Teste de Progresso e mudança curricular: trilhas do curso de Medicina da Universidade de Brasília / Progress Test and curricular change: paths followed by the University of Brasília Medical School

Resumo: Introdução: O Teste de Progresso (TP) é um instrumento de avaliação aplicado anualmente e coordenado pela Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica (Abem). A Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) participa do Teste de Progresso da Região Centro-Oeste (TP-CO) desde o ano de 2013 e utiliza os dados oriundos da avaliação para diagnóstico interno e discussões sobre a formação médica. Objetivo: Este estudo descreve os resultados obtidos pelos discentes no TP e analisa possíveis relações entre mudança do PPC e desempenho dos estudantes. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico, realizado a partir dos resultados obtidos pelos discentes do curso em comparação ao universo das instituições do consórcio TP-CO entre 2013 e 2021. Nesse período, participaram do teste estudantes inseridos em duas matrizes curriculares: currículo antigo (CA) e currículo novo (CN). A fim de verificar a evolução da nota média da UnB em cada período em comparação à nota média do consórcio, foi aplicado o teste de proporção para as diferenças em cada par de notas da UnB e do consórcio, em cada ano da série histórica e período dos estudantes avaliados. Resultado: Entre 2013 e 2015, vigência do CA, não se observaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas médias entre os estudantes da UnB de todos os anos do curso comparados ao consórcio TP-CO. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado entre 2016 e 2018, período de transição composto por estudantes das matrizes CA e CN. Contudo, entre 2019 e 2021, vigência da nova matriz curricular, observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os estudantes da UnB e do consórcio. Conclusão: O TP possibilita um olhar sobre o desempenho da escola e a identificação de lacunas que geram reflexões na busca por uma educação médica de excelência. Com a experiência apresentada, foi possível identificar as trilhas percorridas pelo curso da UnB ao longo de sua participação no consórcio, considerando as mudanças curriculares.

Abstract: Introduction: The Progress Test (TP) is an assessment instrument applied annually and coordinated by the Brazilian Association of Medical Education (ABEM). The UnB School of Medicine has participated in the TP-CO since 2013 and uses the data from the assessment for internal diagnosis and discussions about medical education. Objective: describe the results obtained by students in the TP and analyze possible relationships between changes in the PPC and student performance. Method: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, based on the results obtained by the students of the course compared to the universe of institutions in the TP-CO consortium between 2013 and 2021. In this period, students enrolled in two curricular matrices sat the test: old curriculum (AC) and new curriculum (CN). In order to verify the evolution of the average score of UnB in each period compared to the average score of the consortium, the ratio test was applied to the differences in each pair of scores of UnB and consortium, in each year of the historical series and period of the students evaluated. Results: Between the years 2013 and 2015, when the CA was in effect, no statistically significant differences were observed in the averages between the UnB students of all course years compared to the TP-CO Consortium. The same behavior was verified between 2016 and 2018, a transition period composed of CA and CN matrix students. However, between 2019 and 2021, when the new curricular matrix was in effect, statistically significant differences were observed between the UnB and consortium students. Conclusion: The TP gives insight into the performance of the school and identifies gaps that generate reflections in the search for excellence in medical education. With the experience presented it was possible to identify the paths taken by the UnB course throughout its participation in the consortium, considering the curricular changes.

Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Literature Review.

This study aimed to determine the main single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with an increased or decreased risk of glioma development in healthy individuals. We conducted a systematic review of the articles published in English on the PUBMED database between January 2008 and December 2017. Our search resulted in a total of 743 articles; however, only 56 were included in this review. A total of 148 polymorphisms were found, which involved 64 different genes. The polymorphisms that were most associated with an increased risk of glioma development were polymorphic variants rs179782, rs13181, and rs3791679 of the genes XRCC1, ERCC2, and EFEMP1, respectively.

Giant cabergoline-resistant prolactinoma in a man who presented with a psychotic episode during treatment: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Prolactinomas are tumors of the pituitary gland that usually respond very well to treatment with cabergoline. Resistance to cabergoline is very rare, but when it occurs, it is a difficult problem to resolve if the tumor is inoperable. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old white man was treated for a giant macroprolactinoma detected during investigation of a subacute subdural hematoma of the left frontal lobe. The patient was treated with cabergoline for 17 years with a dose ranging from 1.0 mg to 3.5 mg per week. We were not able to normalize his prolactin level, which initially was 14,992 ng/ml and ultimately 1754 ng/ml. The tumor significantly shrank during the follow-up period but persisted. The patient had cardiac valvulopathies that did not worsen. He had an ischemic stroke and developed a psychotic condition that was successfully treated by lowering the cabergoline and administering quetiapine and mirtazapine together. This regimen led to a small increase in the patient's prolactin that returned to previous levels and remained as such until the last medical evaluation. The tumor continued to shrink and had a cystic degeneration in the last evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Combined use of cabergoline with quetiapine and mirtazapine to treat a psychotic crisis may have contributed to shrinking the tumor in our patient because these antipsychotics have action mediated by growth factors that interfere with growth of pituitary tumors.

