Neuroimaging and epigenetic analysis reveal novel epigenetic loci in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to identify novel MDD-associated epigenetic loci using DNA methylation profiles and explore the correlations between epigenetic loci and cortical thickness changes in patients with MDD. METHODS: A total of 350 patients with MDD and 161 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS). We analyzed methylation, copy number alteration (CNA), and gene network profiles in the MDD group. A total of 234 patients with MDD and 135 HCs were included in neuroimaging methylation analysis. Pearson's partial correlation analysis was used to estimate the correlation between cortical thickness of brain regions and DNA methylation levels of the loci. RESULTS: In total, 2018 differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and 351 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified. DMP-related genes were enriched in two networks involved in the central nervous system. In neuroimaging analysis, patients with MDD showed cortical thinning in the prefrontal regions and cortical thickening in several occipital regions. Cortical thickness of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, i.e. pars triangularis) was negatively correlated with eight DMPs associated with six genes (EML6, ZFP64, CLSTN3, KCNMA1, TAOK2, and NT5E). CONCLUSION: Through combining DNA methylation and neuroimaging analyses, negative correlations were identified between the cortical thickness of the left VLPFC and DNA methylation levels of eight DMPs. Our findings could improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD.

Effects of noise exposure on stress hormone changes during task performance in young Korean men: quasi-experimental study.

Numerous studies have suggested that noise exposure might be associated with changes in stress hormone levels. However, quantitative evidence for these effects in humans is rare and remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of exposure to noise and its different levels on stress hormone changes in task performance. Quasi-experimental noise exposure environment was established for 90 male university student volunteers in their twenties, and each was exposed to different noise levels during task performance. The stress hormones tested included cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline, and noradrenaline. A one-way ANOVA was performed to investigate differences in hormone levels measured in the three groups according to the noise exposure levels (35, 45, or 75 dB). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to adjust for confounding factors that might affect hormone levels. After adjusting for confounders, significant exposure-dependent differences were found in hormone levels in salivary cortisol, serum cortisol, serum ACTH, and serum adrenaline. The amount of hormonal increase in 75 dB exposure group compared to 35 or 45 dB groups was detected. Similar results were also seen in the rate of change analysis. Our findings indicate that short-term noise exposure during task performance elevates stress hormone levels. Further, the extent of stress hormone alterations varies with noise exposure levels. Changes in hormone levels are an objective measure that may be used to identify health effects and stress responses in various noise environments.

The Critical Role of Intracellular Bacterial Communities in Uncomplicated Recurrent Urinary Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review of Detection Methods and Diagnostic Potential.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide and are particularly prevalent in women. Recurrent UTIs significantly diminish quality of life due to their symptoms and frequent relapses. Patients often experience immediate relapse following slightly strenuous activities or intense psychological stress. In this review, we explore why infections persist despite the advent of various treatments and suggest strategies to manage recurrent cystitis by targeting the mechanisms of adhesion and infection. Vitamin D levels and the expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are linked to the recurrence of UTIs. During a UTI, bacteria employ adhesins to invade the urinary tract, adhere to urothelial cells, and then penetrate these cells, where they rapidly multiply to establish intracellular bacterial communities. Bacteria can also form quiescent intracellular reservoirs that escape immune responses and antibiotic treatments, leading to recurrence under certain conditions. The surface proteins of bacteria and D-mannose are crucial in the adhesion of bacteria to the urothelium. Understanding these processes provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic approaches that focus on preventing bacterial attachment and cluster formation. By disrupting the ability of bacteria to adhere to and form clusters on cells, we can better manage recurrent UTIs and improve patient outcomes.

