Differential changes to splanchnic and peripheral protein metabolism during the diet-induced development of metabolic syndrome in rats.

Little is known about the effects of the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) on protein and amino acid (AA) metabolism. During this study, we took advantage of the variability in interindividual susceptibility to high fat diet-induced MS to study the relationships between MS, protein synthesis, and AA catabolism in multiple tissues in rats. After 4 mo of high-fat feeding, an MS score (ZMS) was calculated as the average of the z-scores for individual MS components [weight, adiposities, homeostasis model for the assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides]. In the small intestine, liver, plasma, kidneys, heart, and muscles, tissue protein synthesis was measured by 2H2O labeling, and we evaluated the proportion of tissue AA catabolism (relative to protein synthesis) and nutrient routing to nonindispensable AAs in tissue proteins using natural nitrogen and carbon isotopic distances between tissue proteins and nutrients (Δ15N and Δ13C), respectively. In the liver, protein mass and synthesis increased, whereas the proportion of AA catabolism decreased with ZMS. By contrast, in muscles, we found no association between ZMS and protein mass, protein synthesis (except for a weak positive association in the gastrocnemius muscle only), and proportion of AA catabolism. The development of MS was also associated with altered metabolic flexibility and fatty acid oxidation, as shown by less routing of dietary lipids to nonindispensable AA synthesis in liver and muscle. In conclusion, MS development is associated with a greater gain of both fat and protein masses, with higher protein anabolism that mainly occurs in the liver, whereas muscles probably develop anabolic resistance due to insulin resistance.

[Genetically caused temporal changes in nucleic acid content in rat thymus and spleen in experimental hepatitis]. / Geneticheski obuslovlennye vremennye izmeneniia soderzhaniia nukleinovykh kislot v timuse i selezenke krys pri éksperimental'nom gepatite.

Content of nucleic acids as well as activity of DNAases I and II were studied in spleen and thymus cells of linear and hybrid rats with hepatitis. Rhythmic alterations in content of DNA and RNA as well as in the activity of DNAases were detected in spleen and thymus cells within 3 hrs after hepatitis induction. These time-dependent alterations of the patterns studied were dissimilar in linear and hybrid strains of rats. Genetic determination of immune responses appears to be involved in regulation of time-dependent properties of lymphopoiesis, which was responsible, finally, for dissimilar resistance of linear and hybrid rats to stress factors and for development of pathological states.

[Effect of teturam in the alcoholic intoxication of male rats on the biogenic amine level of the brain of progeny]. / Vliianie teturama pri alkogol'noi intoksikatsii samtsov krys na uroven' biogennykh aminov golovnogo mozga potomstva.

It has been established in experiments on rats that the action of teturam and alcohol on brain biogenic amine metabolism is mediated by males. It has been shown that in animals with alcoholic intoxication, teturam does not potentiate the effect of alcohol on the content of biogenic amines.

[Comparative evaluation of the biogenic amine level of the brain and the ethanol kinetics in the blood of inbred C57B1/6 and CBA mice]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka urovnia biogennykh aminov golovnogo mozga i kinetiki étanola v krovi myshei inbrednykh linii C57B1/6 i CBA.

The kinetics of ethanol in blood and the levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brain stem were studied in male C57C1/6 and CBA mice characterized by predisposition and non-predisposition to the development of experimental alcoholism. C57B1/6 mice characterized by predisposition to the development of experimental alcoholism demonstrated a high level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem and high rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. CBA mice non-predisposed to the development of experimental alcoholism were characterized by a low level of serotonin and noradrenaline in the hypothalamus and brain stem and by low rate of ethanol elimination from blood.

[Effect of alcoholization on the serotonin levels of the brain and the rate of ethanol elimination in rat progeny]. / Vliianie alkogolizatsii na uroven' serotonina v golovnom mozge i skorost' éliminatsii étanola u potomstva krys.

During alcoholization of males genetically predisposed to alcoholism, the progeny showed elevated serotonin level in the hypothalamus and high rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. During alcoholization of males genetically non-predisposed to alcoholism, the progeny was marked by low rate of ethanol elimination and low serotonin level in the hypothalamus. Alcoholization of females during pregnancy led in the progeny to the reduced level of serotonin in the hypothalamus and brain stem.