Importance of the First Coil in the Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms : A Case Control Study.

PURPOSE: Endovascular therapy for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms has a higher incidence of rebleeding and a lower occlusion rate than microsurgical clipping. This study investigated whether first coil volume packing density (1st VPD) and first loop diameter of the first coil (1st LD) are associated with recanalization after endovascular coiling. METHODS: The study included 174 initial saccular aneurysm cases from 2010 to 2015. Between the recanalization and non-recanalization groups, we compared age, sex, aneurysm location, rupture occurrence, shape, maximum aneurysm size, neck width, dome-to-neck ratio, aneurysm volume, coil volume, VPD, 1st VPD, 1st LD, relation of the first loop diameter of the first coil and the maximum aneurysm size (RLAS), types of assistance techniques, and the Raymond scale score at initial and follow-up angiography. RESULTS: Recanalization occurred in 41 cases (23.6%). The factors associated with recanalization were irregular shape, maximum aneurysm size, neck width, dome-to-neck ratio, aneurysm volume, VPD, 1st VPD and 1st LD smaller than the maximum aneurysm size. The cut-off values for aneurysmal recanalization were 92%, 11% and 37% for RLAS, 1st VPD and VPD, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 1st VPD and 1st LD were associated with aneurysmal recanalization after embolization. These factors provide a helpful index for coil programming.

Foam sclerotherapy for lower-limb varicose veins: impact on saphenous vein diameter.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in the great saphenous vein (GSV) after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of 33 patients who were treated with polidocanol foam sclerotherapy after having had varicose veins with a clinical severity-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology classification of C4-C6 for three months. The patients were evaluated by ultrasound before, during, and after the procedure (on post-procedure days 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90). The GSV diameter, the rate of venous occlusion, and the rate of reflux elimination were determined. Two patients were excluded for having a history of deep vein thrombosis history, and one was excluded for having bronchial asthma. RESULTS: Thirty patients (26 females and 4 males, with mean age of 62 years) completed the protocol. The mean pre-procedure GSV diameter was 6.0 ± 0.32 mm (range, 3.6-11.2 mm). During the sclerotherapy, the mean GSV diameter was reduced to 1.9 ± 0.15 mm (range, 0.6-3.8 mm). On post-procedure day 7, the mean GSV diameter increased to 6.3 ± 0.28 mm (range, 3.9-9.7 mm). On post-procedure day 90, the mean GSV diameter was 4.0 ± 0.22 mm (range, 1.9-8.2 mm). The rate of GSV reflux was significantly lower in the assessment performed on post-procedure day 90 than in the pre-procedure assessment (p < 0.0028). CONCLUSION: On the basis of our ultrasound analysis, we can conclude that foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins results in a significant reduction in GSV diameter, as well as in the elimination of GSV reflux.

Foam sclerotherapy for lower-limb varicose veins: impact on saphenous vein diameter / Impacto da escleroterapia com espuma no diâmetro da veia safena magna para tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores

Abstract Objective: To assess changes in the great saphenous vein (GSV) after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 33 patients who were treated with polidocanol foam sclerotherapy after having had varicose veins with a clinical severity-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology classification of C4-C6 for three months. The patients were evaluated by ultrasound before, during, and after the procedure (on post-procedure days 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90). The GSV diameter, the rate of venous occlusion, and the rate of reflux elimination were determined. Two patients were excluded for having a history of deep vein thrombosis history, and one was excluded for having bronchial asthma. Results: Thirty patients (26 females and 4 males, with mean age of 62 years) completed the protocol. The mean pre-procedure GSV diameter was 6.0 ± 0.32 mm (range, 3.6-11.2 mm). During the sclerotherapy, the mean GSV diameter was reduced to 1.9 ± 0.15 mm (range, 0.6-3.8 mm). On post-procedure day 7, the mean GSV diameter increased to 6.3 ± 0.28 mm (range, 3.9-9.7 mm). On post-procedure day 90, the mean GSV diameter was 4.0 ± 0.22 mm (range, 1.9-8.2 mm). The rate of GSV reflux was significantly lower in the assessment performed on post-procedure day 90 than in the pre-procedure assessment (p < 0.0028). Conclusion: On the basis of our ultrasound analysis, we can conclude that foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins results in a significant reduction in GSV diameter, as well as in the elimination of GSV reflux.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar alterações ultrassonográficas na veia safena magna (VSM) após escleroterapia com espuma para varizes. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de 33 pacientes com varizes classificadas como C4-C6 (classificação clinical severity- etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology), durante três meses, submetidos a escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por ultrassonografia vascular antes, durante e 7, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o procedimento. Avaliaram-se o diâmetro da VSM, a taxa de oclusão venosa e a taxa de abolição do refluxo. Dois indivíduos foram excluídos do estudo por apresentarem história prévia de trombose venosa profunda e um paciente não participou do estudo por asma brônquica. Resultados: Dos 30 pacientes que completaram o protocolo, 26 eram do sexo feminino e 4 eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 62 anos. O diâmetro da VSM médio pré-operatório foi 6,0 ± 0,32 mm (variação: 3,6-11,2 mm). Na escleroterapia, houve redução do diâmetro médio para 1,9 ± 0,15 mm (variação: 0,6-3,8 mm). Em 7 dias, houve aumento médio do diâmetro da VSM para 6,3 ± 0,28 mm (variação: 3,9-9,7 mm). Em 90 dias, o diâmetro da VSM médio reduziu para 4,0 ± 0,22 mm (variação: 1,9-8,2 mm). O refluxo venoso apresentou redução estatisticamente significante entre o pré-operatório e pós-operatório após 90 dias (p < 0,0028). Conclusão: Com base em nossa análise ultrassonográfica, podemos concluir que a escleroterapia com espuma para varizes resulta em uma redução significativa do diâmetro da VSM, bem como abolição do refluxo da VSM.

Is transcranial sonography useful for diagnosing Parkinson's disease in clinical practice?

OBJECTIVE: Transcranial sonography (TCS) is an emerging ancillary examination for diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate TCS features in patients with PD and its mimics, and establish their accuracy in predicting the final clinical diagnosis after follow-up. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 85 patients with an initial clinical suspicion of PD, atypical parkinsonism or essential tremor, all of whom underwent TCS. Two specialists reviewed the follow-up clinical visit records and determined the final clinical diagnosis. The accuracy analysis of the TCS was determined using Bayesian statistical methods. RESULTS: The finding of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (> 20 mm2) showed high sensitivity (93.4%) and specificity (86.6%). The positive likelihood ratio showed 6.93-fold greater odds for diagnosing PD than an alternative condition when this finding was present. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the practical usefulness of TCS in differentiating PD from its prevalent mimics when the clinical diagnosis was initially unclear.

Is transcranial sonography useful for diagnosing Parkinson's disease in clinical practice? / O ultrassom transcraniano é útil para o diagnóstico da doença de Parkinson na prática clínica?

ABSTRACT Transcranial sonography (TCS) is an emerging ancillary examination for diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective To evaluate TCS features in patients with PD and its mimics, and establish their accuracy in predicting the final clinical diagnosis after follow-up. Methods We retrospectively studied 85 patients with an initial clinical suspicion of PD, atypical parkinsonism or essential tremor, all of whom underwent TCS. Two specialists reviewed the follow-up clinical visit records and determined the final clinical diagnosis. The accuracy analysis of the TCS was determined using Bayesian statistical methods. Results The finding of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (> 20 mm2) showed high sensitivity (93.4%) and specificity (86.6%). The positive likelihood ratio showed 6.93-fold greater odds for diagnosing PD than an alternative condition when this finding was present. Conclusions This study revealed the practical usefulness of TCS in differentiating PD from its prevalent mimics when the clinical diagnosis was initially unclear.

RESUMO A ultrassonografia transcraniana (UTC) é um exame complementar para diagnóstico de doença de Parkinson (DP). Objetivo Avaliar as características da UTC em pacientes com DP e seus diagnósticos diferenciais e estabelecer a precisão desse exame para o diagnóstico clínico de DP após seguimento. Métodos Avaliou-se retrospectivamente 85 pacientes com suspeita clínica inicial de DP, parkinsonismo atípico (PA) ou tremor essencial (TE), todos submetidos a UTC. Um consenso de dois especialistas determinou o diagnóstico clínico final após revisar os registros médicos das consultas de seguimento. A precisão do UTC foi calculada usando métodos estatísticos Bayesianos. Resultados O achado de hiperecogenicidade da substância negra (> 20 mm2) mostrou alta sensibilidade (93,4%) e especificidade (86,6%). A razão de verossimilhança positiva mostra 6.93 vezes mais chances de diagnosticar DP do que uma condição alternativa, se o achado estiver presente. Conclusões Este estudo demonstra a utilidade prática do UTC na diferenciação de DP de condições clínicas similares quando o diagnóstico clínico é inicialmente pouco claro.