Recurrent infections drive persistent bladder dysfunction and pain via sensory nerve sprouting and mast cell activity.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for almost 25% of infections in women. Many are recurrent (rUTI), with patients frequently experiencing chronic pelvic pain and urinary frequency despite clearance of bacteriuria after antibiotics. To elucidate the basis for these bacteria-independent bladder symptoms, we examined the bladders of patients with rUTI. We noticed a notable increase in neuropeptide content in the lamina propria and indications of enhanced nociceptive activity. In mice subjected to rUTI, we observed sensory nerve sprouting that was associated with nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by recruited monocytes and tissue-resident mast cells. Treatment of rUTI mice with an NGF-neutralizing antibody prevented sprouting and alleviated pelvic sensitivity, whereas instillation of native NGF into naïve mice bladders mimicked nerve sprouting and pain behavior. Nerve activation, pain, and urinary frequency were each linked to the presence of proximal mast cells, because mast cell deficiency or treatment with antagonists against receptors of several direct or indirect mast cell products was each effective therapeutically. Thus, our findings suggest that NGF-driven sensory sprouting in the bladder coupled with chronic mast cell activation represents an underlying mechanism driving bacteria-independent pain and voiding defects experienced by patients with rUTI.

Integration of whole-exome sequencing and structural neuroimaging analysis in major depressive disorder: a joint study.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental illness worldwide and is triggered by an intricate interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Although there are several studies on common variants in MDD, studies on rare variants are relatively limited. In addition, few studies have examined the genetic contributions to neurostructural alterations in MDD using whole-exome sequencing (WES). We performed WES in 367 patients with MDD and 161 healthy controls (HCs) to detect germline and copy number variations in the Korean population. Gene-based rare variants were analyzed to investigate the association between the genes and individuals, followed by neuroimaging-genetic analysis to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the genetic impact in 234 patients with MDD and 135 HCs using diffusion tensor imaging data. We identified 40 MDD-related genes and observed 95 recurrent regions of copy number variations. We also discovered a novel gene, FRMPD3, carrying rare variants that influence MDD. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs771995197 in the MUC6 gene was significantly associated with the integrity of widespread white matter tracts. Moreover, we identified 918 rare exonic missense variants in genes associated with MDD susceptibility. We postulate that rare variants of FRMPD3 may contribute significantly to MDD, with a mild penetration effect.

Multimodal integration of neuroimaging and genetic data for the diagnosis of mood disorders based on computer vision models.

Mood disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), are often underdiagnosed, leading to substantial morbidity. Harnessing the potential of emerging methodologies, we propose a novel multimodal fusion approach that integrates patient-oriented brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) scans with DNA whole-exome sequencing (WES) data. Multimodal data fusion aims to improve the detection of mood disorders by employing established deep-learning architectures for computer vision and machine-learning strategies. We analyzed brain imaging genetic data of 321 East Asian individuals, including 147 patients with MDD, 78 patients with BD, and 96 healthy controls. We developed and evaluated six fusion models by leveraging common computer vision models in image classification: Vision Transformer (ViT), Inception-V3, and ResNet50, in conjunction with advanced machine-learning techniques (XGBoost and LightGBM) known for high-dimensional data analysis. Model validation was performed using a 10-fold cross-validation. Our ViT ⊕ XGBoost fusion model with MRI scans, genomic Single Nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, and unweighted polygenic risk score (PRS) outperformed baseline models, achieving an incremental area under the curve (AUC) of 0.2162 (32.03% increase) and 0.0675 (+8.19%) and incremental accuracy of 0.1455 (+25.14%) and 0.0849 (+13.28%) compared to SNP-only and image-only baseline models, respectively. Our findings highlight the opportunity to refine mood disorder diagnostics by demonstrating the transformative potential of integrating diverse, yet complementary, data modalities and methodologies.

Association Between White Matter Tract Integrity and Frontal-Executive Function in Non-Geriatric Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between white matter tract integrity and frontal executive function in adult non-geriatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls (HCs) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: In total, 57 patients with MDD and 115 HCs participated in this study. We calculated the integrity of the white matter tracts using the Tracts Constrained by Underlying Anatomy tool (TRACULA) from FreeSurfer. We performed cognitive function tests. Oneway analysis of covariance was used to investigate the DTI parameters as dependent variables; diagnosis of MDD as an independent variable; and age, sex, and education level as covariates. For correlation analysis between the DTI parameters and cognitive function tests, Pearson's partial correlation analyses were performed in the MDD and HC groups. RESULTS: The patients with MDD showed significantly decreased axial diffusivity (AD) in forceps major (FMajor), left corticospinal tract (CST), left superior longitudinal fasciculus-parietal bundle (SLFP), right anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), right CST, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and right superior longitudinal fasciculus-temporal bundle (SLFT) and mean diffusivity (MD) in the left CST, right CST, and right SLFT compared to HCs. We found that non-geriatric patients with MDD showed a significant negative correlation between the response time in the Stroop task and the AD value of the FMajor. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that impaired structural connectivity in the FMajor may be associated with cognitive dysfunction in non-geriatric patients with MDD.

