Epidemiologic and histopathological evaluation of unclassified gingival papules in Urmia, Iran.

Objectives: Unclassified gingival papules might be mistaken with other malignant lesions as they resemble some other oral lesions. The present study demonstrates epidemiologic and histopathological characteristics of the gingival unclassified papules in the patients referred to Urmia Dental School, Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study design was conducted among 500 pateints in Urmai university of medical sciences, Iran. The participant's demographic data and medical history were obtained using clinical examinations and a questionnaire. Histopathological assessments were done in two specimens. The effect of the possible factors on the incidence of gingival papules was statistically assessed by Fisher's exact test. Results: Among 500 participants, 340 (68%) demonstrated unclassified gingival papules (40.9% males, 59.1% females; mean age of 34.9 years). No significant differences were found regarding the effect of gender, smoking, mouth breathing, history of skin disease or pregnancy on the incidence of gingival papules. However, the breastfeeding females (P < 0.004) or those using contraceptive pills (P < 0.02) showed lower frequency of papules' incidence. Among 340 papules, 332 (97.6%) were white in color, 337 (99.1%) were well defined and 331 (97.3%) were observed in the keratinized gingiva. 207 (60.9%) were multiple and 133 (39.1%) were single lesions. The papules showed healthy tissues similar to gingival tissue; however, abundant collagen bundles were irregular and close to the surface, which was covering by stratified squamous epithelium. Conclusion: Gingival papules are common findings in patients referring to Urmia Dental School; the lesions were almost white in color, well defined and appeared in the keratinized gingiva. The lesions were a variation of normal oral structures with no treatment requirements.

Monitoring, mapping and health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water supplies in rural areas of Maku and Poldasht, Iran.

The aim of this study was to investigate and determine fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplies in rural areas of Maku and Poldasht in West Azerbaijan Province, the northwest of Iran. Fluorosis risk assessment and characterization was also investigated. Fluoride concentrations mapping was accomplished by using the GIS system. Totally, 356 water samples, including one sample in each season, were collected from 89 water supplies providing water for 95 and 61 rural areas of Maku and Poldasht, respectively. According to the results, in Maku and Poldasht, 25 and 30 rural areas had contaminated water sources, respectively. Average annual fluoride concentrations ranged from 3.04 to 7.31 mg/l in the contaminated villages of Maku, which is about 2-4.8 times higher than the maximum standard level of the Iranian drinking water standard, and 4.52-8.21 mg/l in the contaminated areas of Poldasht, which is about 3-5.47 times higher than the maximum standard level. The maximum fluoride level was determined 11.12 mg/l and 10.98 mg/l in one of villages of Maku and Poldasht Counties in summer, respectively. Neither in Maku nor in Poldasht, water resources showed dental cavity risk, while dental fluorosis risk and skeletal fluorosis risk were very significant in some villages of both cities. Children were at most risk of fluorosis. New alternative water supplies for the contaminated villages if possible, consumption of bottled water and application of reverse osmosis are recommended as remedial actions in the contaminated areas.

Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwashes Containing Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Frankincense and Combination Therapy on Patients with Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Dental plaques as adhesive microbial aggregates on tooth surfaces are considered the first stage of tooth decay as well as gingivitis. Accordingly, the effect of different antimicrobial mouthwashes on removing dental plaques and preventing their formation has been evaluated in various studies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwashes containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM), Frankincense (FR), and a combination of both (ZM+FR) and compare it with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in subjects with gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial a total of 140 patients with gingivitis were divided into four groups including CHX (control group), ZM, FR, and ZM+FR groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured in days 1, 14, and 21. RESULTS: All three herbal types of mouthwash significantly improved plaque, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding throughout days 14 to 21 (P<0.001). There was no difference between herbal mouthwash with CHX groups. CHX mouthwash showed the most side effects (54.3%), while ZM mouthwash showed the least side effects and the highest consumer satisfaction (5.7% and 94%, respectively). CONCLUSION: All of the herbal mouthwashes can be good candidates for controlling gingivitis. Comparing with CHX mouthwash, herbal mouthwashes have lower side effects and negligible alcohol content. Among the herbal mouthwashes, ZM outperforms FR and FR+ZM due to its lower side effects and higher levels of patients' satisfaction.

Subepithelial connective tissue graft with and without the use of plasma rich in growth factors for treating root exposure.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficiency of the subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) with and without plasma rich in growth factor (PRGF) in the treatment of gingival recessions. METHODS: Twenty bilateral buccal gingival Miller's Class I and II recessions were selected. Ten of the recessions were treated with SCTG and PRGF (test group). The rest ten of the recessions were treated with SCTG (control group). The clinical parameters including recession depth (RD), percentage of root coverage (RC), mucogingival junction (MGJ) position, clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at the baseline, and 1 and 3 months later. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: After 3 months, both groups showed a significant improvement in all of the mentioned criteria except PD. Although the amount of improvement was better in the SCTG+PRGF group than the SCTG only group, this difference was not statistically significant. The mean RC was 70.85±12.57 in the test group and 75.83±24.68 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Both SCTG+PRGF and SCTG only result in favorable clinical outcomes, but the added benefit of PRGF is not evident.

Comparing the effect of 3 orthognathic surgical methods on the mandibular range of movement.

BACKGROUND: Mandibular setback for the treatment of mandibular prognathism is a common orthogenetic surgical procedure carried out using various intraoral and extraoral methods. Reduced mandibular movement range (MMR) is one of the common complications of this surgery. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the reduction of MMR after 3 surgical procedures including sagittal split osteotomy (SSO), intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO), extraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (EVRO). METHODS: In this clinical trial, 150 patients with mandibular prognathism were divided into 3 groups of 50 patients. In the first group, mandibular setback was performed using SSO; in the second group, we used IVRO, and EVRO was the method used in the third group. In each group, before and 3 months after the surgery, maximum interincisal opening and the range of right and left lateral and protrusive movements were measured and compared. RESULTS: Although the mean amount of MMR reduced in all the groups, it was not equal in all the groups. Sagittal split osteotomy and the EVRO resulted in the most and least reduction of MMR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced MMR is one of the complications of SSO, IVRO, and EVRO; however, SSO resulted in the most and EVRO in the least effect on limitation of movement after surgery.