Influence of Anatomic Changes on the Outcomes of Carotid Siphon Aneurysms After Deployment of Flow-Diverter Stents.

BACKGROUND: Flow-diverter stent (FDS) deployment can cause morphological and hemodynamic changes in the carotid siphon (CS), influencing the occlusion rate of aneurysms in this location. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate morphological changes to the CS after FDS deployment and their relationship with the rate of occlusion of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: A cohort of 183 patients with CS aneurysms were treated by deployment of Pipeline® FDS (Medtronic Inc, Dublin, Ireland). Their CSs were classified as type U, V, C, or S, depending on morphology. The posterior and anterior bend angles were measured on strict lateral cerebral angiogram with digital subtraction before FDS deployment, immediately after deployment, and at 6 mo. Differences between angles were analyzed to identify any correlations with rates of aneurysm occlusion, using the O'Kelly-Marotta classification. RESULTS: FDS deployment was associated with immediate changes in CS morphology. The mean anterior angle increased from 3.97 ± 25.06° to 22.05 ± 25.18° (P < .001) and the mean posterior angle increased from 71.98 ± 31.27° to 79.43 ± 31.80° (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed a progressive, statistically significant increase in frequency of complete (grade D) occlusion at 6-mo follow-up with increasing anterior bend angle (prevalence ratios (PR) = 1.42 for increases between 5.3° and 12°, P = .017; PR = 1.56 for increases between 12.1° and 27.6°, P = .002; PR = 1.83 for increases >27.6°, P < .001, all vs increases <5.3°). CONCLUSION: FDS deployment induces changes in CS morphology. Specifically, increases in mean anterior angle are associated with better radiological results on 6-mo follow-up digital subtraction angiography.

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Painful Mononeuropathy Secondary to Leprosy: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study.

OBJECTIVE: Leprosy affects approximately 10-15 million patients worldwide and remains a relevant public health issue. Chronic pain secondary to leprosy is a primary cause of morbidity, and its treatment remains a challenge. We evaluated the feasibility and safety of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for painful mononeuropathy secondary to leprosy that is refractory to pharmacological therapy and surgical intervention (decompression). METHODS: Between 2011 and 2013 twenty-three patients with painful mononeuropathy secondary to leprosy were recruited to this prospective case series. All patients were considered to be refractory to optimized conservative treatment and neurosurgical decompression. Pain was evaluated over the course of the study using the neuropathic pain scale and the visual analog scale for pain. In the first stage, patients were implanted with a temporary electrode that was connected to an external stimulator, and were treated with PNS for seven days. Patients with 50% or greater pain relief received a definitive implantation in the second stage. Follow-ups in the second stage were conducted at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: After seven days of trial in the first stage, 10 patients showed a pain reduction of 50% or greater. At 12-month follow-up in the second stage, 6 of the 10 patients who underwent permanent device implantation showed a pain reduction of 50% or greater (75% reduction on average), and two patients showed a 30% reduction in pain. Two patients presented with electrode migration that required repositioning during the 12-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PNS might have significant long-term utility for the treatment of painful mononeuropathy secondary to leprosy. Future studies should be performed in order to corroborate our findings in a larger population and encourage the clinical implementation of this technique.

Late Results of Cox Maze III Procedure in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Structural Heart Disease.

Background: Cox-Maze III procedure is one of the surgical techniques used in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Objectives: To determine late results of Cox-Maze III in terms of maintenance of sinus rhythm, and mortality and stroke rates. Methods: Between January 2006 and January 2013, 93 patients were submitted to the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure in combination with structural heart disease repair. Heart rhythm was determined by 24-hour Holter monitoring. Procedural success rates were determined by longitudinal methods and recurrence predictors by multivariate Cox regression models. Results: Thirteen patients that obtained hospital discharge alive were excluded due to lost follow-up. The remaining 80 patients were aged 49.9 ± 12 years and 47 (58.7%) of them were female. Involvement of mitral valve and rheumatic heart disease were found in 67 (83.7%) and 63 (78.7%) patients, respectively. Seventy patients (87.5%) had persistent or long-standing persistent AF. Mean follow-up with Holter monitoring was 27.5 months. There were no hospital deaths. Sinus rhythm maintenance rates were 88%, 85.1% and 80.6% at 6 months, 24 months and 36 months, respectively. Predictors of late recurrence of AF were female gender (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.21-10.25; p = 0.02), coronary artery disease (HR 4.73 95% CI 1.37-16.36; p = 0.01) and greater left atrium diameter (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.02). Actuarial survival was 98.5% at 12, 24 and 48 months and actuarial freedom from stroke was 100%, 100% and 97.5% in the same time frames. Conclusions: The Cox-Maze III procedure, in our experience, is efficacious for sinus rhythm maintenance, with very low late mortality and stroke rates.

