RESUMEN
There are many causes of cauda equina (CE) thickening on neuroimaging of the lumbar spine. The imaging features of CE thickening for the various conditions often overlap and are non-specific to clinch a definite diagnosis. Hence, the imaging findings have to be discerned in accordance with the patient's presenting history, clinical examination findings, and results from electrophysiology and laboratory studies. In this review, the authors aim to supplement the existing literature on imaging findings of CE thickening with a diagnostic framework for clinical workup. The authors also aim to familiarise readers with the interpretation of CE thickening on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and would like to illustrate the normal variants and pitfalls that could be mistaken for abnormal results.
Asunto(s)
Cauda Equina , Humanos , Cauda Equina/diagnóstico por imagen , Cauda Equina/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Neuroimagen , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Región LumbosacraAsunto(s)
Adenoma Oxifílico/diagnóstico por imagen , Adenoma Pleomórfico/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Parótida/diagnóstico por imagen , Sialadenitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Glándula Submandibular/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adulto , Medios de Contraste , Femenino , Humanos , Ácido Yotalámico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Glándulas Salivales/patología , Tomografía Computarizada Espiral/métodosAsunto(s)
Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Cuerpo Calloso/patología , Hipoglucemia/diagnóstico , Encefalopatías/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Humanos , Hipoglucemia/complicaciones , Masculino , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Stereotactic core needle biopsy is a useful technique for evaluation of suspicious breast microcalcifications. The development of the 11-G vacuum-assisted biopsy system offers another method of minimally invasive biopsy carried out on a conventional mammography unit. We evaluate its usefulness, efficacy and safety in Asian women. Vacuum-assisted biopsy was carried out through the lateral approach using an add-on stereotactic device attached to a mammography unit. One hundred and five lesions were sampled in 97 patients. Excisional biopsy was subsequently Carried out for diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia or carcinoma in high-risk patients. Patients with benign diagnosis underwent mammographic follow up. The technical success rate was 97%. An average of 13.5 tissue cores were retrieved for each lesion. The histopathological result obtained from mammotome was benign in 84.8% and malignant in 15.2%. The benign microcalcifications were predominantly fibrocystic change (n = 42) whereas the malignant microcalcifications included ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 15) and invasive carcinoma (n = 1). Twenty-two patients underwent subsequent open surgical biopsy but no underestimation of disease was seen. Only two patients had vasovagal syncope and three others felt unwell during the biopsy. Nine patients had small haematomas, which resolved spontaneously. Vacuum-assisted biopsy carried out on an upright stereotactic mammography unit is a safe and effective method for evaluation of suspicious microcalcifications.