Gender trends in dentistry: Dental faculty and academic leadership.

OBJECTIVES: Gender equality in the healthcare workforce has been a topic of discourse for many decades. In dental academia, women's representation of enrolled students and faculty has risen consistently since the 1980s. However, women in faculty leadership positions may still be lagging when compared to men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of women who occupy the upper echelons of academic rank and title by analyzing cross-referenced data from the American Dental Association and the American Dental Education Association on women dental school graduates in relation to academic appointments. METHODS: Gender distribution in rank, title, and appointments in the decade from 2011 to 2019, as well as percentage of women graduates over the same period, were collected for descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression analysis, Cochran Armitage, and chi-square tests were conducted to examine trends over the years and to determine significant differences in overall percentages (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The total women faculty percentages ranged from 36% to 40%. While the lower-level rank of instructor retained a higher representation of women (56%-65%), the higher rank of professor had disproportionately lower women percentages (18%-26%). Graduates, full-time faculty, lower-level academic ranks, and higher-level academic ranks for women followed similar upward trends that were statistically significant (p < 0.05). When comparing the different groups against each other, the annual increase in women DMD/DDS graduate percentage was higher than women full-time faculty (0.28%), instructor rank (0.92%), professor rank (0.50%), and department chair appointments (0.49%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that women are still underrepresented at higher academic ranks. However, the upward trends for professors, assistant deans, and program chairs suggest that in recent years, more women faculty may have been encouraged, mentored, or offered higher administrative positions in academic institutions.

The effect of inflammation markers on cortical thinning in major depressive disorder: A possible mediator of depression and cortical changes.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with significant societal impact. Owing to the intricate biological diversity of MDD, treatment efficacy remains limited. Immune biomarkers have emerged as potential predictors of treatment response, underscoring the interaction between the immune system and the brain. This study investigated the relationship between cytokine levels and cortical thickness in patients with MDD, focusing on the corticolimbic circuit, to elucidate the influence of neuroinflammation on structural brain changes and contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. METHOD: A total of 114 patients with MDD and 101 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were recruited. All participants were assessed for depression severity using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and 3.0 T T1 weighted brain MRI data were acquired. Additionally, cytokine levels were measured using a highly sensitive bead-based multiplex immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Patients diagnosed with MDD exhibited notably elevated levels of interleukin-6 (p = 0.005) and interleukin-8 (p = 0.005), alongside significant cortical thinning in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus, with these findings maintaining significance even after applying Bonferroni correction. Furthermore, increased interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in patients with MDD are associated with alterations in the left frontomarginal gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CONCLUSIONS: This suggests a potential influence of neuroinflammation on right ACC function in MDD patients, warranting longitudinal research to explore interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 mediated neurotoxicity in MDD vulnerability and brain morphology changes.

A bite of dark chocolate? Black humour in mental health services.

OBJECTIVE: Black humour permits expression of what may otherwise be unspeakable and is observed and used by staff working in mental health services. The aim of this study was to identify how humour, particularly black humour, was perceived by different health professionals in psychiatric practice. METHODS: Participants were invited to complete a survey. Data was collated and statistically analysed by a biostatistician. Chi square and univariate tests were performed to identify associations between categories. RESULTS: The sub-question relating to the benefits of black humour was analysed. Main findings were that the majority of staff perceived black humour to be beneficial in psychiatric practice (n = 564 of 710 total; 79.4%), particularly if they used general and black humour with patients, families and colleagues. Those who observed black humour being used collegially about patients and families were more likely to find black humour beneficial; and even those uncomfortable with black humour being used by colleagues were more likely to see the benefits of black humour. CONCLUSION: Black humour was perceived to be beneficial in mental health settings when used mindfully, sensitively and in context. Further study with patients and relatives may shed light on how widely the perception of benefit is shared.