Fundamento: A operação de Cox-Maze III é uma das variantes técnicas no tratamento cirúrgico da fibrilação atrial (FA). Objetivos: Estudar os resultados tardios da operação de Cox-Maze III, quanto à eficácia na manutenção de ritmo sinusal e taxas de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013, 93 pacientes foram submetidos a operação de Cox-Maze III por corte e sutura associada a correção de cardiopatias estruturais. Avaliação do ritmo cardíaco ocorreu por Holter 24 horas. Taxas de sucesso da operação foram estudadas por métodos longitudinais e os preditores de recorrência por análise de regressão de Cox multivariada. Resultados: Foram excluídos 13 pacientes sobreviventes ao período intra-hospitalar cujo seguimento tardio não foi possível. Os 80 pacientes restantes tinham idade média de 49,9 ± 12 anos e 47 (58,75%) eram do sexo feminino. Acometimento da valva mitral ocorreu em 67 pacientes (83,7%). Valvopatia reumática ocorreu em 63 (78,7%). Setenta pacientes (87,5%) tinham fibrilação atrial persistente ou persistente de longa duração. O tempo médio de seguimento clínico com avaliação de Holter foi de 27,5 meses. Não houve óbitos intra-hospitalares. As taxas de manutenção de ritmo sinusal foram 88%, 85,1% e 80,6% aos 6 meses, 24 meses e 36 meses, respectivamente. Os preditores de recorrência tardia foram sexo feminino (RR 3,52; IC 95% 1,21-10,25; p = 0,02), doença arterial coronária (RR 4,73; IC 95% 1,37-16,36; p = 0,01) e maior diâmetro de átrio esquerdo (RR 1,05; IC 95% 1,01-1,09; p = 0,02). A sobrevida atuarial aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foi de 98,5% e as taxas atuariais livres de AVC nos mesmos períodos de 100%, 100% e 97,5%. Conclusões: A operação de Cox-Maze III, na nossa experiência, é eficaz na manutenção do ritmo sinusal, com baixíssimos índices de mortalidade e de AVC tardios.

Late Results of Cox Maze III Procedure in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Structural Heart Disease / Resultados Tardios da Operação de Cox Maze III em Pacientes com Fibrilação Atrial Associada A Doença Cardíaca Estrutural

Abstract Background: Cox-Maze III procedure is one of the surgical techniques used in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Objectives: To determine late results of Cox-Maze III in terms of maintenance of sinus rhythm, and mortality and stroke rates. Methods: Between January 2006 and January 2013, 93 patients were submitted to the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure in combination with structural heart disease repair. Heart rhythm was determined by 24-hour Holter monitoring. Procedural success rates were determined by longitudinal methods and recurrence predictors by multivariate Cox regression models. Results: Thirteen patients that obtained hospital discharge alive were excluded due to lost follow-up. The remaining 80 patients were aged 49.9 ± 12 years and 47 (58.7%) of them were female. Involvement of mitral valve and rheumatic heart disease were found in 67 (83.7%) and 63 (78.7%) patients, respectively. Seventy patients (87.5%) had persistent or long-standing persistent AF. Mean follow-up with Holter monitoring was 27.5 months. There were no hospital deaths. Sinus rhythm maintenance rates were 88%, 85.1% and 80.6% at 6 months, 24 months and 36 months, respectively. Predictors of late recurrence of AF were female gender (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.21-10.25; p = 0.02), coronary artery disease (HR 4.73 95% CI 1.37-16.36; p = 0.01) and greater left atrium diameter (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.02). Actuarial survival was 98.5% at 12, 24 and 48 months and actuarial freedom from stroke was 100%, 100% and 97.5% in the same time frames. Conclusions: The Cox-Maze III procedure, in our experience, is efficacious for sinus rhythm maintenance, with very low late mortality and stroke rates.