[Serotonin content in different sections of the brain, liver, intestines and blood of rats predisposed and not predisposed to alcohol consumption]. / Soderzhanie serotonina v raznykh otdelakh golovnogo mozga, pecheni, kishechnike, krovi u krys, predraspolozhennykh i nepredraspolozhennykh k potrebleniiu alkogolia.

Experiments were made with white random-bred rats (males) exposed to ethanol. The content of serotonin measured by spectrofluorometry was higher in the hypothalamus, brain stem and intestine, and was lower in the thalamus, striatum liver and blood in the animals predisposed to voluntary alcohol consumption and with lateral position duration 62 +/- 18 min as compared with the animals not predisposed to alcohol consumption and with lateral position duration 196 +/- 23 min, the dose of ethanol being 4.5 g/kg i. p. Thirty minutes after ethanol administration in a dose of 2.5 g/kg i. p. to the alcohol-predisposed rats there was a lowering of the serotonin content in the hypothalamus and an increase in the thalamus, brain stem, liver and blood. Meanwhile in the rats not predisposed to alcohol consumption, the serotonin content rose in the hypothalamus, brain stem, liver, intestine and blood and fell in the thalamus and striatum. It is assumed that the serotoninergic system of the brain may play a role in the formation of "positive" or "negative" attitudes to ethanol in the population of white random-bred rats.

[Catecholamine concentration in the brain and adrenals during the ontogenesis of mammals with different levels of motor activity]. / Soderzhanie katekholaminov v mozgu i nadpochechnikakh v ontogeneze u mlekopitaiushchikh s rasnym urovnem dvigatel'noi aktivnosti.

In dogs and squirrels which in natural environment reveal high level of muscle activity, the content of norepinephrine in the brain stem and total content of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the suprarenals are lower than in rabbits and albino rats which are characterized by a lower muscle activity. Differences in norepinephrine content of the brain stem between dogs and rats originally appear in the period of realization of the standing posture. At this time, norepinephrine content of the brain stem in dogs becomes maximal, decreasing on further development of animals, whereas in rats it continues to increase up to the 4th month of postnatal life. In rats which were bred from the age of 1 month under the conditions of intensive muscle exercise, norepinephrine content of the brain stem at the age of 7 months is lower than in control animals.

Peculiarities in the changes of catecholamine level in the brain, blood, and adrenals of dogs and rats in ontogenesis.

The norepinephrine content of the whole brainstem and of its different parts and the epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) content in the blood and adrenals in dogs and rats during ontogenesis were studied. The catecholamine (CA) level in the blood and different parts of the dog brainstem increased to the age of 20-30 days and then decreased. The NE value of the whole dog brainstem increased to the age of 9-30 days, and then decreased. The content of NE of the rat brainstem increased to the age of 120 days and then decreased. The amount of CA of the dog and rat adrenals increased progressively from birth to adulthood. The CA brain and adrenal level of dogs during postnatal ontogenesis was lower than in rats.

[Mechanisms of the effect of orotic acid on the growth and development of young rats]. / Mekhanizmy vliianiia orotovoi kisloty na rost i razvitie krys rannego vorzrasta

Chronic administration to ratlings of potassium orotate in a dose of 75 mg/kg from the 5th to the 14th day and of 150 mg/kg from the 15th to the 30th day after birth led to a significant acceleration of growth and functional maturation of the animals. The rate of growth in the experimental ratlings was much greater at periods of from the 5th to the 14th and from the 21st to the 30th days than in control animals, but showed no significant difference on the 14th-20th days. Growth acceleration at the period of from the 5th to the 14th days dues to a higher (in comparison with control) activity of the vegetative systems (increased oxygen consumption, frequency of respiration and cardiac contractions at rest). On the 21st-30th days growth acceleration in the experimental animals was associated with an earlier reduction in the activity of the vegetative systems and of the sympathico-adrenal regulation mechanisms, this being pointed to by a fall in catecholamine content in the adrenal glands and the brain.