Hybrid Bladder Phantom to Validate Next-Generation Optical Wearables for Neurogenic Bladder Volume Monitoring.

PURPOSE: The development of optics-based wearables for bladder volume monitoring has emerged as a significant topic in recent years. Given the innovative nature of this technology, there is currently no bladder phantom available to effectively validate these devices against more established gold standards, such as ultrasound. In this study, we showcase and demonstrate the performance of our hybrid bladder phantom by using an optical device and making comparisons with ultrasound. METHODS: A series of validation tests, including phantom repeatability, ultrasound scanning, and an optical test, were performed. A near-infrared optical device was utilized to conduct diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). Machine learning models were employed to construct predictive models of volume using optical signals. RESULTS: The size and position of an embedded balloon, serving as an analog for the bladder, were shown to be consistent when infused with 100 mL to 350 mL of water during repeatability testing. For DOS data, we present 7 types of machine learningbased models based on different optical signals. The 2 best-performing models demonstrated an average absolute volume error ranging from 12.7 mL to 19.0 mL. CONCLUSION: In this study, we introduced a hybrid bladder phantom designed for the validation of near-infrared spectroscopy-based bladder monitoring devices in comparison with ultrasound techniques. By offering a reproducible and robust validation tool, we aim to support the advancement of next-generation optical wearables for bladder volume monitoring.

Human Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Inflammatory Phenotypes in Human Skin.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a probiotic, provide various health benefits. We recently isolated a new Lactobacillus paracasei strain with strong anti-inflammatory effects under lipopolysaccharide-induced conditions and proposed a new mode of action-augmenting the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway for anti-inflammatory functions in host cells. The beneficial effects of the L. paracasei strains on the skin have been described; however, the effects of L. paracasei-derived extracellular vesicles (LpEVs) on the skin are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated whether LpEVs can improve inflammation-mediated skin phenotypes by determining their effects on primary human skin cells and a three-dimensional (3D) full-thickness human skin equivalent under tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-challenged inflammatory conditions. LpEVs were efficiently taken up by the human skin cells and were much less cytotoxic to host cells than bacterial lysates. Furthermore, low LpEV concentrations efficiently restored TNF-α-induced cellular phenotypes, resulting in increased cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, but decreased inflammatory factor levels (matrix metalloproteinase 1, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8) in the human dermal fibroblasts, which was comparable to that of retinoic acid, a representative antiaging compound. The beneficial effects of LpEVs were validated in a 3D full-thickness human skin equivalent model. LpEV treatment remarkably restored the TNF-α-induced epidermal malformation, abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes in the basal layer, and reduction in dermal collagen synthesis. Additionally, LpEVs penetrated and reached the deepest dermal layer within 24 h when overlaid on top of a 3D full-thickness human skin equivalent. Furthermore, they possessed superior antioxidant capacity compared with the human cell-derived EVs. Taken together, the anti-inflammatory probiotic LpEVs can be attractive antiaging and antioxidant substances for improving inflammation-induced skin phenotypes and disorders.

Advancing Patient Care: Innovative Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring Urine Volume in Neurogenic Bladder.

PURPOSE: Current guidelines recommend clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) at regular time intervals for patients with spinal cord injuries; however, many patients experience difficulties. Performing time-based CIC outside the home is a significant burden for patients. In this study, we aimed to overcome the limitations of the current guidelines by developing a digital device to monitor bladder urine volume in real-time. METHODS: The optode sensor is a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based wearable device intended to be attached to the skin of the lower abdomen where the bladder is located. The sensor's primary function is to detect changes in urine volume within the bladder. An in vitro study was conducted using a bladder phantom that mimicked the optical properties of the lower abdomen. To validate the data in the human body at the proof-of-concept level, one volunteer attached the device to the lower abdomen to measure the light intensity between the first voiding and immediately before the second voiding. RESULTS: The degree of attenuation at the maximum test volume was equivalent across experiments, and the optode sensor with multiplex measurements demonstrated robust performance for patient diversity. Moreover, the symmetric feature of the matrix was deemed a potential parameter for identifying the accuracy of sensor localization in a deep-learning model. The validated feasibility of the sensor showed almost the same results as an ultrasound scanner, which is routinely used in the clinical field. CONCLUSION: The optode sensor of the NIRS-based wearable device can measure the urine volume in the bladder in real-time.