Resumo Fundamento: A operação de Cox-Maze III é uma das variantes técnicas no tratamento cirúrgico da fibrilação atrial (FA). Objetivos: Estudar os resultados tardios da operação de Cox-Maze III, quanto à eficácia na manutenção de ritmo sinusal e taxas de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013, 93 pacientes foram submetidos a operação de Cox-Maze III por corte e sutura associada a correção de cardiopatias estruturais. Avaliação do ritmo cardíaco ocorreu por Holter 24 horas. Taxas de sucesso da operação foram estudadas por métodos longitudinais e os preditores de recorrência por análise de regressão de Cox multivariada. Resultados: Foram excluídos 13 pacientes sobreviventes ao período intra-hospitalar cujo seguimento tardio não foi possível. Os 80 pacientes restantes tinham idade média de 49,9 ± 12 anos e 47 (58,75%) eram do sexo feminino. Acometimento da valva mitral ocorreu em 67 pacientes (83,7%). Valvopatia reumática ocorreu em 63 (78,7%). Setenta pacientes (87,5%) tinham fibrilação atrial persistente ou persistente de longa duração. O tempo médio de seguimento clínico com avaliação de Holter foi de 27,5 meses. Não houve óbitos intra-hospitalares. As taxas de manutenção de ritmo sinusal foram 88%, 85,1% e 80,6% aos 6 meses, 24 meses e 36 meses, respectivamente. Os preditores de recorrência tardia foram sexo feminino (RR 3,52; IC 95% 1,21-10,25; p = 0,02), doença arterial coronária (RR 4,73; IC 95% 1,37-16,36; p = 0,01) e maior diâmetro de átrio esquerdo (RR 1,05; IC 95% 1,01-1,09; p = 0,02). A sobrevida atuarial aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foi de 98,5% e as taxas atuariais livres de AVC nos mesmos períodos de 100%, 100% e 97,5%. Conclusões: A operação de Cox-Maze III, na nossa experiência, é eficaz na manutenção do ritmo sinusal, com baixíssimos índices de mortalidade e de AVC tardios.

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of peripheral nerves following traumatic lesion: where do we stand?

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury is a common and important cause of morbidity and disability in patients who have suffered a traumatic injury, particularly younger people. Various different injuries can result in damage to specific nerves. In patients with multiple trauma, the prevalence of peripheral nerve injury is estimated at 2.8%, but can reach 5% with the inclusion of brachial plexus involvement. Physical examination, as well as the origin and location of the trauma, can indicate the nerve involved and the type of nerve damage. However, the depth and severity of damage, and the structures involved often cannot be determined initially, but depend on longer periods of observation to reach a definitive and accurate diagnosis for which treatment can be proposed. Current approaches to locate and assess the severity of traumatic nerve injury involve clinical and electrodiagnostic studies. From a clinical and neurophysiological point of view, nerve injuries are classified in an attempt to correlate the degree of injury with symptoms, type of pathology, and prognosis, as well as to determine the therapy to be adopted. OBJECTIVES: MRI in the diagnosis of traumatic peripheral nerve injury has increasingly been used by surgeons in clinical practice. In this article, we analyze the use of magnetic resonance (MR) for the evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve diseases that are surgically treatable. We also consider basic concepts in the evaluation of technical and MR signs of peripheral nerve injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were identified following a computerized search of MEDLINE (1950 to present), EMBASE (1980 to present), and the Cochrane database. The MEDLINE search was conducted on PUBMED, the EMBASE search was conducted on OVID, and the Cochrane database was conducted using their online library. A set was created using the terms: 'traumatic', 'nerve', and 'resonance'. RESULTS: The included articles were identified using a computerized search and the resulting databases were then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This yielded 10,340 articles (MEDLINE, n = 758; EMBASE, n = 9564; and Cochrane, n = 18). A search strategy was then built by excluding articles that only concern plexus injury and adding the terms 'neuropathies', 'DTI' and 'neurotmesis'. In total, seven studies were included in the review effectively addressing the role of MRI in the evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve injury. We extracted all relevant information on the imaging findings and the use of magnetic resonance in trauma. We did not include technical or specific radiological aspects of the imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: These seven articles were subsequently evaluated by analyzing their results, methodological approach, and conclusions presented.

Fístula arteriovenosa após escleroterapia com espuma guiada por ultrassom: relato de caso / Arteriovenous fistula after ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy: case report

A escleroterapia com espuma guiada por ultrassom tem ganhado espaço no tratamento da insuficiência venosa crônica secundária a varizes dos membros inferiores. Trata-se de procedimento ambulatorial, de baixo custo e sem necessidade de afastamento das atividades habituais. Apresenta bons resultados clínicos, especialmente nos estágios mais avançados da doença. Quando bem aplicada, apresenta baixas taxas de complicações maiores. Porém, a técnica apresenta altas taxas de recanalização no médio e longo prazo, e seu mecanismo ainda não é totalmente compreendido. O presente artigo descreve um caso de fístula arteriovenosa em segmento de recanalização de veia safena magna, após escleroterapia com espuma guiada por ultrassom, e identificada por exame ultrassonográfico de vigilância pós-procedimento.

Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy has become widespread in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency secondary to varicose veins. It is a low-cost, outpatient procedure that does not require medical leave. It has demonstrated good clinical results, especially in the more advanced stages of the disease. When employed correctly, it results in low rates of major complications. However, the technique exhibits high recanalization rates over mid and long-term follow up. Additionally, the recanalization mechanism has not yet been explained. This article describes an arteriovenous fistula in a recanalized segment of great saphenous vein previously treated with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy that was detected during post-procedure follow-up with ultrasound.

Evaluation of quality of life and photoplethysmography in patients with chronic venous insufficiency treated with foam sclerotherapy

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy plays a major role in treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, providing clinical and hemodynamic improvement to patients undergoing treatment.OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationships between venous refilling time and impact of venous disease on quality of life and between changes in venous refilling time and improvement of symptoms after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency. METHODS: Thirty-two patients classified as C4, C5 or C6 answered a questionnaire on quality of life and symptoms and their venous filling time was measured using photoplethysmography before and 45 days after treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy.RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements were observed in quality of life scores and in venous filling time and in the following symptoms: aching, heavy legs, restless legs, swelling, burning sensations, and throbbing (p<0.0001). A similar improvement was also seen in the work and social domains of quality of life (p<0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: As confirmed by questionnaire scores and venous refilling times, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy demonstrated efficacy and resulted in high satisfaction levels and low rates of major complications.

CONTEXTO: A escleroterapia com espuma guiada por ultrassom (EGUS) ocupa lugar de destaque no tratamento da insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC), proporcionando melhora clínica e hemodinâmica aos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento.OBJETIVOS: Verificar a correlação entre dados obtidos por questionário de qualidade de vida e de sintomas com dados obtidos por fotopletismografia (FPG), antes e depois do tratamento por escleroterapia com espuma guiada por ultrassom (EGUS) da insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC). MÉTODOS: Um grupo de 32 pacientes, classificados como C4, C5 e C6, foi submetido à aplicação de questionário de qualidade de vida e sintomas, sendo aferido o tempo de enchimento venoso (TEV) por FPG antes e 45 dias depois do tratamento da IVC através de EGUS. O teste do sinal foi utilizado para análise estatística da melhora dos escores dos questionários e do TEV. O teste de McNemar foi utilizado para avaliação da melhora nos sintomas e do impacto do tratamento nas atividades laborais e sociais dos pacientes.RESULTADOS: Houve melhora nos escores dos questionários de qualidade de vida e no TEV, com significância estatística (p<0,0001). Houve melhora estatisticamente significativa nos sintomas: dor, cansaço, edema, queimação, pernas inquietas e latejamento (p<0,0001). Incremento na qualidade laboral e social após o tratamento apresentou melhora estatisticamente significativa (p<0,0001). Não ocorreram complicações maiores ou efeitos adversos nesta série.CONCLUSÕES: A EGUS mostrou-se eficaz, com alto índice de satisfação e baixas taxas de complicacões maiores, ratificada pelos escores dos questionários e pelos TEVs aferidos pela FPG.

Perfil epidemiológico de malformações arteriovenosas encefálicas em uma série monocêntrica / Epidemiologic profile of brain arteriovenous malformation in a monocentric series

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), unidade de referência de doenças cerebrovasculares no Distrito Federal, bem como os métodos multidisciplinares de tratamento utilizados e a evolução clínica. Métodos: Realizou-se a análise retrospectiva de 42 pacientes portadores de malformações arteriovenosas (MAV) encefálicas admitidos no Serviço de Neurocirurgia do HBDF entre agosto de 2007 e janeiro de 2012, tratados conservadoramente ou submetidos a algum tipo de intervenção:microcirurgia intracraniana, embolização, técnica combinada ou radiocirurgia. Resultados: A distribuição por gênero perfez uma relação de 1,1:1,0 (masculino:feminino). Houve predomínio da localização supratentorial (85%, 36/42). Conforme a Escala de Spetzler-Martin (ESM), evidenciou-se predomínio de graus intermediários (graus II, III e IV), totalizando 96% (40/42). Dez pacientes (24%, 10/42) foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico convencional, 22 pacientes (52%, 22/42) à embolização (tratamento endovascular), 1 paciente (2,38%, 1/42) a tratamento combinado (endovascular e cirurgia), 1 (2,38%, 1/42) à radiocirurgia e 8 pacientes (19,05%, 8/42) foram tratados conservadoramente. A evolução clínica caracterizada pela Escala Modificada de Rankin (EMR) mostrou semelhança estatística em relação aos diversos tratamentos estabelecidos. Conclusão: As MAVs são lesões congênitas que, apesar de baixa prevalência, são alvo importante de estudo, por acometer principalmente adultos jovens e em idade produtiva. Este estudo, realizado em um centro de referência do Distrito Federal, evidencia característicasdemográficas peculiares dessas lesões, que são compatíveis com dados prévios da literatura e mostra que a abordagem terapêutica multidisciplinar é essencial para seu correto tratamento.

