nitratos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/efectos adversos , Animales , Benceno/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Cadmio , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Plomo/administración & dosificación , Nitratos/administración & dosificación , Embarazo , RatasAsunto(s)
Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Aborto Espontáneo/inducido químicamente , Contaminantes Ambientales/efectos adversos , Hidrocarburos/efectos adversos , Metales/efectos adversos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocarburos/administración & dosificación , Recién Nacido , Metales/administración & dosificación , Embarazo , RatasRESUMEN
The experiments have been performed on white non-inbred rats, subjected to intragastric injection of cadmium chloride (7.5 mg/kg) during the whole period of pregnancy. Morphological analysis has been performed on the state of the main links in mononuclear phagocytes system (osseous-medullary precursors, monocytes of blood and alveolar macrophages of lungs), using cytological, cytochemical and electron microscopical (scanning electron microscopy) investigation methods. Changes in the cell enzymatic activity, inhibition of adhesiveness and lesion of the superficial architectonics of blood monocytes and pulmonary macrophages have been revealed against the background of their increased phagocyting activity. This demonstrates certain decrease in nonspecific resistivity of the organism, when the embryotoxic effect is developing.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio/toxicidad , Feto/inmunología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo/inmunología , Animales , Cloruro de Cadmio , Femenino , Feto/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/ultraestructura , Recuento de Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/citología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/ultraestructura , Intercambio Materno-Fetal/inmunología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Fagocitosis/inmunología , RatasRESUMEN
The relationship between the tumour frequency and nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) concentration in drinking water was studied in the experiments involving 495 (CBA x C57Bl/6)F1 hybrid and 600 noninbred mice of both sex. At the NDMA concentrations of 0.04, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/l the tumour frequency was as follows: 21.6/26.2, 35.5/27.3, 57.4/56.4, 90.5/72.9% (20.0/20.0% in control) in hybrid mice; and 15.4/39.6, 18.2/43.5, 62.2/61.0, 76.5/87.5% (15.0/30.0% in control) in noninbred mice, respectively. In the given experiments the minimal effective NDMA concentration was 1.0 mg/l, and the maximal effective one--0.2 mg/l both for the hybrids and noninbred animals. The results of the research may be used for calculation of the MPC for NDMA.
Asunto(s)
Dimetilnitrosamina/toxicidad , Neoplasias Experimentales/inducido químicamente , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Masculino , Concentración Máxima Admisible , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Neoplasias Experimentales/epidemiología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In a 86-week-long experiment using 1087 mice (487 hybrids and 600 non-inbred animals), the concentration-effect relationship was studied for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) given in drinking water. NDEA concentrations of 0.08; 0.4; 2.0 and 10.0 mg/l produced tumors in male and female hybrids with the frequencies of 35.9/30.9, 49.9/43.6, 61.9/72.3 and 81.8/82.9%, respectively (20.0.20.0% in controls) whereas in non-inbred animals the frequencies were 15.6/34.2, 24.2/33.3, 35.9/57.1 and 78.4/80.9%, respectively (15.0/30.0% in controls). The "minimal effective" carcinogenic level of NDEA proved 0.4 mg/l for hybrids and 2.0 mg/l for non-inbred mice (P less than 0.05). No sex differences were found for frequency or histologic pattern of tumor. The data obtained can be used in calculating sanitary-hygienic standards for NDEA.
Asunto(s)
Dietilnitrosamina/toxicidad , Neoplasias Experimentales/inducido químicamente , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Masculino , Concentración Máxima Admisible , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos CBA , Neoplasias Experimentales/epidemiología , Neoplasias Experimentales/patología , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
Carcinogenicity of chloroform for various dosage and route of administration was assessed in CBA X C57B1/6 mice in a chronic experiment (250 or 15 mg/kg body weight in vegetable oil, intra-esophageally via a probe; or 300; 30; 3; 0.3 or 0.03 mg/l in drinking water). Chloroform did not reveal its carcinogenic properties unless a dose of 250 mg/kg was given.