Degranulation of Mast Cells as a Target for Drug Development.

Mast cells act as key effector cells of inflammatory responses through degranulation. Mast cell degranulation is induced by the activation of cell surface receptors, such as FcεRI, MRGPRX2/B2, and P2RX7. Each receptor, except FcεRI, varies in its expression pattern depending on the tissue, which contributes to their differing involvement in inflammatory responses depending on the site of occurrence. Focusing on the mechanism of allergic inflammatory responses by mast cells, this review will describe newly identified mast cell receptors in terms of their involvement in degranulation induction and patterns of tissue-specific expression. In addition, new drugs targeting mast cell degranulation for the treatment of allergy-related diseases will be introduced.

Decreased cortical gyrification in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Early neurodevelopmental deviations, such as abnormal cortical folding patterns, are candidate biomarkers of major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to investigate the association of MDD with the local gyrification index (LGI) in each cortical region at the whole-brain level, and the association of the LGI with clinical characteristics of MDD. METHODS: We obtained T1-weighted images from 234 patients with MDD and 215 healthy controls (HCs). The LGI values from 66 cortical regions in the bilateral hemispheres were automatically calculated according to the Desikan-Killiany atlas. We compared the LGI values between the MDD and HC groups using analysis of covariance, including age, sex, and years of education as covariates. The association between the clinical characteristics and LGI values was investigated in the MDD group. RESULTS: Compared with HCs, patients with MDD showed significantly decreased LGI values in the cortical regions, including the bilateral ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices, insula, right rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and several temporal and parietal regions, with the largest effect size in the left pars triangularis (Cohen's f2 = 0.361; p = 1.78 × 10-13). Regarding the association of clinical characteristics with LGIs within the MDD group, recurrence and longer illness duration were associated with increased gyrification in several occipital and temporal regions, which showed no significant difference in LGIs between the MDD and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the LGI may be a relatively stable neuroimaging marker associated with MDD predisposition.

Dopamine facilitates the translation of physical exertion into assessments of effort.

Our assessments of effort are critically shaped by experiences of exertion. However, it is unclear how the nervous system transforms physical exertion into assessments of effort. Availability of the neuromodulator dopamine influences features of motor performance and effort-based decision-making. To test dopamine's role in the translation of effortful exertion into assessments of effort, we had participants with Parkinson's disease, in dopamine depleted (OFF dopaminergic medication) and elevated (ON dopaminergic medication) states, exert levels of physical exertion and retrospectively assess how much effort they exerted. In a dopamine-depleted state, participants exhibited increased exertion variability and over-reported their levels of exertion, compared to the dopamine-supplemented state. Increased exertion variability was associated with less accurate effort assessment and dopamine had a protective influence on this effect, reducing the extent to which exertion variability corrupted assessments of effort. Our findings provide an account of dopamine's role in the translation of features of motor performance into judgments of effort, and a potential therapeutic target for the increased sense of effort observed across a range of neurologic and psychiatric conditions.

Alterations and Co-Occurrence of C-MYC, N-MYC, and L-MYC Expression are Related to Clinical Outcomes in Various Cancers.