Objective: To assess the epidemiological profile of patients treated in the Neurosurgery Unit of the Hospital de Base of the Federal District (HBDF) reference unit of cerebrovascular diseases in the Federal District, as well as multidisciplinary treatment methods used and the clinical outcome. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 42 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain admitted at Neurosurgery Service of HBDF between August 2007 and January 2012, treated conservatively or undergoing some type of intervention: intracranial microsurgery, embolization, combined technique or radiosurgery. Results: The gender distribution amounted a ratio of 1.1:1.0 (male:female). Predominated supratentorial localization (85%, 36/42). According to the Spetzler-Martin Scale (ESM), we observed a predominance of intermediate grades (grades II, III and IV) totaling 96% (40/42). Ten patients (24%, 10/42) were subjected to conventional surgical treatment, 22 patients (52%, 22/42) to embolization (endovascular treatment), 1 patient (2.38%, 1/42) the combined treatment (endovascular and surgery), 1 (2.38%, 1/42) radiosurgery and 8 patients (19.05% 8/42) were treated conservatively. The clinical evolution characterized by the modified Rankin Scale (EMR) showed statistical similarity with respect to several established treatments. Conclusion: The AVMs are congenital lesions that despite low prevalence are important target of study, since it affects mostly young adults and working age. This study, conducted in a referral center in the Federal District, shows peculiar demographic characteristics of these lesions, which are consistent with previous literature data and shows that the multidisciplinary therapeutic approach is essential for its proper treatment.

Thoracoabdominal branched repositionable device for an urgent complex aortic aneurysm.

The successful use of customized branched or fenestrated devices to treat elective thoracoabdominal aneurysm (TAAA) has already been described. However, the device customization is a lengthy process that necessitates a delay in treatment of more than a month. This case reports an emergency treatment of TAAA, in a 80-year-old patient, refused to open repair, admitted with abdominal pain using a new technique, modifying Gore C3 Excluder (WL Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) including branches to enable the emergency endovascular treatment of TAAA preserving visceral artery flow and excluding aneurysm.

Síndrome de Turcot: relato de caso e achados da imunoistoquímica / Turcot's syndrome: case report and immunohistochemical findings

A síndrome da polipose intestinal associada a tumor cerebral também é conhecida como síndrome de Turcot. Relata-se o caso de um paciente de 65 anos portador de polipose colônica hereditária e que desenvolveu sinais e sintomas neurológicos devido a glioblastoma multiforme cerebral. Destacam-se os achados imunoistoquímicos da lesão cerebral.

Intestinal polyposis syndrome associated with brain tumor, also known as Turcot's syndrome. We report a patient of 65 years old with hereditary colonic polyposis and developed neurological signs and symptoms due glioblastoma multiforme. We highlight the immunohistochemical findings of brain injury.

The use of balloon-expandable stents in the management of intracranial arterial diseases: a 5-year single-center experience.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although stent-assisted intracranial procedures are becoming a routine clinical practice, there have been relatively few large studies published in the literature regarding the application of the balloon-expandable stent technology in the treatment of intracranial arterial diseases. In this report, the authors reviewed their experience with 75 cases at a single center. METHODS: From 1998 to 2003, 75 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal intracranial stent placement as a treatment for wide-necked intracranial aneurysms and atherosclerotic stenoses. The anatomy of the target lesions, technical details of the procedures, device functionality, procedure-related complications, and short-term outcomes were reviewed in a retrospective fashion. RESULTS: The clinical indications included wide-necked intracranial aneurysms (59) and atherosclerotic stenoses (16). The stent was successfully deployed in 92% of the patients (69 of 75 cases). In the remaining 6 cases, the causes of failed stent deployment included arterial tortuosities (2), stent migration (2), fracture of the stent (1), and arterial perforation (1). The short-term outcome (mean follow-up, 7.5 months; range, 3-12 months) was evaluated by using the modified Rankin scale (MR spectroscopy 0-6). Fifty-three patients (70.6%) had excellent outcomes (MR spectroscopy 0-1), 12 (16%) had good outcomes (MR spectroscopy 2), and 5 (6.7%) had poor outcomes (MR spectroscopy 4-5). Five patients (6.7%) died. CONCLUSION: The use of BES is associated with a high rate of hemorrhagic and ischemic complications, more specifically when used in the anterior circulation. Cases of large-necked aneurysms not treatable with balloon remodeling technique and atheromatous sclerosis could be eligible for this treatment.