Background and Objectives: MYC, also known as an oncogenic reprogramming factor, is a multifunctional transcription factor that maintains induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Although MYC is frequently upregulated in various cancers and is correlated with a poor prognosis, MYC is downregulated and correlated with a good prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. MYC and two other MYC family genes, MYCN and MYCL, have similar structures and could contribute to tumorigenic conversion both in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results: We systematically investigated whether MYC family genes act as prognostic factors in various human cancers. We first evaluated alterations in the expression of MYC family genes in various cancers using the Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and their mutation and copy number alterations using the TCGA database with cBioPortal. Then, we investigated the association between the expression of MYC family genes and the prognosis of cancer patients using various prognosis databases. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that co-expression of MYC/MYCL/MYCN was significantly associated with the prognosis of lung, gastric, liver, and breast cancers. Conclusions: Taken together, our results demonstrate that the MYC family can function not only as an oncogene but also as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers, which could be used to develop a novel approach to cancer treatment.

The Innovative Approach in Functional Bladder Disorders: The Communication Between Bladder and Brain-Gut Axis.

Functional bladder disorders including overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis may induce problems in many other parts of our body such as brain and gut. In fact, diagnosis is often less accurate owing to their complex symptoms. To have correct diagnosis of these diseases, we need to understand the pathophysiology behind overlapped clinical presentation. First, we focused on reviewing literatures that have reported the link between bladder and brain, as the patients with bladder disorders frequently accompanied mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. Second, we reviewed literatures that have described the relationship between bladder and gut. There exist many evidences of patients who suffered from both bladder and intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, at the same time. Furthermore, the interaction between brain and gut, well-known as brain-gut axis, might be a key factor that could change the activity of bladder and vice versa. For example, the affective disorders could alter the activity of efferent nerves or autonomic nervous system that modulate the gut itself and its microbiota, which might cause the destruction of homeostasis in bladder eventually. In this way, the communication between bladder and brain-gut axis might affect permeability, inflammation, as well as infectious etiology and dysbiosis in bladder diseases. In this review, we aimed to find an innovative insight of the pathophysiology in the functional bladder disorders, and we could provide a new understanding of the overlapped clinical presentation by elucidating the pathophysiology of functional bladder disorders.

Gray and white matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder patients and its associations with childhood adversity.

OBJECTIVE: Early life stress of childhood adversity (CA) may result in major depressive disorder (MDD) by sensitizing individuals to proximal stressors in life events. The neurobiological changes that underlie adult depression may result from the absence of proper care and supervision of caregivers. We aimed to find both gray and white matter abnormalities in MDD patients, who reported the experiences of CA. METHODS: The present study examined cortical alterations in 54 patients with MDD and 167 healthy controls (HCs) using voxel-based morphology and fractional anisotropy (FA) tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Both patients and HCs were administered the self-questionnaire clinical scale (the Korean translation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire CTQK). Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to find the associations between FA and CTQK. RESULTS: The MDD group showed a significant decrease in gray matter (GM) in the left rectus at both the cluster and peak levels after family-wise error correction. The TBSS results showed significantly reduced FA in widespread regions, including the corpus callosum (CC), superior corona radiata, cingulate gyrus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. The CA was negatively correlated with the FA in CC and crossing pontine tract. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated GM atrophy and white matter (WM) connectivity changes in patients with MDD. The major findings of the widespread FA reduction in WM provided the evidence of brain alterations in MDD. We further propose that the WM would be vulnerable to emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in early childhood during the brain development.

Childhood Sexual Abuse and Cortical Thinning in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of evidence reports on the effect of different types of childhood abuse on the structural and functional architecture of the brain. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the differences in cortical thickness according to specific types of childhood abuse between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: A total of 61 patients with MDD and 98 HCs were included in this study. All participants underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and the occurrence of childhood abuse was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. We investigated the association between whole-brain cortical thickness and exposure to any type of childhood abuse and specific type of childhood abuse in the total sample using the FreeSurfer software. RESULTS: No significant difference was reported in the cortical thickness between the MDD and HC groups nor between the "any abuse" and "no abuse" groups. Compared to no exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA), exposure to CSA was significantly associated with cortical thinning in the left rostral middle frontal gyrus (p=0.00020), left (p=0.00240), right fusiform gyri (p=0.00599), and right supramarginal gyrus (p=0.00679). CONCLUSION: Exposure to CSA may lead to cortical thinning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is deeply involved in emotion regulation, to a greater extent than other types of childhood abuse.